Introduction Perspectives on co-sleeping vary by family cultural background and socio-demographic... more Introduction Perspectives on co-sleeping vary by family cultural background and socio-demographic characteristics; furthermore, families may choose to co-sleep based on family values or out of necessity. To better understand the role of co-sleeping in young children from ethnic minority backgrounds, the current study sought to test the relationship between co-sleeping and sleep outcomes in an urban early childhood setting. Methods 141 Parent-child dyads with children aged 1-5 years old (N=141,50.4% female, M=4.01 [SD=1.05]; 41% African American; 41% Latinx; median income $20-30,000) were recruited through an urban preschool. Parents completed demographic information and the Brief Child Sleep Questionnaire, which yielded insomnia and sleep hygiene indices. Step-wise regressions were used to examine the relationship between sleeping location and sleep outcomes (insomnia, sleep health, and child sleep quality), controlling for child age. Results Approximately half of the sample (n=71) ...
BackgroundThis study examined the effects of atomoxetine (ATX) and OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on ... more BackgroundThis study examined the effects of atomoxetine (ATX) and OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on laboratory measures of inhibitory control and attention in youth with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was hypothesized that performance would be improved by both treatments, but response profiles would differ because the medications work via different mechanisms.MethodsOne hundred and two youth (77 male; mean age = 10.5 ± 2.7 years) with ADHD received ATX (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg) and MPH (52.4 ± 16.6 mg) in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design. Medication was titrated in 4–6‐week blocks separated by a 2‐week placebo washout. Inhibitory control and attention measures were obtained at baseline, following washout, and at the end of each treatment using Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT‐II), which provided age‐adjusted T‐scores for reaction time (RT), reaction time variability (RT variability), and errors. Repeated‐measures analyses of variance were perfor...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the... more Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the control of attention and behavioral inhibition in affected individuals. Recent genome-wide association findings have revealed an association between glutamate and GABA gene sets and ADHD symptoms. Consistently, people with ADHD show altered glutamate and GABA content in the brain circuitry that is important for attention control function. Yet, it remains unknown how glutamate and GABA content in the attention control circuitry change when people are controlling their attention, and whether these changes can predict impaired attention control in people with ADHD. To study these questions, we recruited 18 adults with ADHD (31–51 years) and 16 adults without ADHD (28–54 years). We studied glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and GABA content in the fronto-striatal circuitry while participants performed attention control tasks. We found that Glx and GABA concentrations at rest did not differ between...
In clinical trials of medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in chi... more In clinical trials of medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, effects on functional impairment have been less well-studied than changes in ADHD symptoms. Data regarding functional impairment were analyzed from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release (GXR) in children with ADHD, using the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report (WFIRS-P). The correspondence of changes in WFIRS-P scores with symptomatic and global response to GXR treatment was also examined, with treatment response defined by scores on both the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I). In this 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose optimization study at 47 sites across the USA and Canada, children aged 6-12 years with a diagnosis of ADHD [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria, and an ADHD-RS-IV score ...
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1995
Previous studies have demonstrated an association between resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and... more Previous studies have demonstrated an association between resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine if the neurocognitive characteristics in individuals with RTH are similar to those observed in ADHD, 12 children with RTH from 7 families were matched to 12 children with ADHD without RTH. Subjects were administered standardized intellectual, developmental, and school achievement tests. Parent and teacher ratings of children's hyperactivity and attention were similar for both groups, as were measures of attention, impulsivity, and verbal IQ. Children with RTH displayed lower nonverbal intelligence (performance IQ = 85) and academic achievement (> 1-2 SD below the mean) when compared with those with ADHD only (performance IQ = 99; achievement within 2 SD). Although children with RTH have behavioral characteristics similar to those with ADHD, their significantly weaker abilities of perceptual-organization and lower school achievement suggest a more severe neurobehavioral impairment than ADHD.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become ... more Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its core symptoms, including difficulties regulating attention, activity level, and impulses, appear in early childhood and can persist throughout the lifespan. Current pharmacological options targeting catecholamine neurotransmissions have effectively alleviated symptoms in some, but not all affected individuals, leaving clinicians to implement trial-and-error approach to treatment. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence from both preclinical and human studies that suggest imbalance of excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the fronto-striatal circuitry during early development may lead to enduring neuroanatomical abnormality of the circuitry, causing persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood. We propose a model of precision medicine care that includes E/I balance as a candidate biomarker for ADHD, development of GABA-modulating medications, an...
Introduction Perspectives on co-sleeping vary by family cultural background and socio-demographic... more Introduction Perspectives on co-sleeping vary by family cultural background and socio-demographic characteristics; furthermore, families may choose to co-sleep based on family values or out of necessity. To better understand the role of co-sleeping in young children from ethnic minority backgrounds, the current study sought to test the relationship between co-sleeping and sleep outcomes in an urban early childhood setting. Methods 141 Parent-child dyads with children aged 1-5 years old (N=141,50.4% female, M=4.01 [SD=1.05]; 41% African American; 41% Latinx; median income $20-30,000) were recruited through an urban preschool. Parents completed demographic information and the Brief Child Sleep Questionnaire, which yielded insomnia and sleep hygiene indices. Step-wise regressions were used to examine the relationship between sleeping location and sleep outcomes (insomnia, sleep health, and child sleep quality), controlling for child age. Results Approximately half of the sample (n=71) ...
BackgroundThis study examined the effects of atomoxetine (ATX) and OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on ... more BackgroundThis study examined the effects of atomoxetine (ATX) and OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on laboratory measures of inhibitory control and attention in youth with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was hypothesized that performance would be improved by both treatments, but response profiles would differ because the medications work via different mechanisms.MethodsOne hundred and two youth (77 male; mean age = 10.5 ± 2.7 years) with ADHD received ATX (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg) and MPH (52.4 ± 16.6 mg) in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design. Medication was titrated in 4–6‐week blocks separated by a 2‐week placebo washout. Inhibitory control and attention measures were obtained at baseline, following washout, and at the end of each treatment using Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT‐II), which provided age‐adjusted T‐scores for reaction time (RT), reaction time variability (RT variability), and errors. Repeated‐measures analyses of variance were perfor...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the... more Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the control of attention and behavioral inhibition in affected individuals. Recent genome-wide association findings have revealed an association between glutamate and GABA gene sets and ADHD symptoms. Consistently, people with ADHD show altered glutamate and GABA content in the brain circuitry that is important for attention control function. Yet, it remains unknown how glutamate and GABA content in the attention control circuitry change when people are controlling their attention, and whether these changes can predict impaired attention control in people with ADHD. To study these questions, we recruited 18 adults with ADHD (31–51 years) and 16 adults without ADHD (28–54 years). We studied glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and GABA content in the fronto-striatal circuitry while participants performed attention control tasks. We found that Glx and GABA concentrations at rest did not differ between...
In clinical trials of medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in chi... more In clinical trials of medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, effects on functional impairment have been less well-studied than changes in ADHD symptoms. Data regarding functional impairment were analyzed from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release (GXR) in children with ADHD, using the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report (WFIRS-P). The correspondence of changes in WFIRS-P scores with symptomatic and global response to GXR treatment was also examined, with treatment response defined by scores on both the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I). In this 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose optimization study at 47 sites across the USA and Canada, children aged 6-12 years with a diagnosis of ADHD [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria, and an ADHD-RS-IV score ...
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1995
Previous studies have demonstrated an association between resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and... more Previous studies have demonstrated an association between resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine if the neurocognitive characteristics in individuals with RTH are similar to those observed in ADHD, 12 children with RTH from 7 families were matched to 12 children with ADHD without RTH. Subjects were administered standardized intellectual, developmental, and school achievement tests. Parent and teacher ratings of children's hyperactivity and attention were similar for both groups, as were measures of attention, impulsivity, and verbal IQ. Children with RTH displayed lower nonverbal intelligence (performance IQ = 85) and academic achievement (> 1-2 SD below the mean) when compared with those with ADHD only (performance IQ = 99; achievement within 2 SD). Although children with RTH have behavioral characteristics similar to those with ADHD, their significantly weaker abilities of perceptual-organization and lower school achievement suggest a more severe neurobehavioral impairment than ADHD.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become ... more Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its core symptoms, including difficulties regulating attention, activity level, and impulses, appear in early childhood and can persist throughout the lifespan. Current pharmacological options targeting catecholamine neurotransmissions have effectively alleviated symptoms in some, but not all affected individuals, leaving clinicians to implement trial-and-error approach to treatment. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence from both preclinical and human studies that suggest imbalance of excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the fronto-striatal circuitry during early development may lead to enduring neuroanatomical abnormality of the circuitry, causing persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood. We propose a model of precision medicine care that includes E/I balance as a candidate biomarker for ADHD, development of GABA-modulating medications, an...
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