The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections of Monastic codices. During... more The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections of Monastic codices. During a campaign study to further advance our knowledge on this important legacy and its state of conservation, a heavily deteriorated codex (ALC.338) stood out due to the presence of purple stains on the lower margins on virtually all folios. In some of them, the purple stains are accompanied by yellow and brown patches as well. Also noticed was the presence of these purple spots on the white tawed leather covering the codex. The codex was analyzed macro and microscopically, chemically and biologically using state-of-the-art technology such as next-generation sequencing. The biological deterioration associated with the appearance of these purple spots arises from the inside out and reveals significant abundance of the bacterial genus Saccharopolyspora sp., which accounted for 86% of the bacterial genera identified. For the fungal population, the most common genus was Malassezia sp. Visual in...
This paper discusses the ethical approach and decision making for the conservation of a French bo... more This paper discusses the ethical approach and decision making for the conservation of a French book of hours (cofre no.24), currently stored in the 18 th century library of Palacio Nacional de Mafra (PNM), in Lisbon, Portugal. This book of hours, named cofre no.24, has the manuscript’s original text block dated from ca. 1420 and three folios were added later, in the second half of the 15 th century. The conservation decision was taken based on the study and full comprehension of the techniques and materials present in the book and bearing in mind the significance and the role of this symbolic book, throughout its life. The main aspects of diagnosis of the condition of the book are presented and the conservation treatment briefly described. The colours analysed reveal the artist’s original trace and no other alteration, reinforcing the proposed minimal intervention for the text block. As opposed, the binding of the late 18 th /early 19 th centuries was in very poor condition, requiri...
The Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/University of Lisbon (IICT/UL), Portugal, holds... more The Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/University of Lisbon (IICT/UL), Portugal, holds the most important scientific collections from Portuguese-speaking African countries, which include anthropological, archaeological, ethnographic, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, as well as libraries and historical archives. The aim of this paper is to document the advances in conservation and management of IICT collections between 2005 and 2015, namely how the implementation of institutional initiatives created new challenges for the scientific community. After an overview of the IICT's scientific heritage since the creation of the Cartography Commission in 1883, we characterise several recent actions aimed at preserving and providing access to the collections. Considerations on the current preservation of the IICT collections are presented. It is argued that these collections are unique for tropical science and of critical importance for scientific cooperation...
PTDC/EPH−PAT/0224/2014 UID/ QUI/50006/2019 POCI−01−0145−FEDER−007265 CEECIND/02598/2017Biodeterio... more PTDC/EPH−PAT/0224/2014 UID/ QUI/50006/2019 POCI−01−0145−FEDER−007265 CEECIND/02598/2017Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors’ world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, ...
En este artículo se presenta el estudio de un misal iluminado procedente del monasterio de Alcoba... more En este artículo se presenta el estudio de un misal iluminado procedente del monasterio de Alcobaça (BNP, Alc. 252). El análisis del contenido litúrgico y de la materialidad del códice, incluyendo aquí la iluminación y la encuadernación, así como el estudio comparativo con otros manuscritos procedentes del mismo monasterio, permitirán confirmar su origen en el scriptorium alcobacense, precisar su datación, integrarlo en su contexto de producción y de uso(s), y tener en cuenta la evolución de las circunstancias litúrgico-materiales del mismo.
The “Cofre no.31” is a French 15th century book of hours from the Palácio Nacional de Mafra (PNM)... more The “Cofre no.31” is a French 15th century book of hours from the Palácio Nacional de Mafra (PNM), in Portugal. This prayer book, composed by illuminations and devotional texts, is in a bad condition due mainly to the rebinding done between 18th - 19th centuries. As an aid tool for the diagnostic of its conservation state, it was used the IDAP protocol (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment) [1]. In a set of selected folios, the main damage signs were observed: surface contamination, deformation and discoloration of the parchment, damages in the illuminations and text. In an overall analysis, 78% of folios were slightly damaged and 17% damaged. For colour analysis, it was used colorimetry on different areas of the folios, showing considerable differences between the most and least handled areas due to th e deposit of dirt and grime. The pigments and other materials, such as gold and silver, are in consonance with the materials used in the 15th century [2, 3]. Some pigments are heavily degraded, such as minium and silver, having darkened and migrated to the back of the parchment; other colours, like copper blues and greens, present a light migration. Another visible type of degradation occurs with the blue used in the decoration outside the illuminations, which has suffered partial or total detachment in most of the folios, as well as th e green and white colours. The current binding, suitable for books on paper, is inadequate to a parchment support and has contributed to its deterioration, allowing the free movement of the skin according to humidity and temperature variations, which promotes detachment of the pigments; another consequence is the free entrance of air content into the manuscript, allowing the contact with humidity, oxygen and atmospheric pollutants, such as hydrogen sulphide, which reacts with the silver, producing Ag2S [4]. For these reasons, a full diagnosis was done and main results will be presented, as well as the full conservation / restoration treatment of this codex, allowing that the binding functionality is recovered, but without removing any trace of its history and promoting the preservation of this single art work from cultural heritage.
... Case study. A study on Portuguese manuscript illumination: The Charter of Vila Flor (Flower t... more ... Case study. A study on Portuguese manuscript illumination: The Charter of Vila Flor (Flower town), 1512. Laura Moura a , Maria João Melo a , b , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , Conceição Casanova a , c and Ana Claro a , b. ...
História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces
Resumo A investigação trata dos primeiros livros impressos, os incunábulos. A tipologia escolhida... more Resumo A investigação trata dos primeiros livros impressos, os incunábulos. A tipologia escolhida foi o Livro de Horas, objeto repleto de imagens, destinado à oração em contexto laico. Estudou-se dois livros: o Horae ad usum Romanum (1493) e o Devote ghetidē vanden levē en̄ passie ihū cristi (1498). Objetivou-se comparar a solução gráfica nas duas edições, a repetição da gravura xilográfica relacionada à memória visual e o recurso da cor, com destaque para os fazeres e saberes gráficos do medievo. O resultado mostra que apesar da possibilidade reprodutiva da imagem impressa com a redução de custo, esse recurso foi pouco utilizado nas obras e a estética visual atendeu a públicos diferentes. Palavras-chave: Livro de Horas, Incunábulo, Xilografia. This research deals with the first printed books, the incunabula. The typology chosen was the Book of Hours, a fully image decorated prayer object used in secular context. Two books were studied: the Horae ad usum Romanum of parchment (149...
ABSTRACT Recent works on medieval manuscripts often combine historic research on textual content ... more ABSTRACT Recent works on medieval manuscripts often combine historic research on textual content and illuminated decoration with material studies, such as pigment characterization, but less frequently with the material structure of codices or their bookbinding features. Despite some scholars having addressed this subject, bookbinding studies continue to lag behind other book-related fields; thus comparisons between different works, to arrive at broader understandings, become a rather difficult task. In this article, a new digital tool to record and compare bookbinding features and materials within the medieval collection of codices produced in the Monastery of Alcobaça is presented. Our methodology is explained, from the compilation of a multilanguage glossary to the design of a digital table-based method for bookbinding descriptions, based on up-to-date international projects and bibliography. This tool addresses the main parts of the book structure (bookblock, sewing and endbands, supports, boards, covering, fastening, and furnishing elements), along with their material analysis. As a starting point, three selected codices serve to establish the criteria and to check the efficiency of the data recording process. Results from these case studies allow a preliminary evaluation of the advantages of the proposed innovative tool for medieval bookbinding studies.
ABSTRACT This article provides the first in-depth study of historic content and materials used in... more ABSTRACT This article provides the first in-depth study of historic content and materials used in the production of a liturgical codex from the collection of manuscripts of the Monastery of Alcobaça: the Psalter-hymnal (Lisbon, National Library, Alc. 11). To answer provenance questions and trace the manuscript’s history, a multidisciplinary team studied the entire procedure of making the codex, which went from in-depth textual, liturgical, and codicological analyses, to examining material composition and bookbinding methods with complementary analytical techniques. The team was able to track the manuscript’s historical trajectory through successive additions and interventions/alterations. Interpretation of the historic information and the resulting technical data confirmed the belief that this is a twelfth-century manuscript produced in the scriptorium of Alcobaça and underlined the role that the manuscript played in this Cistercian monastery during the Middle Ages, and possibly throughout the following centuries. This led the team to approach the codex’s “cultural significance” and perceive later alterations and interventions as evidence of the monks’ intensive use of this manuscript and the great care they took to preserve their monastic library. The new data and knowledge acquired about this precious codex proved to be fundamental for future digital access policy definition and the conservation making decision.
The new focus on material culture draws attention to the way people and objects’ histories intera... more The new focus on material culture draws attention to the way people and objects’ histories interact and inform each other, originating singular life stories. This article focuses on the relevance of “the biography of objects” for the conservation decision-making process, through an analysis of two Books of Hours. These important items in our cultural heritage show impressive “biographies”, as they passed on from the first owner onto their family descendants, and finally the institutional environments of this day. A team of researchers, spanning from art history to conservation science, has been revealing features of the current physical and conservation condition of two Books of Hours kept in the library of Mafra National Palace, Portugal. This work enabled the team to track down the trajectory of these objects through time, to discuss aspects of their meaning, and to put forward a biographical interpretation for each. Bearing close relation to individual “objects’ biography”, the conservation decisions and the treatment of text-block and bookbinding will be presented in this paper. Two distinct conservation solutions for each case will also be examined and compared, discussing the significance of their interpretation versus the conservation aims
Glass crystal models arrived in Portugal around the late 19th century, when high schools, univers... more Glass crystal models arrived in Portugal around the late 19th century, when high schools, universities, and polytechnics were gradually provided with teaching collections to support science education. Therefore, they are an important material evidence of teaching methodologies of mineral and geology science in the 20th century. The Passos Manuel high school in Lisbon, owns a significant collection of scientific heritage, currently on a long-term loan at the National Museum of Natural History and Science and the University of Lisbon, which includes a set of 98 glass crystal models. Besides glass, these models are composed by adhesives, paper, cardboard, textile threads, paper/textile adhesive tapes, and metal nuts and screws. Also, they show several levels of intervention and different conservation states. In this paper, the first results of a multi-analytic approach to chemically characterize these objects’ material composition will be presented. Characterization was done based on p...
Cet article presente la problematique de la restauration des peintures anciennes (primitivos Port... more Cet article presente la problematique de la restauration des peintures anciennes (primitivos Portugueses) par Luciano Freire et son role dans le cadre de la conservation au Portugal, pendant la premiere moitie du vingtieme siecle. On cherche a decrire le contexte national par rapport a le internationale, montrant le domaine de la culture humaniste, le retard scientifique, mais, en meme temps, le fonctionnement de l'equipe interdisciplinaire qui etait precurseur.
Abstract Illuminated in word and in image, medieval codices are some of the most beautiful testim... more Abstract Illuminated in word and in image, medieval codices are some of the most beautiful testimonies of our European past. Throughout our research, we observed numerous examples of colour materials degradation and, we thus discovered that their future preservation is threatened. In this work we describe the main pathologies found in Romanesque collections and calculate their extent for three major monastic collections, produced in Portuguese Romanesque scriptoria. The degradation patterns found in Books of Hours, a recent investigation, are also discussed. Based on this information we critically assess some currently employed preservation treatments. The first question we discuss is: do we have to restore illuminations? The second is: how to stabilise the pictorial layers? And finally, what tools do we have to measure the impact treatments have on our perception of colours? We demonstrate that it is not possible to design and implement active conservation treatments ignoring the binding media and its impact in colour perception and colour paint durability. Finally, we conclude that conservation of medieval manuscript illuminations is a major challenge that may, now, be overcome by producing knowledge within interdisciplinary teams, creating a dynamic trans-disciplinary expertise. This allows knowledge to be available to various communities, which will include specialists as well as stakeholders, assuring sustainable preservation of this treasured heritage.
The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections of Monastic codices. During... more The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections of Monastic codices. During a campaign study to further advance our knowledge on this important legacy and its state of conservation, a heavily deteriorated codex (ALC.338) stood out due to the presence of purple stains on the lower margins on virtually all folios. In some of them, the purple stains are accompanied by yellow and brown patches as well. Also noticed was the presence of these purple spots on the white tawed leather covering the codex. The codex was analyzed macro and microscopically, chemically and biologically using state-of-the-art technology such as next-generation sequencing. The biological deterioration associated with the appearance of these purple spots arises from the inside out and reveals significant abundance of the bacterial genus Saccharopolyspora sp., which accounted for 86% of the bacterial genera identified. For the fungal population, the most common genus was Malassezia sp. Visual in...
This paper discusses the ethical approach and decision making for the conservation of a French bo... more This paper discusses the ethical approach and decision making for the conservation of a French book of hours (cofre no.24), currently stored in the 18 th century library of Palacio Nacional de Mafra (PNM), in Lisbon, Portugal. This book of hours, named cofre no.24, has the manuscript’s original text block dated from ca. 1420 and three folios were added later, in the second half of the 15 th century. The conservation decision was taken based on the study and full comprehension of the techniques and materials present in the book and bearing in mind the significance and the role of this symbolic book, throughout its life. The main aspects of diagnosis of the condition of the book are presented and the conservation treatment briefly described. The colours analysed reveal the artist’s original trace and no other alteration, reinforcing the proposed minimal intervention for the text block. As opposed, the binding of the late 18 th /early 19 th centuries was in very poor condition, requiri...
The Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/University of Lisbon (IICT/UL), Portugal, holds... more The Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/University of Lisbon (IICT/UL), Portugal, holds the most important scientific collections from Portuguese-speaking African countries, which include anthropological, archaeological, ethnographic, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, as well as libraries and historical archives. The aim of this paper is to document the advances in conservation and management of IICT collections between 2005 and 2015, namely how the implementation of institutional initiatives created new challenges for the scientific community. After an overview of the IICT's scientific heritage since the creation of the Cartography Commission in 1883, we characterise several recent actions aimed at preserving and providing access to the collections. Considerations on the current preservation of the IICT collections are presented. It is argued that these collections are unique for tropical science and of critical importance for scientific cooperation...
PTDC/EPH−PAT/0224/2014 UID/ QUI/50006/2019 POCI−01−0145−FEDER−007265 CEECIND/02598/2017Biodeterio... more PTDC/EPH−PAT/0224/2014 UID/ QUI/50006/2019 POCI−01−0145−FEDER−007265 CEECIND/02598/2017Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors’ world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, ...
En este artículo se presenta el estudio de un misal iluminado procedente del monasterio de Alcoba... more En este artículo se presenta el estudio de un misal iluminado procedente del monasterio de Alcobaça (BNP, Alc. 252). El análisis del contenido litúrgico y de la materialidad del códice, incluyendo aquí la iluminación y la encuadernación, así como el estudio comparativo con otros manuscritos procedentes del mismo monasterio, permitirán confirmar su origen en el scriptorium alcobacense, precisar su datación, integrarlo en su contexto de producción y de uso(s), y tener en cuenta la evolución de las circunstancias litúrgico-materiales del mismo.
The “Cofre no.31” is a French 15th century book of hours from the Palácio Nacional de Mafra (PNM)... more The “Cofre no.31” is a French 15th century book of hours from the Palácio Nacional de Mafra (PNM), in Portugal. This prayer book, composed by illuminations and devotional texts, is in a bad condition due mainly to the rebinding done between 18th - 19th centuries. As an aid tool for the diagnostic of its conservation state, it was used the IDAP protocol (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment) [1]. In a set of selected folios, the main damage signs were observed: surface contamination, deformation and discoloration of the parchment, damages in the illuminations and text. In an overall analysis, 78% of folios were slightly damaged and 17% damaged. For colour analysis, it was used colorimetry on different areas of the folios, showing considerable differences between the most and least handled areas due to th e deposit of dirt and grime. The pigments and other materials, such as gold and silver, are in consonance with the materials used in the 15th century [2, 3]. Some pigments are heavily degraded, such as minium and silver, having darkened and migrated to the back of the parchment; other colours, like copper blues and greens, present a light migration. Another visible type of degradation occurs with the blue used in the decoration outside the illuminations, which has suffered partial or total detachment in most of the folios, as well as th e green and white colours. The current binding, suitable for books on paper, is inadequate to a parchment support and has contributed to its deterioration, allowing the free movement of the skin according to humidity and temperature variations, which promotes detachment of the pigments; another consequence is the free entrance of air content into the manuscript, allowing the contact with humidity, oxygen and atmospheric pollutants, such as hydrogen sulphide, which reacts with the silver, producing Ag2S [4]. For these reasons, a full diagnosis was done and main results will be presented, as well as the full conservation / restoration treatment of this codex, allowing that the binding functionality is recovered, but without removing any trace of its history and promoting the preservation of this single art work from cultural heritage.
... Case study. A study on Portuguese manuscript illumination: The Charter of Vila Flor (Flower t... more ... Case study. A study on Portuguese manuscript illumination: The Charter of Vila Flor (Flower town), 1512. Laura Moura a , Maria João Melo a , b , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , Conceição Casanova a , c and Ana Claro a , b. ...
História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces
Resumo A investigação trata dos primeiros livros impressos, os incunábulos. A tipologia escolhida... more Resumo A investigação trata dos primeiros livros impressos, os incunábulos. A tipologia escolhida foi o Livro de Horas, objeto repleto de imagens, destinado à oração em contexto laico. Estudou-se dois livros: o Horae ad usum Romanum (1493) e o Devote ghetidē vanden levē en̄ passie ihū cristi (1498). Objetivou-se comparar a solução gráfica nas duas edições, a repetição da gravura xilográfica relacionada à memória visual e o recurso da cor, com destaque para os fazeres e saberes gráficos do medievo. O resultado mostra que apesar da possibilidade reprodutiva da imagem impressa com a redução de custo, esse recurso foi pouco utilizado nas obras e a estética visual atendeu a públicos diferentes. Palavras-chave: Livro de Horas, Incunábulo, Xilografia. This research deals with the first printed books, the incunabula. The typology chosen was the Book of Hours, a fully image decorated prayer object used in secular context. Two books were studied: the Horae ad usum Romanum of parchment (149...
ABSTRACT Recent works on medieval manuscripts often combine historic research on textual content ... more ABSTRACT Recent works on medieval manuscripts often combine historic research on textual content and illuminated decoration with material studies, such as pigment characterization, but less frequently with the material structure of codices or their bookbinding features. Despite some scholars having addressed this subject, bookbinding studies continue to lag behind other book-related fields; thus comparisons between different works, to arrive at broader understandings, become a rather difficult task. In this article, a new digital tool to record and compare bookbinding features and materials within the medieval collection of codices produced in the Monastery of Alcobaça is presented. Our methodology is explained, from the compilation of a multilanguage glossary to the design of a digital table-based method for bookbinding descriptions, based on up-to-date international projects and bibliography. This tool addresses the main parts of the book structure (bookblock, sewing and endbands, supports, boards, covering, fastening, and furnishing elements), along with their material analysis. As a starting point, three selected codices serve to establish the criteria and to check the efficiency of the data recording process. Results from these case studies allow a preliminary evaluation of the advantages of the proposed innovative tool for medieval bookbinding studies.
ABSTRACT This article provides the first in-depth study of historic content and materials used in... more ABSTRACT This article provides the first in-depth study of historic content and materials used in the production of a liturgical codex from the collection of manuscripts of the Monastery of Alcobaça: the Psalter-hymnal (Lisbon, National Library, Alc. 11). To answer provenance questions and trace the manuscript’s history, a multidisciplinary team studied the entire procedure of making the codex, which went from in-depth textual, liturgical, and codicological analyses, to examining material composition and bookbinding methods with complementary analytical techniques. The team was able to track the manuscript’s historical trajectory through successive additions and interventions/alterations. Interpretation of the historic information and the resulting technical data confirmed the belief that this is a twelfth-century manuscript produced in the scriptorium of Alcobaça and underlined the role that the manuscript played in this Cistercian monastery during the Middle Ages, and possibly throughout the following centuries. This led the team to approach the codex’s “cultural significance” and perceive later alterations and interventions as evidence of the monks’ intensive use of this manuscript and the great care they took to preserve their monastic library. The new data and knowledge acquired about this precious codex proved to be fundamental for future digital access policy definition and the conservation making decision.
The new focus on material culture draws attention to the way people and objects’ histories intera... more The new focus on material culture draws attention to the way people and objects’ histories interact and inform each other, originating singular life stories. This article focuses on the relevance of “the biography of objects” for the conservation decision-making process, through an analysis of two Books of Hours. These important items in our cultural heritage show impressive “biographies”, as they passed on from the first owner onto their family descendants, and finally the institutional environments of this day. A team of researchers, spanning from art history to conservation science, has been revealing features of the current physical and conservation condition of two Books of Hours kept in the library of Mafra National Palace, Portugal. This work enabled the team to track down the trajectory of these objects through time, to discuss aspects of their meaning, and to put forward a biographical interpretation for each. Bearing close relation to individual “objects’ biography”, the conservation decisions and the treatment of text-block and bookbinding will be presented in this paper. Two distinct conservation solutions for each case will also be examined and compared, discussing the significance of their interpretation versus the conservation aims
Glass crystal models arrived in Portugal around the late 19th century, when high schools, univers... more Glass crystal models arrived in Portugal around the late 19th century, when high schools, universities, and polytechnics were gradually provided with teaching collections to support science education. Therefore, they are an important material evidence of teaching methodologies of mineral and geology science in the 20th century. The Passos Manuel high school in Lisbon, owns a significant collection of scientific heritage, currently on a long-term loan at the National Museum of Natural History and Science and the University of Lisbon, which includes a set of 98 glass crystal models. Besides glass, these models are composed by adhesives, paper, cardboard, textile threads, paper/textile adhesive tapes, and metal nuts and screws. Also, they show several levels of intervention and different conservation states. In this paper, the first results of a multi-analytic approach to chemically characterize these objects’ material composition will be presented. Characterization was done based on p...
Cet article presente la problematique de la restauration des peintures anciennes (primitivos Port... more Cet article presente la problematique de la restauration des peintures anciennes (primitivos Portugueses) par Luciano Freire et son role dans le cadre de la conservation au Portugal, pendant la premiere moitie du vingtieme siecle. On cherche a decrire le contexte national par rapport a le internationale, montrant le domaine de la culture humaniste, le retard scientifique, mais, en meme temps, le fonctionnement de l'equipe interdisciplinaire qui etait precurseur.
Abstract Illuminated in word and in image, medieval codices are some of the most beautiful testim... more Abstract Illuminated in word and in image, medieval codices are some of the most beautiful testimonies of our European past. Throughout our research, we observed numerous examples of colour materials degradation and, we thus discovered that their future preservation is threatened. In this work we describe the main pathologies found in Romanesque collections and calculate their extent for three major monastic collections, produced in Portuguese Romanesque scriptoria. The degradation patterns found in Books of Hours, a recent investigation, are also discussed. Based on this information we critically assess some currently employed preservation treatments. The first question we discuss is: do we have to restore illuminations? The second is: how to stabilise the pictorial layers? And finally, what tools do we have to measure the impact treatments have on our perception of colours? We demonstrate that it is not possible to design and implement active conservation treatments ignoring the binding media and its impact in colour perception and colour paint durability. Finally, we conclude that conservation of medieval manuscript illuminations is a major challenge that may, now, be overcome by producing knowledge within interdisciplinary teams, creating a dynamic trans-disciplinary expertise. This allows knowledge to be available to various communities, which will include specialists as well as stakeholders, assuring sustainable preservation of this treasured heritage.
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