Manjunath R

"The Grand Sweep of Cosmic History of How we got here"

For thousands of years, we − an advanced breed of talking monkeys − survived just like the inhumanly cruel beasts in jungles on a minor planet of a very average star. Immediately something called curiosity ensued which triggered the breath of our perception. We became conscious of our existence, able to find a new way to think of ourselves, started to wonder what makes us exist the way we are. If, like me, you have wondered looking at the star, and tried to make sense of what makes it shine the way it is. Did it shine forever or was there a limit beyond which it cannot or may not shine? And, where did the matter that created it all come from? Which came first, the chicken, or the egg? In other words, which cause makes the matter exist? And, what makes that cause exist. Or maybe, the matter, or the cause that does it exist, existed eternally, and didn't have a beginning. Up until recently, we have tended to shy away from such questions, thinking that finding answers for them is more complex than simply turn our mind blank and say mysterious God is the cause there is something living rather than nothing.
Everything that begins to exist must have a creator;
If the universe began to exist, then
The universe must have a creator.
But if the universe prevails in the boundary of understanding in that it neither started nor does it end: it would plainly be. What place, then for a mysterious creator?


Cosmology is the branch of science that studies the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe as a whole. It seeks to understand the physical laws that govern the universe, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the formation and evolution of galaxies, and the ultimate fate of the universe. The modern understanding of cosmology is based on the theory of general relativity, which was developed by Albert Einstein in 1915. According to this theory, the universe is described as a four-dimensional space-time that is curved by the presence of matter and energy. The curvature of space-time determines the motion of objects in the universe, and it can be calculated using Einstein's equations. One of the key concepts in modern cosmology is the Big Bang theory, which states that the universe began as a hot, dense, and infinitely small point about 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since, with the galaxies moving farther and farther apart from each other. Another important concept in cosmology is dark matter, which is a type of matter that does not interact with light or any other form of electromagnetic radiation. Dark matter is believed to make up about 85% of the matter in the universe, and its gravitational effects can be observed through the motions of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Dark energy is another mysterious component of the universe, which is believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe in the present era. Dark energy is thought to make up about 70% of the total energy density of the universe, and its nature is not yet well understood. Cosmologists use a variety of observational and theoretical tools to study the universe, including telescopes, satellites, computer simulations, and mathematical models. The field of cosmology is constantly evolving as new observations and discoveries are made, and it is one of the most active and exciting areas of research in modern astrophysics.

This book is a comprehensive introduction to the field of cosmology, written for students and general readers interested in learning about the origins, evolution, and structure of the universe. The book covers the historical development of cosmological theories, from the ancient Greeks to the present day, and explores the latest observations and discoveries in astrophysics and cosmology. The book provides a clear and accessible explanation of the principles of general relativity, quantum mechanics, and other scientific theories that underpin our understanding of the universe. It also discusses the role of dark matter and dark energy in the structure and evolution of the universe, and explores the possibility of parallel universes and other speculative theories. This book emphasizes the importance of observational evidence and scientific testing in the development of cosmological theories, and it discusses the challenges and limitations of scientific inquiry in this field.  Overall, "From the Beginning of Space and Time:  Modern Science and the Mystic Universe" offers a comprehensive and engaging exploration of the mysteries of the universe, and it provides readers with a solid foundation for further study and exploration in this exciting field of science.

This book takes readers back and forth through achievements of 100 world's most inspirational and influential people (from brainy biologists and clever chemists to magnificent mathematicians and phenomenal physicists) who have shaped our society and how we see the world around us.

The Android (a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel) which was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies – and has now garnered the interest of a million smartphone users. This book is for all android developers, whether you are a novice or an experienced pro. The beginner will find its carefully paced discussions and many examples especially helpful. Of course those who have already familiar with android programming are likely to derive more benefits from this book. After completing this book you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in Android programming from where you can take yourself to next levels.

We refer to the totality of all objects that exist in space as the "universe." It contains countless stars, galaxies, black holes, vast gas clouds, and a variety of other amazing objects. A few beliefs about how our Universe was born and how it will perish was irrevocably altered by the unexpected discovery that space is not only expanding, but expanding ever faster. Most people find it too difficult and overwhelming to consider the subject of our universe. We can identify with it. Our mind begins to stumble when the topic is brought up, and we begin to doubt ones intelligence in our search for an understanding of the Universe we live in. We spend time looking at the amazing story of how humankind's understanding of the universe has evolved, from Copernicus and Newton through Einstein, Hubble, and beyond. Detailed with the most interesting facts about the universe − this book will extend your mind for a better understanding of our intriguing cosmos whether you're an astrophysicist collecting nice pics of the night sky, a casual viewer of the constellations, or a dedicated scholar working in the field of physics and astronomy. This book takes readers on a journey through the Laws of the Cosmos to the origins and structure of the cosmos, covering the Big Bang, stellar evolution, and gravitational waves. Beginners looking for an accessible introduction to the contemporary understanding of the Universe should pick up this book. It's an interesting read that serves as a fantastic starting point for further research on any subject that grabs the reader's attention.

This book will engage you with its provocative information about some fascinating aspects related to the Supreme Being, creator deity and principal object of faith [who is usually conceived as being omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotent (all-powerful), omnipresent (all-present) and as having an eternal and necessary existence] and a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

An ideal addition to your personal elibrary. With the aid of this indispensable reference book, you may quickly gain a grasp of Python, Java, JavaScript, C, C++, CSS, Data Science, HTML, LINUX and PHP. It can be challenging to understand the programming language's distinctive advantages and charms. Many programmers who are familiar with a variety of languages frequently approach them from a constrained perspective rather than enjoying their full expressivity. Some programmers incorrectly use Programmatic features, which can later result in serious issues. The programmatic method of writing programs—the ideal approach to use programming languages—is explained in this book. This book is for all programmers, whether you are a novice or an experienced pro. Its numerous examples and well paced discussions will be especially beneficial for beginners. Those who are already familiar with programming will probably gain more from this book, of course. I want you to be prepared to use programming to make a big difference.

Alan Turing was a British mathematician and computer scientist who is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern computing. Born in 1912, Turing studied mathematics and logic at Cambridge University before beginning his groundbreaking work in the field of computer science. During World War II, Turing worked as a codebreaker at Bletchley Park, where he was instrumental in developing the machines and techniques that were used to crack German ciphers, including the Enigma machine. His work in cryptography is believed to have helped shorten the war and save countless lives. After the war, Turing continued his work in computing, and is credited with developing many of the fundamental concepts that are still used in modern computing today, including the Turing machine and the concept of artificial intelligence. He also made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, including his work on the foundations of computability and the theory of algorithms. Unfortunately, Turing's life was cut tragically short when he was convicted of homosexuality, which was then illegal in Britain. He was subjected to chemical castration and eventually took his own life in 1954 at the age of 41. Turing's contributions to computing and his tragic persecution have made him a symbol of both scientific innovation and the struggle for human rights.

"Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Brutal Life And Tragic Death Of Alan Turing" is a book that provides an in-depth look at the life and legacy of the pioneering British mathematician and computer scientist, Alan Turing. This book explores Turing's groundbreaking contributions to mathematics, computer science, and cryptography, as well as his personal life and tragic death. The book covers Turing's early years, including his education and early work in mathematics and logic, as well as his groundbreaking contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence. It also delves into his work as a codebreaker during World War II, where his innovations in cryptography helped to crack the German Enigma machine and ultimately shorten the war. In addition to his professional accomplishments, the book also explores Turing's personal life, including his struggles with his sexuality in a time when homosexuality was illegal in Britain. It sheds light on the persecution he faced as a result of his sexuality, including his conviction for indecency and subsequent chemical castration, which many believe led to his tragic suicide at the age of 41. Overall, "Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Brutal Life And Tragic Death Of Alan Turing" is a fascinating and illuminating book that provides a comprehensive portrait of one of the most important figures in the history of computing and a tragic figure in the history of human rights.

We human beings — who are ourselves mere collections of fundamental particles of nature — try to wonder, seek answers and gazing at the immense heavens above, we have always asked a multitude of questions: When did the first black holes form in pre-galactic halos and what is their initial mass and spin? What is the mechanism of black hole formation in galactic nuclei, and how do black holes evolve over cosmic time due to accretion and mergers? What is the role of black hole mergers in galaxy formation? Does gravity travel at the speed of light? Does the graviton have mass? How does gravitational information propagate: Are there more than two transverse modes of propagation? What is the structure of space-time just outside astrophysical black holes? Do their space times have horizons? What happens in a black hole? Many others! Understanding the Universe: Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang is a clear, readable and self-contained introduction to chaos of physics and related areas of science. It bridges the gap and addresses the questions that are of interest to us all or at least to all of us reading this book and lead us to study science in the first place. This book concentrates on presenting the subject from the understanding perspective of physics and brings the reader right up to date with curious aspects of physics established over the last few centuries. This book assumes science a journey not a destination and the advance of knowledge is an infinite progression towards a goal that forever recedes. This book will be of interest to students, teachers and general science readers interested in fundamental ideas of physics.

This book takes readers back and forth through time and makes the past accessible to all families, students and the general reader and is an unprecedented collection of a list of events in chronological order and a wealth of informative knowledge about the rise and fall of empires, major scientific breakthroughs, groundbreaking inventions, and monumental moments about everything that has ever happened.

An approachable manual for new and experienced programmers that introduces the programming languages C, C++, Java, and Python. This book is for all programmers, whether you are a novice or an experienced pro. It is designed for an introductory course that provides beginning engineering and computer science students with a solid foundation in the fundamental concepts of computer programming. It also offers valuable perspectives on important computing concepts through the development of programming and problem-solving skills using the languages C, C++, Java, and Python. The beginner will find its carefully paced exercises especially helpful. Of course, those who are already familiar with programming are likely to derive more benefits from this book. After reading this book you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in C, C++, Java and Python, from which you can take yourself to the next levels. The command-line interface is one of the nearly all well built trademarks of Linux. There exists an ocean of Linux commands, permitting you to do nearly everything you can be under the impression of doing on your Linux operating system. However, this, at the end of time, creates a problem: because of all of so copious commands accessible to manage, you don't comprehend where and at which point to fly and learn them, especially when you are a learner. If you are facing this problem, and are peering for a painless method to begin your command line journey in Linux, you've come to the right place-as in this book, we will launch you to a hold of well liked and helpful Linux commands. This book gives a thorough introduction to the C, C++, Java, and Python programming languages, covering everything from fundamentals to advanced concepts. It also includes various exercises that let you put what you learn to use in the real world.

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the nature. This booklet is designed to place less emphasis on factual material and greater emphasis on the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This booklet has been designed in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long term value in an increasingly technological world rather than focusing on large quantities of factual material which may have only short term relevance.

E equals mc squared − Even people with no background in physics have at least heard of this equation and are aware of its prodigious influence on the world we live in. This was the equation that gave birth to the atom bomb and heralded a new world of atomic physics.  And since the speed of light is constant, this equation tells us that mass and energy are interconvertible and are two different forms of the same thing and are in fact equivalent. As we know, the speed of light squared (speed of light multiplied by itself) is huge: 9 × 10 to the power of 16 meters square per second square. So if we convert a small amount of mass, we will get a tremendous amount of energy. For example, if we convert 1kg of mass, we will get energy of 9 × 10 to the power of 16 Joules. Einstein's equation introduced not only the atomic bomb, but to other ways of harnessing nuclear energy as well.

Max Planck's thesis work on the second law of thermodynamics ultimately became the basis of the research that led him to discover an equation which introduced the fundamental concept of energy discreteness into physics - now known as Planck's equation which transfigured our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, just as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity transfigured our understanding of space and time.

Biology is a fascinating and diverse subject area that helps us understand a little more about this astounding world in which we live. If you're thinking of studying the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms, here are ten great discoveries to inspire you.

The presence of women in science traverses the earliest times of the history of science wherein they have broke boundaries and made significant contributions. Large numbers of the most prominent women who practiced science were the spouses and sisters of male scientists. Scientists like Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier and Caroline Herschel served as unpaid, often uncredited collaborators. Here we have assembled this list of 13 women in science history who deserve to be remembered for their work.

SAP stands for System Applications and Products in Data Processing. SAP is one of the world's leading producers of software for the management of business processes and assists organizations of all sizes to manage their financials, logistics, human resources, and other business areas.

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who shattered many cherished scientific beliefs with five extraordinary papers that were major contributions to the foundation of modern physics. They revolutionized human understanding of the fundamental concepts of space, time, mass, and energy.

Engineering has been changing our reality and cleared the way to an advanced world that awards us admittance to such countless new advances making our life simpler and more joyful. There are plenty of engineers who have gone before us and rolled out significant changes to the world. Here we explore some of the 12 greatest engineers who have played a huge part in the development of the world.

So frequently, in the field of the arts and sciences, the greatest minds carry on with tormented lives. In many cases this has lead to self-murder.  Here are ten greatest scientists who changed the world as we know it though their contributions and discoveries but died by suicide.

Philosophy is the quest for meaning of our existence, our purpose, and the universe itself. It has undoubtedly played a pivotal role in molding the world to analyze the fundamental questions, such as those about reason, existence, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Here are 10 greatest philosophers of all the time who have endeavored to shape our convictions, usually used rationality to come to scientific knowledge of the world around us, and their impact is available in a large number of our current practices, foundations, and essential presumptions about ourselves and the world we think we know.

Some of the unsolved problems in science are theoretical, meaning that existing hypothesis seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon. The others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an experiment to investigate a phenomenon in greater detail. This article outlines several conjectures or open problems in various scientific fields.

Whether you know it or not you are already using Linux (the best-known and most-used open source operating system) every day. From supercomputers to smartphones, the Linux operating system is everywhere. As an operating system, Linux is a family of open source Unix-like software based on the Linux kernel - that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware. With regard to careers, it is becoming increasingly valuable to have Linux skills rather than just knowing how to use Windows. In general, Linux is harder to manage than Windows, but offers more flexibility and configuration options.

It is shown that the derivation of the equation for the calculation of the Gravitational Red-Shift does not account the time during which the photon wavelength changes under static-weak gravitational field. If we solve this task in the frame of the idea of the possibility of using Newton's classical law of universal gravitation and the second law of Newton to explain the dynamic changes of the photon momentum even if its rest mass = 0, we get a new equation for the calculation of Gravitational Red-Shift that takes into account the time. This new mathematical model allows us to calculate gravitational red-shift of the electromagnetic radiation photons with no recourse to the theory of general relativity in the Newtonian limit, i.e. when r is sufficiently large compared to the Schwarzschild radius. This raises grave doubts over the introduction of the measurement of the gravitational red-shift in the list of crucial tests of the theory of general relativity.

When we talk about the rate of a chemical reaction, what we mean is the rate at which reactants are converted into products. The rate of a reaction decreases as time progresses. In this article, we provide insight into the derivation of the rate of decrease of reaction velocity with time and Eyring Equation which can be applied with considerable success to a wide variety of rate processes.

The molar absorption rate coefficient is a measure of how fast a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength. It is an intrinsic property of the chemical species, also a measure of the rate of the electronic transition. The larger the molar absorption rate coefficient, the faster the electronic transition. The prime objective of writing this paper is to outline a formula for the calculation of the molar absorption rate coefficient.

The cell potential is the measure of the potential difference between two half cells in an electrochemical cell. The potential difference is caused by the ability of electrons to flow from one half cell to the other cell. In this article, we derive the cell potential by a direct application of the chemical thermodynamics. In this derivation, law of mass action, the chemical thermodynamics, and the electrochemistry concepts play central roles.

Considerable progress has been made in determining the uniform, isotropic expansion (Hubble flow) of an isolated sphere of radius R and mass M over the past decade. In this article we take a look at Hubble's law and outline the cosmological context of equations that describe the time evolution of an expanding sphere.

Photons, although lacking in mass, do have momentum — so when they hit a particle like an electron, they apply a force onto it. How much force does photon exert on the particle with which it interacts? It's a problem that's confounded physicists for nearly 150 years − and it may now have a solution. In this article, we derive the photon power and force of the electromagnetic radiation photon on material particles by a direct application of the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation. In this derivation, Planck's quantum hypothesis, the Newtonian mechanics, the Einsteinian relativity, and the law of conservation play central roles.

Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through an insulator at a constant speed greater than the speed of light in that medium. In this article, we provide a simple, concise discussion about "Cherenkov radiation" which demonstrates the characteristic blue glow of an underwater nuclear reactor.

A star is a massive self-luminous celestial sphere of plasma that produces light and heat from the churning nuclear forges inside its core and represents the most fundamental building block of galaxies. And black holes are the corpse of a dead massive star. This paper discusses the concepts of stars and black holes.

In NASA's 50-year history, it has advanced space research as well as profited all individuals with its space innovation. Despite the fact that the vast majority today won't ever gone to the moon, almost everyone today comes into contact with a NASA innovation inferred item consistently. Here are the best 10 NASA developments you may utilize each day.

The world as we know it today is convenient and amusing to be in because of certain groundbreaking inventions which have completely changed the way we perceive the world and carry out our daily duties. Here are the 5 most impactful inventions of the hundreds of inventions which have truly made their own marks in revolutionizing the lives we lead.

Max Planck was as a man of indomitable will and had other talents beyond physics. He was a skilled piano player, formed music, preceded as an artist and furthermore followed up on the stage and one of the founders of quantum physics. His long life had a tragic side. In 1909, his first wife, Marie Merck, the daughter of a Munich banker, died after 22 years of cheerful marriage, leaving Planck with two sons and twin daughters. The elder son, Karl, was killed in action in World War I, and both of his daughters died quite young in childbirth (1918 and 1919). His home was totally annihilated in World War II. He lost everything—scientific manuscripts and notes, diaries, family keepsakes, all he had accumulated over a lifetime—all burned up and gone. His youngest son Erwin was arrested. He was suspected of involvement in the attempted assassination of Hitler and was executed in a gruesome manner by Hitler’s henchmen. That merciless act destroyed Planck’s will to live. In the end, Planck was taken by the Allies to a surviving relative in Gottingen where he died in 1947.

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabled fabric of the Universe that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were proposed by Henri Poincaré in 1905 and subsequently predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his general theory of relativity. In this article, we deduce the basic equations which predict the gravitational waves from orbiting binaries, such as the two masses orbiting each other in highly circular orbit about their center of mass didactically following the simplest way maintaining, however, the necessary mathematical rigor.

India has had a long tradition of uncommon instructors and researchers who had gigantic information about math and astronomical science. From finding the idea of zero to ascertaining the right days in a year, mathematicians in India have been at the bleeding edge of testing the standards just as a hunger for information. Here are 10 Indian mathematicians who helped advance our collective understanding of math by their disclosures.

Archaeological discoveries unravel secrets and challenge our understanding of the ancient world and constantly cause us to reconsider our most firmly-held beliefs about the past and the people who populated it. From the great − Terracotta Army to the last Plantagenet King of England − Richard III's grave, here are the 10 most incredible archaeological findings of all time that shed new light on the ancient human civilization.

All scientific discoveries are amazing, and some are truly life changing. From Copernican system to penicillin to electricity, here's a roundup of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time that have changed the world and have made remarkable progress toward understanding the human body, our planet, and the universe that surrounds us.

Compton scattering, discovered by American physicist Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a photon by an electron. It results in a decrease in energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, called the Compton effect. In this article, we provide a simple, concise discussion about one of three principle forms of photon interaction "Compton scattering" which demonstrates the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.

Hawking radiation is black-body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes − which make a black hole to glow like a piece of hot metal, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the English theoretical cosmologist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974. Hawking radiation − which is widely regarded as one of the first real steps toward a quantum theory of gravity and allows physicists to define the entropy of a black hole − reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes are not quite black! Instead, they glow slightly with photons, neutrinos, and other massive particles. They shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes are predicted to be larger emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.

Mathematics is all around us, and it has shaped our understanding of the world in countless ways. This presentation unravels the 5 great mathematical equations that have led to the mathematical foundations for the moon landing, airplane travel, the electric generator — and even life itself − and events that characterize the modern world, one of which — Albert Einstein's famous energy equation, E= mc squared — enabled the creation of the nuclear bomb.

10 Nobel Prize Winners from India You Should Know:
1) Rabindranath Tagore
2) CV Raman
3) Mother Teresa
4) Amartya Sen
5) Kailash Satyarthi
6) Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
7) Dr. Hargobind Khorana
8) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
9) S. Naipaul
10) Rudyard Kipling

420 million years prior, people found fire by scratching two rock stones. 2.3 million years back they created the primary crude instrument or the split stone. Language and images appeared 50,000 years back. 12,000 years prior, farming entered the scene. As the years advanced we turned out to be more proficient in endurance. Some excessively curious people arose who found puzzling realities about our universe. Nowadays the greater part of us can't envision living without things that these extraordinary researchers have left us. The following is a list of 10 popular researchers whose contribution to human lives cannot be forgotten.

Stephen William Hawking was an English theoretical physicist, author, cosmologist and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009, widely considered to be one of the greatest scientists of his time. He was the first scientist to devise a cosmology that married the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, and he made huge contributions to our understanding of black holes. He wrote a number of popular science books including the bestseller "A Brief History of Time". He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.

Does a "adjusting" of the universe recommend that a savvy human molded maker deliberately aligned the underlying states of the huge universe to such an extent that life on earth and the development of humankind would eventually arise? Some say indeed, yet in this presentation, we present an inside and out and clear conversation of this intriguing and dubious subject, taking a gander at a similar proof yet arriving at the contrary conclusion.

11 Books that Shaped our Thinking:

1) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy by Sir Isaac Newton (1687)

2) The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859)

3) The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin (1845)

4) Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein (1916)

5) Experimental Research in Electricity by Michael Faraday (1855)

6) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems by Galileo Galilei (1632)

7) On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres by Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)

8) Physics by Aristotle (circa 330 B.C.)

9) On the Fabric of the Human Body by Andreas Vesalius (1543)

10) One Two Three . . . Infinity by George Gamow (1947)

11) The Double Helix by James D. Watson (1968)

Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications. Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so you can deliver software quickly. This article lists about the frequently used Docker Commands any Expert should know. For anyone new to Docker, this is the guide you've been waiting for. Take a look at this list of Docker commands and how you can use them.

MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high performance, high availability, and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of collection and document. This article lists about the frequently used commands of MongoDB used by developers and DBA in their day to day development and operation life.

After sleeping through a hundred million years in wisps, ashes and smoking gun, we – the rational beings developed from the Darwin's principle of natural selection − still don't fully understand space, our solar system, and the galaxy. The entire cosmos, of which the planet Earth and the human species are a part, is made up of space, time, matter, and energy. Astronomers' understanding of the cosmos is always changing since there are billions of stars and galaxies, as well as stormy planets, exploding stars and weird black holes in our own galaxy that have not yet been thoroughly examined or defined. But we – a hoard of talking monkeys whose consciousness is from a collection of connected neurons – do currently know some extremely interesting things about the universe.



How did the Universe begin? What elements make up stars? What is the true nature of the universe? Have there ever been inhabitants of Mars? How many moons could fit inside earth? From its accelerated expansion to dark matter and energy, the universe continues to amaze and perplex us. The size of the cosmos is unknown, but one thing is for certain: it is vast. The concept of something so enormous can make our existence on the planet Earth feel insignificant because there is obviously a lot of exciting stuff going on in there. This book takes us on a voyage across the galaxy, visiting all the planets, the Moon, the Sun, stars, black holes, comets, asteroids, and more. This is a great addition to your bookshelf whether you are working on an astronomical assignment or you simply want to learn more about our amazing universe.

Through his experiments, the physicist Neils Bohr improved upon Rutherford's model of the atom and developed his model of the atomic structure in 1913 that succeeded in explaining the spectral features of the hydrogen atom. A simple means for extending the conventional non-relativistic Bohr model of the atom to include the wave nature of electrons is presented. As the derivation requires basic knowledge of classical and wave mechanics, it can be taught in standard courses in modern physics and introductory quantum mechanics.

We become more aware of how little we know about how the cosmos functions as we learn more about it. The Universe is full of secrets, from the doorstep of our own Solar System to the far-off shores of the intergalactic ocean. With the help of a large number of telescopes and satellites, we have increased our understanding of the universe. We have been investigating the history of the cosmos, from the Big Bang through comets' peculiarities and our curiosity about the chemistry of stars. One thing unites many of the most prevalent theories: they start from a mathematical framework that aims to explain more than our existing leading theories can. We Humans, inquisitive creatures shaped by Darwin's theory of natural selection, are used to asking questions. The question is not 'do we know everything from the very nature of physical laws to the underlying discomfort of the ultimate question of our place in the Universe?' or it is 'do we know enough?' But how does the creative principle reside in mathematics? There's something very mathematical about our gigantic Cosmos, and that the more carefully we look, the more equations are built into nature: From basic arithmetic to the calculation of rocket trajectories, math provides a good understanding of the equations that govern the world around us. Our universe isn't just described by math, but that universe is a "grand book" written in the language of mathematics. We find it very appropriate that mathematics has played a striking role in our expanding understanding of the universe − its origin, composition and destiny.

Throughout all of the formulations of the basic equations of gravitation, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, the nuclear physics and their application to the real world, there appear again and again certain fundamental invariant quantities called the fundamental physical constants –which are generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. This book discusses the calculations and Interpretations of the Fundamental Constants which consistently appear in the basic equations of theoretical physics upon which the entire scientific study rests, nor are they properties of the fundamental particles of physics of which all matter is constituted. The speed of light signifies a maximum speed for any object while the fine-structure constant characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. An accurate knowledge of fundamental constants is therefore essential if we hope to achieve an accurate quantitative description of our physical universe. The careful study of the numerical values of the fundamental constants − as determined from various experiments − can in turn determine the overall consistency and correctness of the basic theories of physics themselves.

This book is an insightful, understandable, and contemporary perspective on the largest scientific mysteries and provides insight into complex universe-related concerns. The book provides answers to questions about what makes up the majority of the universe, what existed prior to the Big Bang and what exists outside of our universe, whether time always moves forward, whether the universe is infinite or constrained by physical laws, the size of space, and the mass of the universe. This book takes us on an incredible journey through the past, present, and future as well as through physics, astronomy, and mathematics. It demystifies for laymen concepts like antimatter, quarks, black holes, dark energy, and the big bang and completely changes how we view the universe and its fundamental truths.

A Computer Program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm and algorithms are very important in Computer Science for solving a problem -- based on conducting a sequence of specified actions. The best chosen algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem and makes sure computer will do the given task at best possible manner. In cases where efficiency matters -- a proper algorithm is really vital to be used. An algorithm is important in optimizing a computer program according to the available resources – often play a very significant part in the structure of artificial intelligence, where simple algorithms are used in simple applications, while more complex ones help frame strong artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence (sometimes called machine intelligence) is a part of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines with generalized human cognitive abilities that work and reacts like intelligent beings. Artificial intelligence has made a major breakthrough in the processes, including learning (the acquisition of information for using the data), reasoning (using rules to reach definite conclusions) and self-correction -- and advancements are accelerating to present a range of new functionality for businesses. But nothing in this world can be made perfect; hence everything accompanies some notable failures and fallacies in them. Here we list some of the significant AI failures from the last decade that hint that the companies need to work harder and keep coming up with better and improved versions of their innovations.

DevOps (a set of software development practices that combines software development (Dev) and information technology operations (Ops) to shorten the systems development life cycle while delivering features, fixes, and updates frequently in close alignment with business objectives) is becoming the standard way of working for Enterprises. Among the few powerful trends we had experienced in the recent times, one is undoubtedly the adoption of DevOps practices – and adoption of DevOps within the organization is rising on a broader scale, and Enterprises are trending toward it. DevOps builds upon best practices to help drive enterprise performance in modernizing environments. It offers organizations a new way to move the business forward and turn technology into a strategic advantage. An increasing number of businesses recognize the power that DevOps can bring a natural extension for Agile and continuous delivery approaches.

Android accounts for approximately 85% of all devices sold today. Android Application Development simply means developing new applications that can run on the devices powered by android operating system. Google states that "Android applications can be written using Kotlin (an alternate programming language for developing android applications. Many renowned technology firms have started using Kotlin for developing their android applications such as Pinterest, Uber, Atlassian, Pivotal etc.), Java, and C++ languages" using the Android software development kit, while using other languages is also possible. When thinking about the scope of Android Application Development in India (one of the fastest growing nations in the world as far as IT market is concerned) -- one of the major benefits of choosing android application development is astonishing job opportunities associated with it. Many IT firms and startups require android application developers who can create cost effective apps that are capable of delivering best user experience.

Using the equilibrium relationship K [PL] = [L] [P] and substituting for ' [PL] ', ' [L] ' and ' [P] ' and simplifying we get the wrong result. So, substitution for ' [PL] ' along with the substitutions for ' [L] ' and ' [P] ' should be avoided in order to prevent the occurrence of wrong result.

Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects and was developed with consideration of the current good clinical standards of the European Union, Japan, and the United States, as well as those of Australia, Canada, the Nordic countries, and the World Health Organization (WHO). Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected, and that the clinical trial data are credible. This standard should be followed when generating clinical trial data that are intended to be submitted to regulatory body (US Food and Drug Administration [FDA]).

Are you a new GNU/Linux user who wants to learn more than just dragging windows around and clicking your mouse? This book is designed for users who are completely new to the GNU/Linux command line and want to learn the fundamentals. In this book, basic Linux commands for navigation, file and directory administration, software installation, and elementary system troubleshooting are covered. You will discover how to use Linux commands in this book. Over the years, Linux has seen significant transformation and is currently regarded as one of the top operating systems in the world. As a system administrator, you maintain the functionality of the global computing infrastructure. Problems must be fixed, systems must be maintained, and security must be maintained at all times. I hope these commands will be useful and enable you to perform your work more effectively.

Over the past few years, we have been hearing the term "The Big Bounce Theory", quite a lot. The Big Bounce Theory is a hypothetical scientific theory of the formation of the universe which boils down to the idea that the universe is caught in a cycle where it expands after the Big Bang, then begins to contract. As we know there are many models about the formation of the universe and we could write several articles about them, but in this article the Big Bounce is at the forefront of much discussion.