Nobel Prize
Har saal Nobel Prizes dher vibhag me dewa jaawe hae. Ii vibhag hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam dewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se barraa prize maana jaawe hae.
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jaae hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii prize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jaae hae.
Prize ke vibhag aur jiite waala
badloBhautik vigyan (Physics) me nobel prize jiite waala[1] jiske Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences de hae
badlo| Saal | Jiite waala | Des | Kaaran | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 
|
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | Germany | "uske ek rakam ke ray ke pawe ke khatir jiske naam uske naam dewa gais hae."[2] |
| 1902 | 
|
Hendrik Lorentz | Netherlands | " uske ii khoj ke khatir ki radiation ke uppar magnetism ke kon asar rahe hae."[3] |
|
Pieter Zeeman | Netherlands | ||
| 1903 | 
|
Antoine Henri Becquerel | France | "uske spontaneous radioactivity ke baare me paawe ke baad"[4] |
| Pierre Curie | France | " uu logan ke Professor Henri Becquerel se pawa gais radiation phenomena ke baare me khoj "[4] | ||
|
Marie Curie | Poland / France | ||
| 1904 | 
|
John William Strutt | United Kingdom | "uske khaas gas ke uppar khoj aur uske argon ke paawe ke khaatir"[5] |
| 1905 | 
|
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard | Germany | "uske cathode ray ke uppar kaam ke khaatir"[6] |
| 1906 | 
|
Joseph John Thomson | United Kingdom | " uske "conduction of electricity by gases" ke uppar ke khoj ke khaatir[7] |
| 1907 | 
|
Albert Abraham Michelson | United States | "uske optical precision instruments aur spectroscopic aur metrological ke uppar ke khoj ke khaatir"[8] |
| 1908 | 
|
Gabriel Lippmann | France | "uske rang se chaapa ke banae ke tarika, jon ki interference phenomenon pe based hae", ke khaatir[9] |
| 1909 | 
|
Guglielmo Marconi | Italy | uske "development of wireless telegraphy " ke yogdaan ke khaatir[10] |
|
Karl Ferdinand Braun | Germany | ||
| 1910 | 
|
Johannes Diderik van der Waals | Netherlands | "Uske "equation of state for gases and liquids" ke kaam ke khaatir"[11] |
| 1911 | 
|
Wilhelm Wien | Germany | "uske "laws governing the radiation of heat" ke paawe ke khaatir"[12] |
| 1912 | 
|
Nils Gustaf Dalén | Sweden | "uske automatic valves" ke banae ke khaatir, jiske "gas accumulators" ke saathe lighthouses aur buoys me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"[13] |
| 1913 | 
|
Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes | Netherlands | "uske "properties of matter at low temperatures" ke baare me khoj ke khaatir jiske kaaran liquid helium banae jaae sakaa gais"[14] |
| 1914 | 
|
Max von Laue | Germany | "Uske "diffraction of X-rays by crystals" ke adhyan ke khaatir"[15], jon ki X-ray spectroscopy ke paae ke ek khaas kadam rahaa. |
| 1915 | William Henry Bragg | United Kingdom | "Uske yogdaan "analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" ke khaatir[16],ek khaas kadam rahaa X-ray crystallography me | |
|
William Lawrence Bragg | United Kingdom | ||
| 1916 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1917 | 
|
Charles Glover Barkla | United Kingdom | "Uske characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements, ke baare me paae ke khaatir"[17], jon ki ek aur khaas kadam rahaa X-ray spectroscopy ke development me |
| 1918 | .jpg)
|
Max Planck | Germany | "Uske yogdaan Bhutik vigyan (Physics) ke barrhan me uske quanta ke discovery se"[18] |
| 1919 | 
|
Johannes Stark | Germany | "uske canal rays me Doppler effect ke paae ke khaatir in canal rays aur electric fields me spectral lines ke splitting ke khaatir"[19] |
| 1920 | 
|
Charles Édouard Guillaume | Switzerland | "uske yogdaan Bahutik vigyan me precision measurements ke khaatir, nickel-steel alloys me anomalies paae ke paae ke"[20] |
| 1921 | 
|
Albert Einstein | Germany | "uske Theoretical Physics me yogdaan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke law of the photoelectric effect ke khaatir"[21] |
| 1922 | 
|
Niels Bohr | Denmark | "atoms ke structure aur isme se jon radiation nike hae ke investigation me use yogdaan ke khaatir "[22] |
| 1923 | 
|
Robert Andrews Millikan | United States | "uske kaam elementary charge of electricity aur photoelectric effect ke khaatir"[23] |
| 1924 | file:Manne Siegbahn.jpg | Manne Siegbahn | Sweden | "uske X-ray spectroscopy ke field me khoj aur discoveries ke khaatir "[24] |
| 1925 | 
|
James Franck | Germany | "uske laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom ke khoj ke khaatir"[25] |
| file:Gustav Ludwig Hertz.jpg | Gustav Hertz | Germany | ||
| 1926 | Jean Baptiste Perrin | France | "uske kaam discontinuous structure of matter ke baare me, aur uske sedimentation equilibrium ke khoj"[26] | |
| 1927 | 
|
Arthur Holly Compton | United States | "uske Compton effect ke khoj ke khaatir "[27] |
|
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson | United Kingdom | "uske method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour ke khaatir"[27] | |
| 1928 | 
|
Owen Willans Richardson | United Kingdom | "thermionic phenomenon pe uske kaam aur khaas kar ke Thermionic emission#Richardson's Law ke khoj ke khaatir"[28] |
| 1929 | 
|
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie | France | "uske wave nature of electrons ke khoj ke khaatir"[29] |
| 1930 | file:CVRaman.jpg | Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman | India | "uske kaam scattering of light me aur uske aRaman scattering ke khoj"[30] |
| 1931 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1932 | 
|
Werner Heisenberg | Germany | "uske quantum mechanics banae ke khaatir, jiske kaaran hydrogen ke allotropic forms ke paawa gais rahaa"[31] |
| 1933 | Erwin Schrödinger | Austria | "uske nawaa productive forms of atomic theory ke khoj ke khaatir"[32] | |
|
Paul Dirac | United Kingdom | ||
| 1934 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1935 | file:Chadwick.jpg | James Chadwick | United Kingdom | "uske neutron ke khoj ke khaatir"[33] |
| 1936 | 
|
Victor Francis Hess | Austria | "uske cosmic radiation ke khoj ke khaatir"[34] |
|
Carl David Anderson | United States | "uske positron ke khoj ke khaatir"[34] | |
| 1937 | 
|
Clinton Joseph Davisson | United States | "uske diffraction of electrons by crystals ke khoj ke khaatir"[35] |
|
George Paget Thomson | United Kingdom | ||
| 1938 | 
|
Enrico Fermi | Italy | "uske ii dekhaae ke khaatir ki nawaa radioactive elements neutron irradiation se bane hae, aur uske nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons ke khij ke khaatir"[36] |
| 1939 | 
|
Ernest Lawrence | United States | "uske cyclotron ke banae ke khaatir aur isse artificial radioactive elements pe adhyan kare ke khaatir"[37] |
| 1940 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1941 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1942 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1943 | file:OttoStern.jpg | Otto Stern | United States | "uske yogdaan development of the molecular ray method aur uske magnetic moment of the proton ke khoj"[38] |
| 1944 | 
|
Isidor Isaac Rabi | United States | "uske resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ke khaatir"[39] |
| 1945 | 
|
Wolfgang Pauli | Austria | "uske Exclusion Principle ke khoj ke khaatir, jiske Pauli principle bhi bolaa jaae hae"[40] |
| 1946 | file:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg | Percy Williams Bridgman | United States | "uske apparatus to produce extremely high pressures ke banae ke khaatir, aur isse field of high pressure physics me discoveries ke khaatir"[41] |
| 1947 | 
|
Edward Victor Appleton | United Kingdom | "uske physics of the upper atmosphere ke jaanch parrtaal khaas kar ke Appleton layer ke khoj ke khaatir"[42] |
| 1948 | 
|
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett | United Kingdom | "uske Wilson cloud chamber method ke banae ke khaatir, aur isse fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation me khoj"[43] |
| 1949 | Hideki Yukawa | Japan | "uske mesons ke existence ke prediction ke khaatir, jiske uu nuclear forces pe theoretical work se karis rahaa"[44] | |
| 1950 | Cecil Frank Powell | United Kingdom | "uske photographic method of studying nuclear processes ke banae ke khaatir aur uske khoj mesons ke baare me ii method ke kaam me laae kae."[45] | |
| 1951 | John Douglas Cockcroft | United Kingdom | "uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles pe kaam karis rahaa"[46] | |
|
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton | Ireland | ||
| 1952 | 
|
Felix Bloch | United States | "uske nawaa methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements ke banaae ke khaatir aur isse jin khoj bhais rahaa."[47] |
|
Edward Mills Purcell | United States | ||
| 1953 | 
|
Frits Zernike | Netherlands | "uske phase contrast method ke dekhae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke phase contrast microscope ke banae ke khaatir"[48] |
| 1954 | 
|
Max Born | United Kingdom | "uske quantum mechanics ke adhyan, khaas kar ke uske statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ke khaatir"[49] |
|
Walther Bothe | West Germany | "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[49] | |
| 1955 | 
|
Willis Eugene Lamb | United States | "uske fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ke khoj ke khaatir"[50] |
|
Polykarp Kusch | United States | "uske precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron ke khaatir"[50] | |
| 1956 | 
|
John Bardeen | United States | "uske semiconductors pe adhyan aur transistor effect ke khoj"[51] |
|
Walter Houser Brattain | United States | ||
|
William Bradford Shockley | United States | ||
| 1957 | Tsung-Dao Lee | Republic of China | "uske parity laws pe ahyan jiske kaaran elementary particlespe khaas jaankari paawa gais rahaa"[52] | |
|
Chen Ning Yang | Republic of China | ||
| 1958 | 
|
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov | Soviet Union | "Cherenkov effect ke paae ke aur samjhaae ke khaatir"[53] |
|
Il'ya Frank | Soviet Union | ||
| Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm | Soviet Union | |||
| 1959 | 
|
Owen Chamberlain | United States | "uske antiproton ke khoj ke khaatir"[54] |
|
Emilio Gino Segrè | Italy | ||
| 1960 | 
|
Donald Arthur Glaser | United States | "uske bubble chamber ke banae ke khaatir"[55] |
| 1961 | 
|
Robert Hofstadter | United States | "uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki electron scattering in atomic nuclei ke adhyan karis rahaa aur uu isse structure of the nucleons ke paais rahaa"[56] |
|
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer | West Germany | "uske resonance absorption of gamma radiation ke adhyan ke khaatir aur uske effect ke khoj"[56] | |
| 1962 | Lev Davidovich Landau | Soviet Union | "uu pahila jan rahaa jon condensed matter pe theory banais rahaa, khaas kar ke liquid helium"[57] | |
| 1963 | 
|
Eugene Paul Wigner | United States | "uske yogdaan atomic nucleus aur elementary particles ke theory ke khaatir, khaas kar ke fundamental symmetry principles ke khoj ke khaatir"[58] |
| file:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif | Maria Goeppert-Mayer | United States | " uu log ke nuclear shell structure ke khoj ke khaatir"[58] | |
.jpg)
|
J. Hans D. Jensen | West Germany | ||
| 1964 | Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov | Soviet Union | "uske field of quantum electronics me khaas kaam ke khaatir, jiske kaaran oscillators aur amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle ke banaawa gais, ke khaatir"[59] | |
|
Aleksandr Prokhorov | Soviet Union | ||
| Charles Hard Townes | United States | |||
| 1965 | 
|
Richard Phillips Feynman | United States | " uske khaas kaam quantum electrodynamics me, aur deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles, ke khaatir"[60] |
|
Julian Schwinger | United States | ||
|
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga | Japan | ||
| 1966 | 
|
Alfred Kastler | France | "uske optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms, ke khoj ke khaatir"[61] |
| 1967 | 
|
Hans Albrecht Bethe | United States | "uske theory of nuclear reactionske adhyan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke uske energy production in stars ke khoj, ke khaatir"[62] |
| 1968 | 
|
Luis Walter Alvarez | United States | "uske elementary particle physics ke yogdaan ke khaatir, khaas kar ke dher resonance states ke khoje ke khaatir, jiske uu paae sakis through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis, ke khaatir"[63] |
| 1969 | 
|
Murray Gell-Mann | United States | "uske yogdaan classification of elementary particles aur uske interactions interactions, ke khaatir"[64] |
| 1970 | 
|
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén | Sweden | "uske magneto-hydrodynamics me khaas kaam ke khaatir aur iske plasma physics ke dher hissa me kaam me laae ke khaatir "[65] |
| Louis Néel | France | "uske khaas kaam antiferromagnetism aur ferrimagnetism me jon ki solid state physics me achchhaa kaam aais "[65] | ||
| 1971 | Dennis Gabor | United Kingdom | "uske holographic method ke banae ke khaatir"[66] | |
| 1972 |
|
John Bardeen | United States | "uske theory of superconductivity ke banae ke khaatir, jiske jaada kar ke BCS-theory bola jaae hae"[67] |
| Leon Neil Cooper | United States | |||
| file:Schrieffer.jpg | John Robert Schrieffer | United States | ||
| 1973 | Leo Esaki | Japan | "uske tunneling phenomena in semiconductors aur superconductors me khoj ke khaatir"[68] | |
|
Ivar Giaever | United States Norway | ||
| file:Brian David Josephson.jpg | Brian David Josephson | United Kingdom | "uske theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier ke khaatir, khaas kar ke Josephson effect me"[68] | |
| 1974 | Martin Ryle | United Kingdom | "uske dunia me sab se pahila kaam radio astrophysics me"[69] | |
| Antony Hewish | United Kingdom | |||
| 1975 | Aage Bohr | Denmark | "uske collective motion aur particle motion in atomic nuclei ke biich ke sambandh ke adhyan ke aur theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus, ke khaatir "[70] | |
|
Ben Roy Mottelson | Denmark | ||
| Leo James Rainwater | United States | |||
| 1976 | 
|
Burton Richter | United States | "uske a heavy elementary particle ke paae ke khaatir "[71] |
| Samuel Chao Chung Ting | United States | |||
| 1977 | 
|
Philip Warren Anderson | United States | "uske theoretical ikhoj selectronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, ke khaatir"[72] |
| file:Sir Nevill Francis Mott.jpg | Nevill Francis Mott | United Kingdom | ||
| John Hasbrouck Van Vleck | United States | |||
| 1978 | 
|
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa | Soviet Union | "uske khoj low-temperature physics me"[73] |
|
Arno Allan Penzias | United States | "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[73] | |
| Robert Woodrow Wilson | United States | |||
| 1979 | 
|
Sheldon Lee Glashow | United States | "uske yogdaan theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles me, jisme prediction of the weak neutral current bhi hae"[74] |
| file:Abdus salam.gif | Abdus Salam | Pakistan | ||
|
Steven Weinberg | United States | ||
| 1980 | 
|
James Watson Cronin | United States | "uske "violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" me adhyan"[75] |
| Val Logsdon Fitch | United States | |||
| 1981 | 
|
Nicolaas Bloembergen | United States | "uske yogdaan laser spectroscopy ke banaae me"[76] |
|
Arthur Leonard Schawlow | United States | ||
| Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn | Sweden | "uske yogdaan high-resolution electron spectroscopy ke banae me"[76] | ||
| 1982 | Kenneth G. Wilson | United States | "uske "theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" ke khaatir"[77] | |
| 1983 | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | India, United States | "uske adhyan "physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars", ke khaatir"[78] | |
| William Alfred Fowler | United States | "uske adhyan "nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" ke khaatir"[78] | ||
| 1984 | 
|
Carlo Rubbia | Italy | "uske yogdaan ek barraa project me, jiske kaaran field particles W aur Z ke paawa gais"[79] |
| Simon van der Meer | Netherlands | |||
| 1985 | 
|
Klaus von Klitzing | West Germany | "uske quantized Hall effect ke paae ke khaatir"[80] |
| 1986 | Ernst Ruska | West Germany | "uske khaas kaam electron optics me, aur pahila electron microscope ke design ke khaatir"[81] | |
|
Gerd Binnig | West Germany | "uske scanning tunneling microscope ke design ke khaatir"[81] | |
|
Heinrich Rohrer | Switzerland | ||
| 1987 | 
|
Johannes Georg Bednorz | West Germany | "uske superconductivity in ceramic materials ke baare me adhyan ke khaatir"[82] |
|
Karl Alexander Müller | Switzerland | ||
| 1988 | 
|
Leon Max Lederman | United States | "uske neutrino beam method ke khaatir, aur "doublet structure of the leptons" ke dekhaae ke khaatir, muon neutrino ke paae ke baad"[83] |
| Melvin Schwartz | United States | |||
|
Jack Steinberger | United States | ||
| 1989 | Norman Foster Ramsey | United States | "uske "separated oscillatory fields method" ke adhyan ke khaatir aur iske kaam hydrogen maser aur duusra atomic clocks me, ke khaatir"[84] | |
| Hans Georg Dehmelt | United States | "for the development of the ion trap technique"[84] | ||
| Wolfgang Paul | West Germany | |||
| 1990 | Jerome I. Friedman | United States | "uske adhyan deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons ke khaatir, jisse quark model ke particle physics me banaawa gais hae, ke khaatir"[85] | |
|
Henry Way Kendall | United States | ||
| Richard E. Taylor | Canada | |||
| 1991 | 
|
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes | France | "uske adhyan "studying order phenomena in simple systems" jiske aur complex matter, jaise ki liquid crystals aur polymers me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"[86] |
| 1992 | 
|
Georges Charpak | France | "uske particle detectors ke banae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke multiwire proportional chamber"[87] |
| 1993 | Russell Alan Hulse | United States | "uske nawaa rakam ke pulsar ke paae ke khaatir, jiske kaaran gravitation ke adhyan me madat milaa"[88] | |
|
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. | United States | ||
| 1994 | 
|
Bertram Brockhouse | Canada | "uske "neutron spectroscopy" ke banae ke khaatir aur uske khaas kaam aur neutron scattering techniques ke banae ke khaatir, condensed matter ke adhyan kare ke khaatir"[89] |
| Clifford Glenwood Shull | United States | "uske neutron diffraction technique" ke banae ke khaatir aur "khaas kaam neutron scattering techniques ke suruu kare ke khaatir jisse condensed matter ke adhyan hoe hae"[89] | ||
| 1995 | 
|
Martin Lewis Perl | United States | "uskee tau lepton" ke paae ke khaatir aur uske yogdaan lepton physics me"[90] |
|
Frederick Reines | United States | "uske neutrino ke paae ke khaair" aur "for yogdaan lepton physics me"[90] | |
| 1996 | David Morris Lee | United States | "fuske superfluidity in helium-3 ke paae ke khaatir"[91] | |
|
Douglas D. Osheroff | United States | ||
|
Robert Coleman Richardson | United States | ||
| 1997 | 
|
Steven Chu | United States | "uulog ke laser light ke thandaa kar ke pakrre ke khaatir adhyan."[92] |
|
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji | France | ||
|
William Daniel Phillips | United States | ||
| 1998 | 
|
Robert B. Laughlin | United States | "uulog ke ek nawaa rakam ke "quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" ke paae ke khaatir "[93] |
|
Horst Ludwig Störmer | Germany | ||
| Daniel Chee Tsui | United States | |||
| 1999 | 
|
Gerardus 't Hooft | Netherlands | "uske "elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" ke khaatir[94] |
|
Martinus J. G. Veltman | Netherlands | ||
| 2000 | 
|
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov | Russia | "uske semiconductor heterostructures ke banae ke khaatir jiske optoelectronics me kaam me laawa jaae hae"[95] |
| Herbert Kroemer | Germany | |||
| Jack St. Clair Kilby | United States | "uske kaame integrated circuit ke banae me"[95] | ||
| 2001 | Eric Allin Cornell | United States | "uske kaam "Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms", aurr "fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" ke khaatir[96] | |
| Carl Edwin Wieman | United States | |||
|
Wolfgang Ketterle | Germany | ||
| 2002 | Raymond Davis, Jr. | United States | "uske kaam astrophysics ke ilaaka me, khaas kar ke "detection of cosmic neutrinos" me[97] | |
| Masatoshi Koshiba | Japan | |||
|
Riccardo Giacconi | United States | "uske kaam astrophysics me, jiske kaaran cosmic X-ray sources ke paawa gais rahaa"[97] | |
| 2003 | 
|
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov | Russia United States |
"uske yogdaan "theory of superconductors and superfluids" me[98] |
|
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg | Russia | ||
| Anthony James Leggett | United Kingdom United States | |||
| 2004 | 
|
David J. Gross | United States | "uske asymptotic freedom ke paae ke khaatir "theory of the strong interaction" me[99] |
| H. David Politzer | United States | |||
|
Frank Wilczek | United States | ||
| 2005 | 
|
Roy J. Glauber | United States | "uske yogdaan quantum "theory of optical coherence" me[100] |
| John L. Hall | United States | "uske yogdaan laser-based precision spectroscopy ke banae me , jisme optical frequency comb technique" bhi hae[100] | ||
|
Theodor W. Hänsch | Germany | ||
| 2006 | 
|
John C. Mather | United States | "uske blackbody form aur anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" ke paae ke khaatir[101] |
|
George F. Smoot | United States | ||
| 2007 | 
|
Albert Fert | France | "uske giant magnetoresistance ke paae ke khaatir"[102] |
|
Peter Grünberg | Germany | ||
| 2008 | 
|
Makoto Kobayashi | Japan | "uske "origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" ke paae ke khaatir[103] |
|
Toshihide Maskawa | Japan | ||
|
Yoichiro Nambu | United States | "the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ke baare me paae ke khaatir"[103] | |
| 2009 | 
|
Charles K. Kao | Hong Kong United Kingdom United States |
"transmission of light in fibers for optical communication ke baare me abhootapoorv upalabdhi "[104] |
|
Willard S. Boyle | Canada United States |
"imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor ke invent kare ke khaatir"[104] | |
|
George E. Smith | United States | ||
| 2010 | 
|
Andre Geim | Russia Netherlands |
"uske groundbreaking experiments dui-dimensional material graphene ke baare me"[105] |
|
Konstantin Novoselov | Russia United Kingdom | ||
Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences dwaara tae karaa gais hae)
badlo| Saal | Jiite waala[A] | Des[B] | Kaaran[C] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 
|
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | the Netherlands | "uske laws of chemical dynamics aur solutions me osmotic pressure ke khoj ke khaatir"[106] |
| 1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | Germany | "uske kaam sugar aur purine syntheses ke khaatir"[107] | |
| 1903 | Svante August Arrhenius | Sweden | "uske electrolytic theory of dissociation ke khaatir"[108] | |
| 1904 | 
|
Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | "uske inert gaseous elements in air ke khoj ke khaatir, aur iske periodic system me sahii jagha rakkhe ke khaatir"[109] |
| 1905 | .jpg)
|
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany | "uske kaam organic chemistry aur chemical industry ke barrhan ke khaatir, uske kaam organic dyes aur hydroaromatic compounds ke baare me", ke khaatir |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan | France | " use khoj aur element fluorine ke alag kare ke khaatir, aur electric furnace ke khaatir"[111] | |
| 1907 | 
|
Eduard Buchner | Germany | "uske biochemical adhyans ke khaatir aur uske cell-free fermentation ke paae ke khaatir"[112] |
| 1908 | 
|
Ernest Rutherford | United Kingdom New Zealand |
"uske disintegration of the elements, aur chemistry of radioactive substances ke khoj ke khaatir"[113] |
| 1909 | 
|
Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany | "uske catalysis pe kaam aur uske fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction ke khoj, ke khaatir"[114] |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach | Germany | "uske organic chemistry aur chemical industry ke yogdaan khaas kaam aur field of alicyclic compounds me kaam kare ke khaatir"[115] | |
| 1911 |
|
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska | Poland | "uske elements radium aur polonium ke paae ke khaatir"[116] |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard | France | " Grignard reagent ke paae ke khaatir"[117] | |
| Paul Sabatier | France | uske "method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals', ke khaatir[117] | ||
| 1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "uske linkage of atoms in molecules me kaam ke khaatir"[118] | |
| 1914 | 
|
Theodore William Richards | United States | "uske dher chemical element ke atomic weight ke khoje ke khaatir"[119] |
| 1915 | 
|
Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany | "uske chlorophyll" ke adhyan ke khaatir[120] |
| 1916 | Nai dew gais | |||
| 1917 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1918 | 
|
Fritz Haber | Germany | "uske synthesis of ammonia ke banae ke khaatir"[121] |
| 1919 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1920 | 
|
Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | "uske kaam thermochemistry" me, ke khaatir[122] |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "uske yogdaan, hamlog ke chemistry of radioactive substances ke samjhe ke aur uske adhyan isotopes me"[123] | |
| 1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "uske, mass spectrograph ke kaam me laae ke dher non-radioactive elements ke isotopes ke paae ke khaatir aur uske whole-number rule ke suruu kare ke khaatir"[124] | |
| 1923 | 
|
Fritz Pregl | Austria | uske "method of micro-analysis of organic substances" ke banae ke khaatir[125] |
| 1924 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany | "uske ii dekhae ke khaatir ki colloid heterogeneous hae"[126] | |
| 1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | "uske kaam disperse systems me"[127] | |
| 1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | "uske adhyam ke khaatir ki bile acids kon chij se banaa hae."[128] | |
| 1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | "uske adhyan ki sterols kon chij se banaa hae aur iske vitamins se kon sambandh hae"[129] | |
| 1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | uske adhyan "fermentation of sugar" aur fermentative enzymes"[130] | |
| Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Germany | |||
| 1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | uske adhyan ki haemin aur chlorophyll kon chij se banaa hae aur "synthesis of haemin"[131] | |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch | Germany | "uu log ke yogdaan chemical high pressure methods ke banaae me"[132] | |
| Friedrich Bergius | Germany | |||
| 1932 | 
|
Irving Langmuir | United States | uske khoj aur adhyan "surface chemistry"me , ke khaatir[133] |
| 1933 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1934 | 
|
Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "uske heavy hydrogen ke paae ke khaatir"[134] |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot | France | "uu log ke synthesis of new radioactive elements ke khaatir"[135] | |
| Irene Joliot-Curie | France | |||
| 1936 | 
|
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | "uske kaam "molecular structure" pe dipole moments aur diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases ke adhyan ke baad"[136] |
| 1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "uske adhyan carbohydrates aur vitamin C pe, ke khaatir"[137] | |
| Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "uske adhyan carotenoids, flavins aur vitamins A aur B2, ke khaatir" | ||
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | "uske kaam carotenoids aur vitamins ke khaatir"[138] | |
| 1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany | "uske kaam sex hormones" pe, ke khaatir[139] | |
| Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | "uske kaam polymethylenes aur higher terpenes pe, ke khaatir"[139] | ||
| 1940 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1941 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1942 | Nai dewa gais | |||
| 1943 | 
|
George de Hevesy | Hungary | "uske kaam ki isotopes ke tracers ke rakam kaam me laawa jaae sake hae chemical processes ke adhyan me"[140] |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | "uske fission of heavy nuclei" ke paae, ke khaatir[141] | |
| 1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "uske fodder preservation method" ke banae ke khaatir[142] | |
| 1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "uske ii paae ke khaatir ki enzymes ke crystallize karaa jaae sake hae"[143] | |
| John Howard Northrop | United States | "uske pure enzymes aur virus proteins ke banae ke khaatir"[143] | ||
| Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | |||
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "uske plant products of biological importance ke paae ke khaatir, khaas kar ke alkaloids"[144] | |
| 1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "uske adhyan electrophoresis aur adsorption analysis me, khaas kar ke "complex nature of the serum proteins" ke paae ke khaatir[145] | |
| 1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "uske field of chemical thermodynamics me kaam,ke khaatir"[146] | |
| 1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | "uske diene synthesis" ke banaae ke khaatir[147] | |
| Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
| 1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | "uske adhyan transuranium elements pe", ke khaatir[148] | |
| Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | |||
| 1952 | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | "uske partition chromatography" ke banaae ke khaatir[149] | |
| Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | |||
| 1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | "uske macromolecular chemistry me dher chij paae ke khaatir"[150] | |
| 1954 | 
|
Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "uske adhyan the nature of the chemical bond ke khaatir"[151] |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "uske kaam first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone, ke khaatir"[152] | |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | "uske adhyan "mechanism of chemical reactions" pe, ke khaatir[153] | |
| Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | USSR | |||
| 1957 | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd | United Kingdom | uske "nucleotides aurnucleotide co-enzymes" pe kaam ke khaatir[154] | |
| 1958 | 
|
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "uske kaam "the structure of proteins", khaas kar ke insulin" pe, ke khaatir[155] |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | uske "polarographic methods of analysis" ke paae ke khaatir[156] | |
| 1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "uske adhyan ki carbon-14 ke kaise age determination ke khaatir archaeology, geology, geophysics me kaise kaam me laawa jaae sake hae, ke khaatir"[157] | |
| 1961 | 
|
Melvin Calvin | United States | uske adhyan "carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" pe, ke khaatir[158] |
| 1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | uske adhyan "globular proteins" pe, ke khaatir[159] | |
|
John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | ||
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | uske "chemistry and technology of high polymer" [[Ziegler-Natta catalyst| me nawaa chij paae ke khaatir "[160] | |
| Giulio Natta | Italy | |||
| 1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "uske determinations by X-ray techniques khaas biochemical substances ke structure ke adhyan ke khaatir"[161] | |
| 1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "uske outstanding achievements organic synthesis kare me, ke khaatir"[162] | |
| 1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | uske khaas kaam "molecules ke chemical bonds aur electronic structure ke baare me, molecular orbital method ke kaam me laae ke", ke khaatir[163] | |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of Germany | uulog ke "ekdam jor chemical reactions ke adhyan, jiske equilibrium ke badlae jaae hae chhotaa pulse of energy se", ke khaatir[164] | |
| Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | |||
| George Porter | United Kingdom | |||
| 1968 | Lars Onsager | United States | uske "reciprocal relations ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki thermodynamics of irreversible processes khaatir jaruri hae", ke khaatir[165] | |
| 1969 | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | uulog ke yogdaan "concept of conformation" ke banae ke khaatir aur iske chemistry me kaise kaam me laawa jaae hae", ke khaatir[166] | |
| Odd Hassel | Norway | |||
| 1970 | 
|
Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | uske "sugar nucleotides ke paae ke khaatir aur iske jaruri biosynthesis of carbohydrates me", ke khaatir[167] |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "uske yogdaan ""electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" ke baare me jaane ke khaatir[168] | |
| 1972 | 
|
Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | uske kaam "ribonuclease pe, khaas kar ke amino acid sequence aur the biologically active conformation ke biich ke sambandh", ke khaatir [169] |
| Stanford Moore | United States | uu log ke yogdaan "connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule", ke baare me samjhe ke khaatir[169] | ||
| William H. Stein | United States | |||
| 1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of Germany | uu pahila jan rahaa jon ki apne se "chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" pe adhyan karis rahaa.[170] | |
| Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | |||
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | uske khaas kaam, duuno theoretical aur experimental, "physical chemistry of macromolecules pe", ke khaatir[171] | |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
uske kaam " stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions me", ke khaatir[172] | |
| Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | uske "stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions pe adhyan", ke khaatir[172] | ||
| 1976 | William N. Lipscomb | United States | uske adhyan "structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding", ke khaatir[173] | |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | uske yogdaan "non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" me, ke khaatir[174] | |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | uske yogdaan "biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" ke samjhe ke khaatir [175] | |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown | United States | uske "boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, ke kaam me laae ke important reagents in organic synthesis ke khaatir kaam me laais"[176] | |
| Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
| 1980 | 
|
Paul Berg | United States | uske khaas adhyan "biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", ke khaatir[177] |
|
Walter Gilbert | United States | uulog ke yogdaan determination of base sequences in nucleic acids", ke khaatir[177] | |
|
|
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | ||
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | "uulog ke theories, concerning the course of chemical reactions" jiske uulog apne se develop karin, ke khaatir [178] | |
| Roald Hoffmann | United States | |||
| 1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | uske "crystallographic electron microscopy aur structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes", ke khaatir[179] | |
| 1983 | Henry Taube | United States | uske kaam "on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes", ke khaatir[180] | |
| 1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | uske "chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" ke parrhe ke method ke adhyan ke khaatir[181] | |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | uulog ke bahut achchhaa safaltaa "in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures", ke khaatir[182] | |
| Jerome Karle | United States | |||
| 1986 | 
|
Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | " uulog ke yogdaan "concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes", ke khaatir[183] |
| Yuan T. Lee | United States | |||
| John C. Polanyi | Canada | |||
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram | United States | uulog ke "molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" banae aur kaam me laae ke khaatir[184] | |
|
Jean-Marie Lehn | France | ||
| Charles J. Pedersen | United States | |||
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of Germany | uulog ke " photosynthetic reaction centre ke three-dimensional structure" ke determine kare ke khaatir[185] | |
|
Robert Huber | Federal Republic of Germany | ||
| Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
| 1989 | Sidney Altman | Canada United States |
uske "for catalytic properties of RNA" ke paae ke khaatir[186] | |
|
Thomas R. Cech | United States | ||
| 1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | uske " organic synthesis", ke method ke develop kare ke khaatir[187] | |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | uske yogdaan "high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" ke banae me [188] | |
| 1992 | 
|
Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | uske yogdaan "theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems", ke khaatir[189] |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis | United States | uske " polymerase chaen reaction (PCR) method" ke banae ke khaatir [190] | |
| Michael Smith | Canada | uske yogdaan "DNA-based chemistry" me, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[190] | ||
| 1994 | George A. Olah | United States | uske yogdaan "carbocation chemistry" me[191] | |
| 1995 | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | uulog ke yogdaan "fatmospheric chemistry me, khaas kar ke formation aur decomposition of ozone"[192] | |
| Mario J. Molina | Mario J. Molina | United States | ||
|
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | ||
| 1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | uske "fullerenes" ke paae ke khaatir[193] | |
|
Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | ||
| Richard E. Smalley | United States | |||
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer | United States | uske "enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" ke samjhaae ke khaatir[194] | |
| John E. Walker | United Kingdom | |||
| Jens C. Skou | Denmark | uske "ek ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" ke khoj ke khaatir [194] | ||
| 1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | uske "density-functional theory" ke banae ke khaatir [195] | |
| John A. Pople | United Kingdom | uske quantum chemistry me "computational methods" ke banae ke khaatir[195] | ||
| 1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail | Egypt United States |
uske adhyan "transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" me [196] | |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger | United States | uulog ke "conductive polymers" paae ke khaatir [197] | |
| Alan G MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | |||
| Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | |||
| 2001 | William S. Knowles | United States | uulog ke kaam "chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" me[198] | |
|
Ryoji Noyori | Japan | ||
| K. Barry Sharpless | United States | uske kaam " chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" me[198] | ||
| 2002 | 
|
John B. Fenn | United States | uske "development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules", ke khaatir[199] |
| Koichi Tanaka | Japan | |||
|
Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | uulog ke "development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" ke khaatir[199] | |
| 2003 | Peter Agre | United States | uske "discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels", ke khaatir[200] | |
|
Roderick MacKinnon | United States | uske "discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels", ke khaatir[200] | |
| 2004 | 
|
Aaron Ciechanover | Israel | uske "ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation", ke paae ke khaatir[201] |
|
Avram Hershko | Israel | ||
|
Irwin Rose | United States | ||
| 2005 | Yves Chauvin | France | uulog ke "development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis", ke khaatir[202] | |
|
Robert H. Grubbs | United States | ||
| Richard R. Schrock | United States | |||
| 2006 | 
|
Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "uske molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription ke adhyan ke khaatir"[203] |
| 2007 | 
|
Gerhard Ertl | Germany | "uske his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces ke khaatir"[204] |
| 2008 | 
|
Osamu Shimomura | United States[205] | "uske green fluorescent protein, GFP ke paae ke aur banaae ke khaatir"[206] |
|
Martin Chalfie | United States | ||
|
Roger Y. Tsien | United States | ||
Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (jiske Karolinska Institutet tae karis hae)
badlo1901-1910
badlo
- 1901 - Emil Adolf von Behring, Germany, ek serum banae ke khaatir jisse log ke diphtheria pakrre se rokaa jaae sake hae[207]
- 1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, uske malaria pe kaam kare ke khaatir[208]
- 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, lupus vulgaris (chamrraa waala tuberculosis) ke light radiation se achchhaa kare ke khaatir.[209]
- 1904 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russia, uske digestion kaise kaam kare hae ke adhyan ke khaatir.[210]
- 1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, tuberculosis ke adhyan ke khaatir[211]
- 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy aur Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain, nervous system pe adhyan ke khaatir[212]
- 1907 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, France, uske adhyan protozoa pe, jon ki bemaari ke kaaran bane sake hae, ke khaatir.[213]
- 1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, aur Paul Ehrlich, Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki immunity kaise bemaari se larre hae[214]
- 1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, thyroid gland pe uske kaam ke khaatir[215]
- 1910, Albrecht Kossel, Germany, uske proteins aur nucleic substances pe uske kaam ke khaatir[216]
1911-1919
badlo
- 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, light refraction aur aankhi pe uske kaam ke khaatir[217]
- 1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, uske joining blood vessels aur transplantation of blood vessels aur organs pe kaam ke khaatir[218]
- 1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, uske anaphylaxis pe kaam ke khaatir[219]
- 1914 - Robert Bárány, Austria, uske kaan aur balance pe kaam ke khaatir[220]
- 1915 - Nai dewa gais
- 1916 - Nai dewa gais
- 1917 - Nai dewa gais
- 1918 - Nai dewa gais
- 1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium, uske immunity ke baare me khij ke khaatir[221]
1920-1929
badlo
- 1920 - Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Denmark, uske capillaries ke baare me khoj ke khaatir[222]
- 1921 - Nai dewa gais
- 1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, ii paae ke khaatir ki muscle kaise garmii ke utpaadan kare hae, ke khaatir[223]
- 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki oxygen kaise muscle me lactic acid ke badle hae, ke khaatir[223]
- 1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada aur John James Richard Macleod, Canada, uske insulin ke paae ke khaatir"[224]
- 1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, electrocardiogram banae ke khaatir"[225]
- 1925 - Not awarded
- 1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, ii paae ke khaatir ki infection se kaise cancer hoe hae[226]
- 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, ii paae ke khaatir ki malaria ke inoculation kaise paralysis ke achchhaa kare hae[227]
- 1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, uske typhus pe kaam ke khaatir[228]
- 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, ii paae ke khaatir ki vitamin se kaise dard ke roka jaae sake hae."[229]
- 1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth[229]
1930-1939
badlo- 1930 - Karl Landsteiner, insaan me kon rakam ke khuun rahe hae, ke paae ke khaatir[230]
- 1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, respiratory enzyme ke paae ke khaatir[231]
- 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, aur Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, neurons (nerve cells) ke paae ke khaatir[232]
- 1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, uske chromosomes aur heredity pe kaam ke khaatir"[233]
- 1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, aur William Parry Murphy, United States, uulog ke treating the liver to help with anaemia ke kaam ke khaatir[234]
- 1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, embryonic development me organizer effect ke paae ke khaatir [235]
- 1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, aur Otto Loewi, Austria neurotransmitters aur nerve impulses ke paae ke khaatir[236]
- 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Hungary, uske cells, vitamin C aur fumaric acid ke chemical badlao of ke paae ke khaatir[237]
- 1938 - Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgium, sinus aur aortic mechanisms, jisse saans le me kaabu rakhkhaa jaae sake hae, me uske kaam ke khaatir. [238]
- 1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany, antibacterial effects of prontosil ke paae ke khaatir[239]
1940-1949
badlo
- 1940 - Nai dewa gais
- 1941 - Nai dewa gais
- 1942 - Nai dewa gais
- 1943 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Denmark, vitamin K ke paae ke khaatir[240]
- 1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, vitamin K me kaam ke khaatir"[240]
- 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser, United States, uske nerve fibre ke paae ke khaatir[241]
- 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chaen, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, uske penicillin ke paae ke khaatir aur iske ek antibiotic me banae ke infectious disease ke achchhaa kre, ke khaatir[242]
- 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, uske X-ray irradiation ke kaaran se mutation ke paae ke khaatir [243]
- 1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori aur Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, uulog ke catalytic conversion of glycogen ke adhyan , ke khaatir[244]
- 1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, ii paae ke khaatir ki anterior pituitary ke hormone kaise sugar ke metabolise kare hae, ke khaatir [244]
- 1948 - Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, uske kaam DDT pe ek poison against several insects ke ruup me, ke khaatir[245]
- 1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the uske ii paae ke khaatir ki dimaag kaise dehin ke bhittar ke organs ke control kare hae. [246]
- 1949 - Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Portugal, leucotomy (brain surgery) ke kaam me laae ke dimaagi rog ke achchhaa kare, ke khaatir.[246]
1950-1959
badlo
- 1950 - Philip Showalter Hench, Edward Calvin Kendall, United States, aur Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, hormones of the adrenal cortex kebaare me paae ke khaatir.[247]
- 1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, yellow fever ke paae ke khaatir.[248]
- 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman, United States, streptomycin ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki pahilat antibiotic rahaa jon ki tuberculosis ke achchhaa karis rahaa[249]
- 1953 - Hans Adolf Krebs, United Kingdom, citric acid cycle ke paae ke khaatir[250]
- 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, United States, co-enzyme A ke paae ke khaatir[250]
- 1954 - John Franklin Enders, Frederick Chapman Robbins, aur Thomas Huckle Weller, United States, poliomyelitis virus ke paae ke khaatir aur iske laboratory me paida kare ke khaatir[251]
- 1955 - Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, Sweden, uske uu enzymes ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki oxygen se badle hae[252]
- 1956 - André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, United States, aur Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, uske heart catheterization aur circulatory system me badlao ke paae ke khaatir[253]
- 1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy uske antihistamine pe kaam ke khaatir aur ii dehin ke hissa ke kon chij kare hae.[254]
- 1958 - George Wells Beadle aur Edward Lawrie Tatum, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes kaise kaam kare hae[255]
- 1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes kaise sanghe kaam kare hae aur bacteria me genes kaise organused hae[255]
- 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, ii paae kr khaatir ki jinda chij kaise ribonucleic acid (RNA) aur deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ke jorre hae[256]
1960-1969
badlo- 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, aur Peter Brian Medawar, United Kingdom, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki dehin ke immunity koi chij badle ke, ekke rakam nai rahe hae[257]
- 1961 - Georg von Békésy, United States, uske cochlea ke khoj ke khaatir"[258]
- 1962 - Francis Harry Compton Crick, United Kingdom, James Dewey Watson, United States, aur Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, New Zealand, uulog ke nucleic acids ke structure ke paae ke khaatir aur iske jaruri jinda chij me jaankari ke move kare ke. [259]
- 1963 - Sir John Carew Eccles, Australia, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, United Kingdom, aur Andrew Fielding Huxley, United Kingdom, uulog ke nerve cell membrane ke khoj ke khaatir[260]
- 1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, aur Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki cholesterol aur fatty acid dehin me kaise kaam kare hae[261]
- 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, aur Jacques Monod, France, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes viruses ke kaise control kare hae [262]
- 1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki viruses tumours ke kaaran hoe sake hae[263]
- 1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer[263]
- 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, aur George Wald, United States, uulog ke paae ke khaatir ki aanki kaise kaam kare hae[264]
- 1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, aur Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, uulog ke ii samjhe ke khaatir ki genetic code ke protein synthesis me kon role hae[265]
- 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, aur Salvador E. Luria, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki viruses kaise reproduce kare hae[266]
1970-1979
badlo
- 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, aur Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, uulo ke transmittors in the nerve terminals ke baare me paae ke khaatir aur ii kaise kaam kare hae. [267]
- 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, uske hormones ke baare me khoj ke khaatir[268]
- 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, aur Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, uske antibodies ke chemical structure ke paae ke khaatir[269]
- 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, aur Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, uulog ke individual aur social behaviour patterns ke khij ke khaatir[270]
- 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, aur George E. Palade, United States, uulog ke cells ke baare me khoj ke khaatir[271]
- 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, aur Howard Martin Temin, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki konchi hoe hae jab tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.[272]
- 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg aur D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, uulog ke khoj ki infectious diseases kaise suruu hoe hae aur faile hae.[273]
- 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki dimaag kaise peptide hormone ke banae hae[274]
- 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, uske radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones ke adhyan ke khaatir[274]
- 1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, aur Hamilton O. Smith, United States uske restriction enzymes ke paae ke khaatir, aur iske kaise molecular genetics me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"[275]
- 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, aur Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, uske computer assisted tomography banae ke khaatir[276]
1980-1989
badlo
- 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, aur George D. Snell, United States, uulog ke genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions ke paae ke khaatir[277]
- 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, United States, uske brain ke cerebral hemispheres ke jaruri ke baare me paae ke khaatir[278]
- 1981 - David H. Hubel, United States, and Torsten N. Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"[278]
- 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, aur John R. Vane, United Kingdom, uulog ke prostaglandins ke baare me khoj ke khaatir.[279]
- 1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, uske mobile genetic elements ke khoj ke khaatir[280]
- 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges J.F. Köhler, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina aur the United Kingdom, uulog ke theory development and control of the immune system ke baare me aur ii paae ke khaatir ki monoclonal antibodies kaise bane hae.[281]
- 1985 - Michael S. Brown, aur Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki cholesterol ke kaise kaabu me rakkhaa jaae hae[282]
- 1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, aur Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, uulog ke growth factors pe khoj ke khaatir[283]
- 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki gene kaise antibodies banae hae[284]
- 1988 - Sir James W. Black, United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, aur George H. Hitchings, United States, uulog ke drug treatment ke khaas niyam bane ke khaatir[285]
- 1989 - J. Michael Bishop aur Harold E. Varmus, United States, uulog ii paae rahin ki genes ke ek barraa palwaar ke disturb kare se saadhaaran cell cancer cell ban jaae hae.[286]
1990-1999
badlo
- 1990 - Joseph E. Murray aur E. Donnall Thomas, United States, uulog ke kaam organ and cell transplantation bemaari ke achchhaa kare ke khaatir"[287]
- 1991 - Erwin Neher aur Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki ek ion channels cells me kon chij kare hae[288]
- 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, aur Edwin G. Krebs, United States, uulog ke protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism ke paae ke khaatir[289]
- 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, United Kingdom, aur Phillip A. Sharp, United States, uulog ke split genes me khoj ke khaatir[290]
- 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, aur Martin Rodbell, United States, uulog ke for G-proteins ke paae ke khaatir aur iske kon kaam rhae hae signal transduction in cells me[291]
- 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, aur Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki embryonic development ke genes kaise badle hae[292]
- 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Australia, aur Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki immune system kaise ii jaane hae ki kon cell virus se infected hae. [293]
- 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, uske Prions ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki proteins hae jon ki log ke bemaar kare hae[294]
- 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro aur Ferid Murad, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki nitric oxide kaise ek signalling molecule ke rakam cardiovascular system me kaam kare hae[295]
- 1999 - Günter Blobel, United States, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki proteins ke lage built-in signals rahe hae jon cell me transport aur localization ke control kare hae[296]
2000-2009
badlo
- 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, aur Eric R. Kandel, United States, signal transduction in the nervous system ke khoj ke khaatir"[297]
- 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, aur Sir Paul M. Nurse, United Kingdom, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki cell cycle me khaas controls kon chij hae [298]
- 2002 - Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, aur John E. Sulston, United Kingdom, uulog ke genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death paae ke khaatir [299]
- 2003 - Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, magnetic resonance imaging ke banae ke khaatir"[300]
- 2004 - Richard Axel aur Linda B. Buck, United States, uulog ke odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system ke paae ke khaatir, (ham log chij ke kaise sughtaa hae)[301]
- 2005 - Barry J. Marshall aur J. Robin Warren, Australia, uulog ke bacterium Helicobacter pylori jon gastritis aur peptic ulcer disease ke kaaran hae, ke paae ke khaatir[302]
- 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire aur Craig C. Mello, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki RNA interference kaise genes ke switch "on" aur "off" kare hae[303]
- 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin J. Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, uu log ke ii paae ke khaatir ki chuuha me genes ke, embryonic stem cells ke kaam e laae ke, kaise badlaa jaae sake hae. [304]
- 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Germany, papilloma viruses jon ki cervical cancer ke kaaran hae ke paae ke khaatir[305]
- 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, human immunodeficiency virus ke paae ke khaatir[305]
- Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature (Swedish Academy tae kare hae)
- Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian Nobel Committee tae kare hae, jiske Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget appoint kare hae)
- Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences tae kare hae)
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ↑ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 244.0 244.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 246.0 246.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 250.0 250.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 255.0 255.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 263.0 263.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 274.0 274.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ 278.0 278.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ↑ 305.0 305.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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