Estoniya
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Estoniya, ko leydi Estoni, woni leydi sara maayo Baltik to bannge worgo Yuroopu. Nde heedtii to bannge worgo maayo Finlande sara Finlande, bannge hirnaange maayo sara Suwed, to fuɗnaange leydi Letoni, to fuɗnaange maayo Peipus e Riisi. Leydi Estoni ina waɗi leydi mawndi, duuɗe ɓurɗe mawnude Saaremaa e Hiiumaa, e ko ina ɓura 2 300 duuɗe goɗɗe e duuɗe tokoose to bannge fuɗnaange maayo Baltik,[12] tawi ko 45 335 kiloomeeteer kaaree (17 504 miil kaaree). Tallinn, laamorgo leydi ndii, e Tartu ko gure ɗiɗi ɓurɗe mawnude e nder gure. Ɗemngal Estoni ko ɗemngal koɗki e ɗemngal laamu. Ko ngol woni ɗemngal gadanal e nder ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe 1,4 miliyoŋ.[14]
Estoniya hannde oo, ko yimɓe njooɗinoo gila ko famɗi fof hitaande 9 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Yimɓe ɓiɓɓe lesdi Estonia nder yontaaji cakaari, ɓe laati nder ummaatooje pagan’en cakkitiiɗe nder Yuroopu ngam jaɓugo diina Masiihiŋko’en ɓaawo konu Kurusaaji woylaare nder karnuwol 13th.[22] Caggal teeminanɗe laamuuji jokkondirɗi e juuɗe Teutonic, Denmark, Suwed, e Laamaandi Russi, anndinde ngenndiiji ceertuɗi Estoni fuɗɗii feeñde e caka teeminannde 19th. Ɗumɗoon noon haaɗi ko e bayyinaango jeytaare Estoni e hitaande 1918 e laamuuji Riisi e Almaañ, kaɓannooɗi e oon sahaa. Demokaraasi e nder ko ɓuri heewde e yontaaji hakkunde wolde, Estoni bayyini wonde ko kañum woni sabaabu mum e fuɗɗoode wolde adunaare ɗimmere, kono leydi ndii ina luulndii laabi keewɗi, ina ƴaañii, ina heɓee ; ko adii fof ko Dental Sowiyet e hitaande 1940, caggal ɗuum ko Almaañ Nazi e hitaande 1941, caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1944, URSS heɓti ɗum, e naatde e mum, hono dental njuɓɓudi laamu (SSR Estoni). E nder laamu Sowiyet en 1944–91,[23] jokkugol dowla de jure Estoni ko wakili’en dipolomaasi e laamu-e-exile. Caggal "Revolution Chantante" Estonien 1988-90 mo ƴiiƴam mum alaa, ngam haɓaade laamu Sowiyet, jeytaare leydi ndii timmundi artiraama ñalnde 20 ut 1991.
Estoni ko leydi ƴellitiindi, ndi faggudu mum yahrude yeeso, ndi woni ko e 31ɓo e nder limto ƴellitaare aadee.[24] Dowla jom en hakkillaaji Estoni ko republiik parlemaa gooto demokaraasi, feccii e 15 maakond (diiwanuuji). Ngo jeyaa ko e leyɗeele ɓurɗe famɗude yimɓe e nder Dental Yuroopu e OTAN. Estoni ina joginoo sahaa kala darnde toownde e nder limtooji winndereeji ngam moƴƴinde nguurndam,[25] jaŋde,[26] ndimaagu jaayndeeji, dijital golle laamu[27][28] e keewal sosiyeteeji karallaagal.[29]
Inde
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Innde Estoni (Estoni: Eesti [ˈeˑstji] l) ina jokkondiri e Aesti, leñol ngol Tacitus, daartoowo Roomnaajo ɓooyɗo, fuɗɗii haalde hedde hitaande 98 caggal iisa. Won e daartiyankooɓe hannde ina cikki o haali ko Balt en, woɗɓe ina cikki wonde innde ndee ina huutoree e oon sahaa e diiwaan fuɗnaange maayo Baltik oo fof.[30] Sagaaji Skandinaavi e kaaƴe rune Viking[31] jowitiiɗe e Eistland ko ɗiin ngoni iwdiiji gadani ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina kuutoroo innde ndee e maanaa mum geɗel hannde.[32] Gila e ɗemngal Norse ɓooyngal, toponim oo yaajii e ɗemɗe Almaañ goɗɗe, o yettii Latin binndol e darorɗe teeminannde 12th.[33][34]
Tariya
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Ko adii daartol e jamaanu Viking
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Koɗki yimɓe e nder leydi Estonia ina waawi waɗde ko ina wona duuɓi 13 000–11 000 jooni, nde geec ummoriiɗo e jamaanu glacial cakkitiiɗo oo fusi. Koɗorɗe ɓurɗe ɓooyde anndeede e nder Estoni ko koɗorɗe Pulli, e daande maayo Pärnu to fuɗnaange-rewo Estoni. E wiyde limto raajo-karbon, nde jooɗii ko hedde duuɓi 11 000 jooni.[35]
Hoɗorde aadee adannde e yonta Mesolitik ina jokkondiri e pinal Kunda. Oon sahaa leydi ndii ina heewi laddeeji, yimɓe ina nguuri e nder renndooji semi-nomade saraaji ɓulli ndiyam. Golle nguurndam ko dogdu, mooftugol e liɗɗi.[36] Hedde hitaande 4900 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, seraaji peeñii e jamaanu neolitik, anndiraaɗo pinal Narva.[37] Puɗɗagol hedde 3200 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, pinal Corded Ware feeñii; ɗum hawtii e golle kese ko wayi no ndema ɓooyka e ndema daabaaji.[38] Duuɓi njamndi mboɗeeri puɗɗii ko hedde hitaande 1800 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ko ɗoon woni sosde koɗkiiji gadani e dow tulde.[39] Jaltugol nguurndam dogooɓe-liɗɗi fayde e koɗki e nder ngesa gooto fuɗɗii ko hedde hitaande 1000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ɗum timmi ko e fuɗɗoode jamaanu njamndi hedde 500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[35][40] Keewgol geɗe njamndi ina hollita woodde jokkondiral tiiɗngal e leƴƴi Skandinaavi e Almaañ.[41]
Duuɓi njamndi hakkundeeji ɗii ngaddi kulhuli peeñɗi e banngeeji ceertuɗi. Sagaaji Skandinaavi keewɗi ina kollita hareeji mawɗi e Estoniyankooɓe, teeŋti noon nde e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 7th "Vikings Estoniyankooɓe" fooli e warde Ingvar Harra, laamɗo Suwed.[42][ɓeydagol citation(s) ina haani] Kuutoragol nanndungol e, ɗo laamuuji Slavic Fuɗnaange ina njaajnoo feewde hirnaange. Hedde 1030 konu Kievan Rus e gardagol Yaroslav ganndo, fooli Estoni, sosi forso to Tartu hannde oo. Ndee ɗoo fooɗtere ina waawi wonde haa ca 1061 nde leñol Estoni, Sosol en, halki nde. Hedde teeminannde 11th, jamaanu Viking en Skandinaavi en saraaji maayo Baltik lomtii ɗum ko jamaanu Viking en Baltik, e njilluuji maayo ɗi Kuronaaɓe e Estoninaaɓe ummoriiɓe duunde Saaremaa, anndiraaɓe Oeselian en. E hitaande 1187 Estoninaaɓe (Oeselinaaɓe), Kuronaaɓe walla/e Karelinaaɓe ndartini Sigtuna, ko wuro mawngo Suwed e oon sahaa.[47][48]
Estoni ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji pinal ɗiɗi mawɗi. Nokkuuji daande maayo to fuɗnaange e hirnaange Estoni ina njoginoo jokkondiral tiiɗngal e Skandinaavi e Finlande caggal leydi, tawi noon to bannge worgo Estoni ɓuri jokkondirde e Balts e Pskov.[49] Leydi Estoni ɓooyndi ina waɗi koɗli keewɗi.[50] Nokkuuji portooji ko adii taariindi walla hakkundeeji ina tawee e daande maayo Saaremaa.[50] Estoni ina jogii kadi yanaandeeji keewɗi gila e jamaanu Viking en, gooto gooto e denndaangal, ina waɗi kaɓirɗe e jeewte ina heen sifaaji keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder Fuɗnaange Yuroopu e Skandinaavi.[50][51] E fuɗɗoode teeminanɗe caggal jibineede Iisaa, pecce politik e njuɓɓudi laamu puɗɗii feeñde e nder leydi Estoni. Feccere ɗiɗi ɓurɗe mawnude peeñii : parwisaaji (Estoni: kihelkond) e diiwaan (Estoni: maakond), tawi ina waɗi parwisaaji keewɗi. Parroisse ina ardinoo mawɓe, ina woni e dow tulde ; won e sahaaji seeɗa, parsel ina joginoo forseeji keewɗi. E teeminannde 13th, Estoni ina waɗi diiwanuuji jeetati mawɗi : Harjumaa, Järvamaa, Läänemaa, Revala, Saaremaa, Sakala, Uganndi, Wirumaa ; e diiwanuuji jeegom tokoosi, ɗi parsel gootol : Alempois, Jogentagana, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Soopoolitse, e Vaiga. Diiwanuuji ɗii ko dente jeytaare, ɗe ngoni tan ko e gollondiral loowngal ngam haɓaade kulhuli caggal leydi.[52][53]
Ko seeɗa anndaa e golle ruuhuyaŋkooje e diineeji Estoniyankooɓe yontaaji hakkundeeji ko adii nde ɓe mbaɗtata Kerecee’en. Taariindi Henri de Livonie ina siftina Tharapita wonde laamɗo ɓurɗo toowde e hoɗɓe e Saaremaa (Oeselian en) e oon sahaa. Won seedeeji daartol ko faati e leɗɗe ceniiɗe, haa teeŋti e leɗɗe leɗɗe, ɗe ngonnoo ko nokkuuji dewal "pagan".[54][55]
Hareeji kulɓiniiɗi e jamaanu katolik en
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E hitaande 1199, Pape Innocent III bayyini hare kulɓiniinde ngam "faddaade Kerecee'en Livoni".[56] Hare yettiima Estoni e hitaande 1206, nde laamɗo Danemark biyeteeɗo Valdemar II yani e Saaremaa tawi ronkaani. Banndiraaɓe Livoniyankooɓe Almaañnaaɓe, ɓe meeɗiino jiimde Livoninaaɓe, Latgalinaaɓe e Seloninaaɓe, puɗɗii kampaañ ngam haɓaade Estoni en e hitaande 1208, e nder duuɓi seeɗa garooji ɗii, banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof mbaɗii njilluuji keewɗi e njilluuji luulndiiɗi. Ardii mawɗo luulndo Estoni ko Lembitu, mawɗo diiwaan Sakala, kono e hitaande 1217 Estoni en keɓii foolde mawnde e wolde St. Matthew, ɗo Lembitu waraa. E hitaande 1219, Valdemar II jippii e Lindanise, fooli Estoninaaɓe e wolde Lindanise, o fuɗɗii heɓtude Fuɗnaange Estoni.[57][58] Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Suwed yani e Estoni hirnaange, kono Oeselian en ndartini ɗum en. E hitaande 1223, murto mawngo riiwi Almaañnaaɓe e Danemarknaaɓe e nder Estoni fof, so wonaa Reval, kono ɓooyaani ko konu nguu fuɗɗii hare mum en, e hitaande 1227, Saaremaa woni maakond (diiwaan) gadiiɗo hokkude hoore mum.[59][60]
Caggal wolde kulɓiniinde, leydi hannde ndi fuɗnaange Estoni e Letoni inniraa ko Terra Mariana ; caggal mum nde anndiraa tan ko Livonia.[61] Fuɗnaange Estoni wonti Duchy Danemark Estoni, ko heddii koo feccii hakkunde banndiraaɓe Sword e laamɓe-biskop Dorpat e Ösel–Wiek. E hitaande 1236, caggal nde ɓe keɓi foolde mawnde, banndiraaɓe Kaafaaje naati e nder fedde Teutonik, wonti fedde Livonien.[62] E nder duuɓi capanɗe garooji ɗii, fitinaaji keewɗi mbaɗii e laamɓe Tewton en to Saaremaa. E hitaande 1343, fitinaaji mawɗi mbaɗi e dow worgo Estoni e Saaremaa. Ordo Teutonic udditi murto ngoo e hitaande 1345, e hitaande 1346 laamɗo Danemark yeeyi jawdi mum to Estoni to Ordo.[63][64] Muurtere nde heɓaani, addani ɓe semmbinde laamu wonande leñol Almaañ ɓurngol toowde.[65] E nder teeminanɗe garooje ɗee, ɗemngal Almaañ leslesal ina heddii e ɗemngal laamɓe mawɓe e nder gure Estoni e nder laddeeji ɗii fof.[66]
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Reval (Tallinn), laamorde Estoni Danemark sosaande e nokku Lindanise, ƴetti sariya Lübeck, heɓi hakkeeji wuro timmuɗi e hitaande 1248.[67] Fedde Hanseatik ina joginoo njulaagu e maayo Baltik, e nder gure nay ɓurɗe mawnude e nder Estoni ɗee, ngonti terɗe mum : Reval, Dorpat (Tartu), Pernau (Pärnu), e Fellin (Viljandi). Reval wonnoo ko hakkundeejo njulaagu hakkunde Novgorod e gure Hanseatic hirnaange, Dorpat ina joginoo darnde wootere e Pskov. Ko heewi e feddeeji artisaneeɓe e njulaagu mbaɗaama e nder oon sahaa.[68] Reenaama e maadi kaaƴe e tergal Hansa, gure mawɗe hono Reval e Dorpat ina keewi ƴattaade laamɓe woɗɓe e nder Konfederaasiyoŋ Livoniyankeewo mo yontaaji hakkundeeji.[69]
Jamanuuji caggal reformaasiyoŋ
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Reformaasiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii ko e caka Yuroopu e hitaande 1517, ɓooyaani ko o yaaji haa woyla Livoni hay so tawii won luulndo ngo Ordo Livonien waɗi.[71] Wurooji ngoni adii jaɓɓaade diine Protestan en e kitaale 1520, e kitaale 1530 ko ɓuri heewde e jom en leyɗeele e yimɓe laddeeji njaɓi diine Lutheran.[72][73] Jooni noon, golle eklesiyaaji ina mbaɗee e ɗemngal ɓalewal, ko ɗum woni ko adii fof ko ɗemngal Almaañ leslesal, kono gila e kitaale 1530, golle diine keewɗe ina mbaɗee e ɗemngal Estoni.[72][74]
E nder teeminannde 16th, laamuuji yaajɗi Muscovi, Suwed, e Poloñ-Lituani ndartinii laamu, ɗum addani Livonia mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa luural hakkunde gure, mawɓe, bismaango, e Ordo.[72][75]
E hitaande 1558, laamɗo leydi Riisi biyeteeɗo Ivan le terrible (Moscou) yani e leydi Liwoni, o fuɗɗii wolde Liwoni. Ordo Livoni foolaama no feewi e hitaande 1560. Ko ɓuri heewde e Livoni jaɓi laamu Poloñ, Reval e mawɓe worgo Estoni njuɓɓinii hoolaare e laamɗo Suwed, Bishop Ösel-Wiek yeeyi leyɗeele mum e laamɗo Danemark. Konuuji Tsar Ivan mbaawiino fuɗɗoraade heɓtude feccere ɓurnde mawnude e Livonia, kono e kitaale 1570 konu Poloñ-Lituani e Suwed njahi e hare nde, wolde ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1583 nde Riisi fooli.[75][76] Ngam wolde nde, fuɗnaange Estoni wonti Duki Estoni Suwed, fuɗnaange Estoni wonti Duki Poloñ Livoni, Saaremaa heddii e les njiimaandi Danemark.[77]
E hitaande 1600, wolde hakkunde Poloñ e Suwed fuɗɗii, ɓeydi bonnude. Hare juutnde ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1629 nde Suwed heɓi Livonia, ina jeyaa heen diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange Estoni e Fuɗnaange Lettoni.[78] Saaremaa Danemark nawtaa Suwed e hitaande 1645.[79] Hareeji ɗii ustii feccere e yimɓe Estoni gila e 250–270 000 neɗɗo e nder cakkital teeminannde 16th haa 115–120 000 e nder kitaale 1630.[80]
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So tawii ko heewi e yimɓe laddeeji ina keddii e serfdom e nder laamu Suwed, waylooji sariyaaji semmbinii serf en e remooɓe jom en jawɗeele en e hakkeeji ndonu – ko ɗum waɗi ooɗoo sahaa heɓi innde "The Good Old Swedish Time" e nder siftorde daartol. [81] Laamɗo Suwed biyeteeɗo Gustaf II Adolf sosi jimɗi to Reval e Dorpat ; ɗiɗaɓo oo ƴettaa ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Tartu e hitaande 1632. Masiŋaaji binnditagol kadi sosaa e nder gure ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Fuɗɗoode jaŋde renndo Estoni feeñii ko e kitaale 1680, ko ɓuri heewde ko e darnde Bengt Forselius, mo kadi waɗti waylude binndol Estoni binndol.[82] Yimɓe Estoni ɓeydiima no feewi haa Heege Mawnde 1695–97 nde 70 000–75 000 neɗɗo maayi heen – fotde 20% e yimɓe leydi ndii.[83]
E nder wolde mawnde to Fuɗnaange 1700–1721, laamu leydi Riisi (Muscovy) heɓti leydi Estoni ndii fof e hitaande 1710.[84] Konu nguu kadi bonnii yimɓe Estoni, e hitaande 1712, ko 150 000–170 000 neɗɗo tan ngoni heen.[85] E hitaande 1721, Estoni feccii e guwerneeruuji ɗiɗi : Guwerneer Estoni, tawi ina jeyaa heen Tallinn e bannge worgo Estoni, e Guwerneer Livoni fuɗnaange, tawi ina yaaji haa to bannge worgo Letton.[86] Laamu tsar artiri denndaangal hakkeeji politik e jeyi leydi ɗi aristokraasi nokku oo jogii.[87] Hakkeeji remooɓe nokkuuji ɗii njottiima ɗo ɓuri lesɗude, nde tawnoo serfdom ina joginoo semmbe no feewi e jokkondiral ndema e nder teeminannde 18th.[88] Serfdom momtaama e dow laawol e hitaande 1816–1819, kono ɗumɗoo e fuɗɗoode ina joginoo batte kuuɓtodinɗe no feewi ; ɓamtaare mawnde e hakkeeji remooɓe fuɗɗii ko e peewnugol e nder cakkital teeminannde 19th.[89]
Tuugnorgal
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