Tsabtar mata
Kayayyakin tsaftar mata kayan aikin kulawa ne na mutum da ake amfani da su yayin jinin haila, fitar da fitsari, da sauran ayyukan jiki masu alaka da farji da farji. Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a lokacin haila kuma ana iya kiransu da kayan tsaftar jinin haila da suka hada da pad, tampons, pantyliner, kofi, soso na haila da wando. Kayayyakin tsaftar mata kuma sun haɗa da kayan da ake nufi don wanke farji ko farji, kamar su douches, goge-goge na mata, da sabulu.
Kayayyakin tsaftar mata ko dai abin zubarwa ne ko kuma ana iya sake amfani da su. Tufafin tsafta, tampons, da pantyliners samfuran tsaftar mata ne da ake zubarwa. Kofuna na al'ada, mayafin rigar haila, panties na al'ada, da soso, samfuran tsaftar mata ne da za'a sake amfani dasu.[1]
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kayayyakin tsabtace haila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana iya amfani da shi:
- Kunshin jinin haila: Anyi shi da kayan da ake sha wanda ake sawa a ciki na cikin rigar don sha jinin haila mai nauyi. An yi su da cellulose kuma suna samuwa a cikin nau'i daban-daban da tsayi. Suna iya samun fuka-fuki da/ko abin goyan baya don riƙe kushin a wuri.[2][3]
- Pantyliner: Kwatankwacin pad ɗin haila, sun fi ƙanƙanta, sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma ana amfani da su don ɗan lokaci mai sauƙi, zubar da jini na tsaka-tsaki da fitar da farji, ko kuma azaman kari ga tampon.[2][3]
- Tampon: Ana sanya shi a cikin farji don sha jinin haila, ana iya amfani da shi yayin yin iyo. Akwai a matakai daban-daban na sha..[2][3][4]
Ana iya amfani da shi:
- Kofin haila: Anyi da silicone, roba na halitta, ko filastik; an saka a cikin farji don kama jini da/ko rufin mahaifa.
- Yawancin ana iya sake amfani da su: ana zubar da su idan sun cika kuma ana iya wanke su ko tafasa. Tufafin haila: Sanye cikin rigar ciki; za a iya yi da kayan kamar auduga, flannel ko terry.
- Riga-kafi na tsawon lokaci (Wando na AKA): Za a iya komawa zuwa ko dai rigar da ke ajiye mashin a wurin, ko rigar rigar da za ta iya ɗaukar wurin tampons da pads.
- Soso na haila: Ana saka shi kamar tambura ko kofi kuma ana sawa a cikin jiki.
- Tawul: babban tufa da za a sake amfani da shi, galibi ana amfani da shi da daddare (idan babu wani abu), ana sanya shi tsakanin kafafu don shakar jinin haila. [bukata]
- Ciwon damuwa mai guba: Yin amfani da tampons ko kofuna na al'ada ba zai iya haifar da wani yanayi mai haɗari da ake kira toxic shock syndrome ba, wanda ba kasafai ba ne, mai haɗari na rayuwa na wasu nau'in cututtuka na kwayoyin cuta. Don taimakawa hana cutar girgiza mai guba, yakamata a yi amfani da mafi ƙarancin abin da ake buƙata na tampon sannan a canza tampons aƙalla kowane awa huɗu zuwa takwas. Ya kamata a yi amfani da minipad don kwararar jinin haila.
- Mata na iya samun matsala wajen tabo tufafinsu ko zanen gado a lokacin haila. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar sanya duhu ko baƙar fata ko wando da barci a saman tawul da dare.
Kayayyakin tsaftacewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Douches: Wani ruwa da ake amfani da shi don fitar da cikin cikin farji. Goge mata: Tufafi mai ɗanɗano, wani lokacin ƙamshi da ake amfani da shi don goge farji.
- Kayayyakin tsaftar mata da ake nufi don tsaftacewa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyan halayen da bacin rai, kamar yadda farji ke fitar da kwayoyin cuta a zahiri. Yawancin kwararrun masana kiwon lafiya suna ba da shawara game da shan ruwa saboda yana iya canza ma'aunin flora na farji da acidity. Bincike ya nuna cewa siffofin farji sun ba shi damar kare kansa daga halitta mai cutarwa. Hanyoyin kariya na asali daga cututtukan vulvovaginal sun haɗa da flora na al'ada na al'ada, pH na al'ada na acidic, da fitarwa na farji. Bakteriyar mazaunin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye pH acidic da kuma fafatawa da ƙwayoyin cuta na waje don mannewa ga mucosa na farji. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kare kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar samar da mahadi na antimicrobial kamar bacteriocin. Binciken in vitro na ruwan al'aura daga mata biyar sun nuna aiki akan nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba mazauna ba, gami da Escherichia coli da rukunin B Streptococcus. Wannan kariya daga rukunin B Streptococcus yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mata masu juna biyu, saboda galibi yana mamaye farji ta hanyar gastrointestinal, yana haɓaka haɗarin haihuwa da wuri, ciwon sankarau na jarirai, da mutuwar tayin. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya haifar da bacteriuria asymptomatic, cututtuka na urinary tract, cututtuka na al'ada na sama, da kuma endometritis na haihuwa.
Hadarin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfuran daban-daban na iya ɗaukar wasu haɗarin kiwon lafiya, wasu na iya tabbatar da su, wasu kuma hasashe.[5]
- rashin lafiya da ba kasafai ke faruwa ba lokacin da ake sawa tampons na dogon lokaci, ko da yake ba a haɗa kai tsaye da amfani da tampon ba amma yana haifar da guba mai alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta na Streptococcus pyogenes ko Staphylococcus aureus nau'in.
- Hankali: Ana iya haifar da ƙamshi, neomycin (mai ɗaure a kan pads), man shayi, benzocaine. Hakanan kumburi na iya zama haɗari mai alaƙa da wasu samfuran.
- Yisti kamuwa da cuta: naman gwari.
- Kwayar cuta: Yawan girma na kwayoyin cuta da ke faruwa a cikin farji wanda ke haifar da nau'in kumburin farji.
- Rashin daidaituwar kwayoyin cuta daga yanayin halittarsa an haɗa shi da vaginosis na kwayan cuta vaginosis na ƙwayoyin cuta yana bayyana azaman farin launi mai launin toka a bangon farji da farji, tare da warin kifi da pH na farji wanda ya wuce 4.5. Kalubalen sake dawowa ya taso ne daga hanyoyin daidaitawa na ƙwayoyin cuta da rashin isassun sake gina flora na al'ada na al'ada.
- Bayyanar sinadarai: wasu kamfanoni masu sawa na zamani (kamar Thinx, Ruby Love, da Knix) suna fuskantar shari'ar matakin aji don samfuran da ke ɗauke da gubobi masu cutarwa kamar abubuwan per- da polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) waɗanda ƙila za a iya danganta su da mummunan sakamakon lafiya kamar kansa.[6][7]
Yankin vulvovaginal
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farji yana aiki azaman layin tsaro na farko, yana kare al'aurar daga cututtuka. Sau da yawa, gurɓataccen abu yana taruwa a cikin folds na vulva, kuma dalilai kamar ƙãra danshi, gumi, haila, da canjin yanayin hormonal na iya tasiri ga girma da ma'auni na nau'in microbial, wanda zai iya haifar da wari da cututtuka na vulvovaginal.[8]
Bambanta da sauran wuraren fata, fatar vulvar tana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin hydration, gogayya, rashin ƙarfi, da hantsi na bayyane. Ya fi dacewa da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki idan aka kwatanta da fata na gaba saboda karuwar ruwa, ɓoyewa, da gogayya. Wurin da ba a keratinized vulvar vestibule yana iya zama mai yuwuwa fiye da fata mai keratinized. Musamman ma, fata na al'ada na musamman ne tare da bakin ciki na stratum corneum da manyan gashin gashi, yana sa ya fi sauƙi ga microbes da abubuwa su shiga.[8]
Farji, canal fibromuscular wanda ya tashi daga buɗewar waje a cikin vulva zuwa mahaifar mahaifa, da farko ya ƙunshi tsoka mai santsi wanda ba a keratinized rufin epithelial ba. Wannan rufin, har zuwa lokacin al'ada, yana kasancewa mai kauri, yana kiyaye ruwa da ruwa daga bangon farji da ƙumburi daga mahaifa da glandar vestibular.[8]
Rashin zubar da jini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin][9] [10] Kafin balaga har zuwa bayan menopause, mata yawanci suna fuskantar yanayi da lafiya na fitowar al'aurar. Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan ƙwayoyin epithelial waɗanda ke zubarwa daga bangon farji, tare da gamsai da ruwa (plasma) waɗanda mahaifar mahaifa da farji suka samar. A duk tsawon lokacin haila, adadin da daidaiton fitarwa yana fuskantar bambance-bambance. A farkon da ƙarshen zagayowar lokacin da matakan isrogen ya yi ƙasa, fitarwar tana da yawa, m, kuma mara maraba ga maniyyi. Yayin da matakan isrogen ya karu kafin ovulation, fitar da hankali ya zama haske, karin ruwa, da kuma shimfiɗawa.[8]
Bambance-bambance a cikin kabilu daban-daban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaftar mata yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin kabilu daban-daban. Bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan tsaftar mata galibi ana danganta su da bambancin imani na al'adu da al'adun addini. Bincike ya nuna cewa bakin haure na Afro-Caribbean, sabanin matan Caucasian, sun fi karkata ga wanke farji da wankan kumfa ko maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta. Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da imani da wajibcin tsabtace jiki sosai don lafiya da walwala. A cikin matan Yahudawa na Orthodox, ana yin wanka na al'ada da aka sani da mikveh bayan haila ko haihuwa don samun tsarki na al'ada. A cikin addinin musulmi, maza da mata suna yin wanka da ake kira cikakkiyar alwala (ghusl) bayan jima'i ko haila a matsayin aikin tsarkakewa. A yankuna kamar Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu, wasu mata sun zaɓi yin tsabtace cikin al'aurarsu ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace lemun tsami, ruwan gishiri, ko vinegar da nufin kawar da fitar da fitsari da kuma "maganin" cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i.[8]
Wani binciken bincike da ya shafi mata 500 a Iran ya nuna wata babbar alaƙa tsakanin al'adar vaginosis da rashin isasshen aikin haila da tsaftar farji. Bugu da ƙari, bincike daga binciken gida wanda Anand et al. ya nuna cewa matan da ke amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tsafta a lokacin al'ada - ban da fakitin tsafta ko rigar da aka shirya a gida - sun fi sau 1.04 ba da rahoton alamun kamuwa da cututtuka na tsarin haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, waɗannan matan sun kasance sau 1.3 mafi kusantar su fuskanci zubar da jini na al'ada, wanda ya haɗa da bayyanar cututtuka kamar itching, vulvar vulvar, ciwon ƙananan ciki, zafi a lokacin fitsari ko bayan gida, da ƙananan ciwon baya. A wani binciken kuma, binciken ya nuna cewa matan da ke yin amfani da wankan kumfa a cikin farji sun nuna ninki biyu na yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar vaginosis na kwayan cuta, sabanin waɗanda suka ƙi yin amfani da wannan samfurin.[8] Bugu da ƙari kuma, abin da ya faru na vaginosis na kwayan cuta ya ninka sau uku a tsakanin matan da suka yi amfani da maganin antiseptik ga farji ko a cikin farji. Bugu da ƙari, yawan ƙwayar vaginosis na kwayan cuta ya ninka sau shida a cikin mata masu amfani da kayan shafa. Idan aka zo batun vaginosis na kwayan cuta, matan Ba’amurke na Afirka sau 2.9 sun fi kusantar kamuwa da cutar vaginosis na kwayan cuta idan aka kwatanta da matan kakannin Turai, mai yiwuwa saboda bambancin flora na al'ada.[8]
Tsabtacewar haila: matashiyar yarinya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Don lura da tsaftar al'ada a cikin 'yan mata masu tasowa, an gudanar da bincike a makarantar sakandare a Singur West Bengal. An gudanar da shi a matsayin wani siffata, bincike-bincike da ya shafi 'yan mata 160 a West Bengal, binciken ya nuna cewa wani muhimmin bangare na wadanda suka amsa sun fahimci haila kafin haila, tare da iyaye mata sune farkon tushen bayanai. Yayin da akasari suka amince da haila a matsayin tsarin ilimin lissafin jiki, ilimi da amfani da sandunan tsafta sun iyakance. Yawancin 'yan mata sun yi amfani da sabulu da ruwa don tsaftacewa, kuma kashi mai yawa sun lura da ƙuntatawa daban-daban a lokacin haila.[11] Daga cikin masu amsawa 160, 108 (67.5%) 'yan mata sun san jinin haila kafin su fuskanci al'ada. Uwaye sune farkon tushen bayanai ga 'yan mata 60 (37.5%). Mafi rinjaye, 138 (86.25%), sun ɗauki haila a matsayin tsarin jiki. Kashi 78 (48.75%) 'yan mata ne kawai suka saba amfani da na'urar tsafta a lokacin haila. Dangane da al'ada, 'yan mata 18 (11.25%) ne kawai ke amfani da kayan tsafta a lokacin haila. Don dalilai na tsaftacewa, 'yan mata 156 (97.5%) sun yi amfani da sabulu da ruwa. Game da hani, 136 (85%) 'yan mata suna bin hani daban-daban yayin haila.[11]
Al'umma da al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, tun daga shekarar 2018 akwai kimanin mata biliyan 1.9 da ke cikin shekarun haihuwa.[12] A cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi, zabin mata na kayan aikin tsaftar haila galibi ana iyakance su ne ta hanyar tsada, samuwa da ka'idojin zamantakewa. Ba wai kawai zaɓin mata ya iyakance ba, amma a cewar WHO da Unicef, mutane miliyan 780 ba sa samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa kuma kusan mutane biliyan 2.5 ba su da ingantaccen tsafta. Rashin tsaftar tsafta yana haifar da wahala ga mata wajen sarrafa tsaftar mata[13][12][14]
Kudin da harajin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harajin Tampon wani ɗan gajeren hannu ne don harajin tallace-tallace da ake caji akan tampons, pads, da kofuna na haila. Ana ganin tsadar waɗannan kayayyaki na kasuwanci don kula da haila a matsayin abin da ba za a yarda da shi ba ga yawancin mata masu karamin karfi. Akalla mata rabin miliyan a duk faɗin duniya ba su da isassun kuɗin da za su iya samun isassun kayayyakin. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin makaranta ko ma barin makaranta. A wasu yankuna ba a biyan haraji irin wannan bukatu kamar na'urorin likitanci da takarda bayan gida. Shirye-shiryen da yawa a duniya suna ba da shawarar kawar da haraji gaba ɗaya. A wasu ƙasashe, irin waɗannan koke-koke sun riga sun yi nasara (misali sassan Burtaniya da Amurka).
Samun damar samun kayayyaki a cikin kurkuku
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumar da ke kula da gidajen yari a Amurka ta sanar da cewa za a ba wa matan da ke gidajen yarin da ke cikinta lamunin yi musu alluran riga-kafin haila da tampons kyauta. A cikin sashe na 411 na Dokar Mataki na Farko wanda aka zartar a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2018, ya ce, "Darekta na Ofishin Fursunoni zai ba da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da aka kwatanta a cikin karamin sashe (c) ga fursunoni kyauta, a cikin adadin da ya dace da su. bukatun kula da lafiyar kowane fursuna.[15]
Sauran ra'ayoyin zamantakewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu 'yan mata da mata na iya kallon tampons da kofuna na haila kamar yadda suke shafar Budurwa duk da cewa ba su shiga cikin jima'i ba.
Ga waɗanda ke da Autism, yin amfani da pads kafin haila ta fara na iya taimakawa wajen rage al'amuran da ke da alaƙa da samfuran tsabtace haila. Ilimi na farko da aiki na iya taimakawa wajen sanin mutum game da canje-canjen jiki da tsarin amfani da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da haila.
Haila na iya faruwa duk da gurguntawa; amfani da samfurin ya dogara da son mutum.[16]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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A zamanin d Misira, daular Romawa da Indonesia, an yi amfani da kayan halitta daban-daban - ulu, ciyawa, papyrus - a matsayin tampons. A kasar Japan ta d ¯ a, an yi tampon ne da takarda kuma an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar ɗaure na musamman da ake kira kama, kuma ana canza shi har sau 12 a rana.
A cikin karni na 18 a Sweden, mata a cikin al'umma ba a san su da yin amfani da kayan tsabta na mata ba kuma bayyanar lokaci a kan tufafi bai jawo hankali sosai ba. Maganar jinin haila a wannan lokacin shine "sa tufafi" ko "sa särk", riga mai kama da chemise.
Wataƙila an yi amfani da guntun tsumma ko tsumma na musamman don tattara ruwan haila. Duk da haka, akwai ƴan rubuce-rubuce na pads na haila daga zamanin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. A matsayin kayan tarihi, nau'ikan kayan aikin haila daban-daban ba a kiyaye su ba ko kuma sun tsira ta wata ma'ana ta musamman, kamar yadda rigunan da aka yi amfani da su ana zubar da su lokacin da suka gaji ko kuma buƙatun su ya ƙare tare da hutu. Koyaya, yayin da fasaha ta samo asali, an gabatar da samfuran tsabtace kasuwanci a cikin nau'in pad ɗin haila, wanda kuma aka sani da napkin tsafta. A Sweden, wannan ya faru ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙara mai da hankali kan tsabta, tsaftar mutum da lafiya wanda ya faru a farkon ƙarni na 20 bayan haɓakar birane. A ƙarshen karni na 19, Johnson & Johnson ya gabatar da rigar tsabtace tsabta ta kasuwanci ta farko a kasuwar Amurka. Wani bambance-bambancen kushin haila ne da aka yi da flannel.[17]
Tallace-tallacen tallace-tallace da bayanan samfur don santsin tsafta sune tushen ilimin farko game da tarihin santsi..[18]
Kayayyakin kasuwanci na farkon karni na 20
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya yin tafkin tsafta da auduga da aka saƙa, saƙa ko saƙa kuma an cika shi da tsumma. Ana iya yin su na gida don amfanin kansu ko kuma ana samarwa da yawa kuma ana sayar da su, kamar a garuruwan da ke da masana'antar masaku..[18]
Ma'ajiyar haila ita ce samfurin farko na tsafta da aka ƙaddamar da shi azaman kariyar haila a Sweden, tun a shekara ta 1879. An yi shi da roba, kamar yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na tsafta a lokacin, kuma yayi kama da calo mai siffar kwano da za ta zauna a kai. waje na ciki. Ba a yi la'akari da ma'aunin haila ya sami farin jini sosai
Rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 kuma an sami haɓaka samfuran haila na farkon farji irin na ƙoƙon haila, tare da ikon mallakar farko tun daga 1903.[19]
Belin haila wani nau'i ne da kariya ta haila ta yi kuma ta fara bayyana a ƙarshen karni na 19. An yi su ne ta yadda pad ɗin da kansa yana ƙunshe a cikin wani maɗauri na musamman wanda aka ɗaure a kugu da bel. Pads a cikin waɗannan zane ana kiran su da "kushin tsotsa" a cikin takaddun shaida na Sweden, irin su "Pad pad for menstruation" patent daga 1889. Farashin bel ɗin haila zai iya zama tsakanin 2.75 - 3.50 SEK kuma dole ne a saya pads. kusan SEK 4-5 kowanne, ya danganta da girman fakitin. Daga bayanin farashin da ake da shi, kariya ta haila ya kasance siyayya mai tsada da ba kowa
Ana iya ganin bel ɗin tsafta a matsayin sigar zamani na bel ɗin haila, amma ya fi kamar ɗamara. Ayyukan bel ɗin shine riƙe kushin a wuri yayin baiwa mai amfani ƙarin 'yancin motsi. A Sweden, an gabatar da samfurin a cikin 1940s kuma ana amfani dashi har zuwa 1960s. A cikin 1970s, an gabatar da tsiri mai manne da ke ƙarƙashin kushin, wanda ya ba da damar a haɗa shi a cikin rigar kuma a riƙe shi a wuri ba tare da amfani da ɗamara, fil ɗin tsaro ko bel ba.
Nau'ikan kayan tsabtace haila na tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kofin
- Pad [20]
- Panty [20]
- Sponges[20]
- Babu wani abu [21]
- Ginin tumaki [21]
- Tufafin ciki [21]
- Rashin auduga [21]
- Belin tsabta da mai riƙe da napkin [21]
- Kayan wanka na tsabtace jiki [21]
- Ƙarƙashin da aka yi[21]
- Babu bel [21]
- Diapers na jariri [21]
- Diapers na manya [21]
- Shuke-shuke
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Gudanar da tsabtace haila
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Nicole, Wendee (March 2014). "A Question for Women's Health: Chemicals in Feminine Hygiene Products and Personal Lubricants". Environmental Health Perspectives. 122 (3): A70–A75. doi:10.1289/ehp.122-A70. PMC 3948026. PMID 24583634.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Schaefer, Valorie Lee, et al. The Care & Keeping of You 1: The Body Book For Younger Girls. American Girl, 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Natterson, Dr. Cara, and Josée Masse. The Care and Keeping of You 2 The Body Book for Older Girls. American Girl Publishing, 2012.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ "Are panty liners beneficial or harmful? I alternative to panty liners". UTI prevention I Vaginal care I Ezspur. Archived from the original on 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ↑ "Lawsuit Investigation Looks at PFAS Levels in Menstrual Underwear". www.classaction.org (in Turanci). 2020-08-26. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ↑ US EPA, OA (2021-10-14). "Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Chen, Ying; Bruning, Elizabeth; Rubino, Joseph; Eder, Scott E (December 2017). "Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage". Women's Health (in Turanci). 13 (3): 58–67. doi:10.1177/1745505717731011. ISSN 1745-5065. PMC 7789027. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":012" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Sim, M; Logan, S; Goh, Lh (June 2020). "Vaginal discharge: evaluation and management in primary care". Singapore Medical Journal: 297–301. doi:10.11622/smedj.2020088. PMC 7905126.
- ↑ Venugopal, Swetha; Gopalan, Kannan; Devi, Asha; Kavitha, A (2017). "Epidemiology and clinico-investigative study of organisms causing vaginal discharge". Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS (in Turanci). 38 (1): 69. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.203433. ISSN 0253-7184. PMC 5389219.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dasgupta, A; Sarkar, M (2008). "Menstrual hygiene: How hygienic is the adolescent girl?". Indian Journal of Community Medicine (in Turanci). 33 (2): 77. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.40872. ISSN 0970-0218. PMC 2784630.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Tackling the taboo of menstrual hygiene in the European Region". www.euro.who.int (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ↑ Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2018: 1730964. doi:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 5838436. PMID 29675047.
- ↑ "Global WASH Fast Facts | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 2018-11-09. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ↑ "Text - H.R.5682 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): FIRST STEP Act". 2018-05-23. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ↑ Farrell, Kate, et al. Period: Twelve Voices Tell the Bloody Truth. Feiwel and Friends, an Imprint of Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC, 2018.
- ↑ Wysocki, Susan (1997-11-01). "New Options in Menstrual Protection on ADVANCE for Nurse Practitioners". Archived from the original on 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Malmberg 1991.
- ↑ "Catamenial sack". Google Patents. 1903. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid
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