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Henrique Vicente
Henrique Testa Vicente is an Invited Assistant Professor in Miguel Torga Institute of Higher Education (Coimbra, Portugal). Coordinator of the Research Group “Wellbeing, Health and Aging” at the Research Centre for the study of Population, Economy and Society (Porto, Portugal). PhD in Health Sciences. Clinical Psychologist and Psychotherapist. Member of the Order of Portuguese Psychologists. Coordinator of Núcleo João dos Santos (Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Centre of Miguel Torga Institute of Higher Education). Main research interests include ageing families and social network analysis, applied psychoanalysis, therapeutic process/outcomes and unconscious phantasies.
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A análise fatorial por componentes principais evidencia a existência de quatro fatores que explicam 61.3% da variância total: ativação fisiológica; intrusão, evitamento e anestesia emocional. Esta estrutura apresenta-se congruente com o modelo teórico subjacente à IES-R. A consistência interna é elevada para o total da escala e dos fatores, com exceção do fator anestesia emocional que apresenta um alfa mais baixo. A validade convergente foi obtida com a versão portuguesa da Intimate Justice Scale (IJS), revelando uma relação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre as duas escalas.
This paper reports the results of the translation and adaptation of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), developed by Weiss and Marmar (1997), for the Portuguese population. Data was obtained through a sample of 185 subjects, subdivided in three groups: n 1 = 130 from the general population ; n 2 = 46 patients from a psychiatric service; and n 3 = 9 subjects from a family violence service.
Principal component analysis reveals a four-factor structure, explaining 61.3% of the total variance: hyperarousal, intrusion, avoidance, and emotional numbing. This factorial structure is similar to the theoretical model underlying the IES-R. The Portuguese version of the IES-R shows high internal consistency for the total scale and factors, with the exception of emotional numbing, that shows a weaker alpha value. Convergent validity was assessed with the Intimate Justice Scale. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between these two measures.
Este trabalho divide-se em três segmentos: recolha dos dados biográficos do autor, através da obra em estudo e de outros trabalhos biográficos; exploração da narrativa confessional e a sua análise; interligação dos dados biográficos e de análise da obra com os aportes psicanalíticos referenciados.
Encontraram-se várias indicações, nas palavras do autor, de um funcionamento psíquico sob o domínio da pulsão de morte, em que a compulsão de repetição opera pelo reenactment da experiência traumática da perda originária. Pelo seu lado, a atividade onírica ficcional constitui uma tentativa mítica, secundariamente simbolizada em modo alpha dream work, de elaborar psiquicamente a experiência traumática passada e recorrente. Os sonhos parecem, de facto, reencenar o trauma originário de modo, por vezes, inovador e constituem, deste ponto de vista, uma tentativa intuitiva e ficcional de elaboração psíquica de elementos não mentalizados. Através da análise psicodinâmica de uma narrativa autobiográfica com quase duzentos anos, num certo sentido próxima da associação livre em setting analítico, foi possível explorar o funcionamento mental de uma personalidade, simultaneamente criativa e aditiva.
Confessions of an English Opium Eater is a literary work written by Thomas De Quincey and published in book format in the year 1822, about the experience of opium addiction and its influence on dreams. This paper explores the connection between the author’s autobiographical accounts exposed in this work, Freud’s concepts of death drive and repetition compulsion, and Bion’s conceptualization of alpha-dream-work.
This paper is divided into three segments: collection of biographical data of the author, both through the work under dissection and other biographical works; exploration and analysis of the confessional narrative; finally, the association of biographical data and the analysis of the work with the aforementioned psychoanalytic concepts.
Several indications were found, in the author’s words, of a psychic functioning under the influence of the death drive, in which the repetition compulsion operates by reenacting the traumatic experience of the original loss. The fictional dreamlike activity constitutes a mythical attempt, secondarily symbolized in alpha-dream-work mode, to psychically elaborate past recurrent traumatic experience. Thomas De Quincey’s dreams do, in fact, seem to reenact the original trauma in a way that is sometimes innovative, and constitute, from this point of view, an intuitive fictional attempt to psychically elaborate non-mentalized elements. Through the psychodynamic analysis of an autobiographical narrative almost two hundred years old, in a sense close to free association in an analytical setting, it was possible to explore the mental functioning of a simultaneously creative and addictive personality.
This paper applies the concept of unconscious phantasy as an instrument for the analysis of a heterogeneous sample of science fiction movies that marked the history of this film genre, from the fifties of last century to the present day, including different subgenres, such as space operas and time-travel movies. Based on a non-systematic or narrative literature review, the protophantasies underlying the dramatic plot of several notable motion pictures are identified and explored, namely seduction, castration and primal scene phantasies. Science fiction film seems to convey a contemporary archetypal mythology, with its own gods and heroes in connection with dramatized originary/primal phantasies, whose idiosyncratic appropriation transcends borders, embracing different peoples and cultures.
Palavras-Chave: Salvador Dalí, mito privado, Angelus de Millet, criança de substituição, psicanálise.
This paper proposes a critical reading of the self-analysis outlined by Salvador Dalí in the essay "The tragic myth of Millet's Angelus", in the light of the interpretation of a family dynamic under the primacy of the replacement infans fantasy. It is suggested that this narrative, elaborated accordingly to the paranoiac-critical method, superimposes personal myth and fiction, omnipotent allegory and delirious reinterpretation of the tragic familial saga of a mother-child dyad permeated by the historical evocation of the phantasmatic “recovery” of a brother that died nine months before his birth. The authors triangulated selections from the dalinian text on the Angelus, biographical data and Bion’s contributions regarding the importance of private myths in the construction of identity. It is concluded that Dalí rehearses an approximation to another dimension of the maternal imago that other written autobiographical elements seem to contradict. More precisely, the Mother Antigone that “buries” the body of her in statu nascendi son under the father’s impotent and accomplice gaze. Also highlighted is the importance of Gala as a figure of the Annunciation of a tragic-grandiose destiny, according to the biblical mysticism of the “Only begotten Son of the Father”, a romanced solution, of surreal and delusional nature, for the probable central issue of his existence, the condition of replacement child of a dreaded and unknown Other.
Keywords: Salvador Dalí, private myth, Millet’s Angelus, replacement child, psychoanalysis.
Palabras clave: Redes Sociais-Redes Pessoais-Idosos-Suporte Social.
This study describes the personal social networks of the elderly in Portugal, in their structural, functional and relational-contextual characteristics. 612 elderly people aged 65+ (M=76, SD=7.6) participated, mostly women (63%), with offspring (88.2%) and not living alone (78.8%). Structurally, networks have a medium size for this population (M=7.9), are centered in family relations and have high leves of cohesiveness. They are composed mainly of family ties (76%), followed by friendship ties (13%) and neighborhood ties (8%). Functionally they are perceived as supportative and reciprocal, with family ties associated to higher levels of emotional, tangible and informative support (p<0.01). Regarding relational-contextual variables, they are temporally stable and heterogeneous in gender and age. They are also characterized by multiple contacts per week and geographic proximity with network members. Extrafamilial members live closer to the focal person and engage in more frequent contacts (p<0.01, p<0.05). The profile definition of personal social networks has epidemiological interest for professionals, key actors and stakeholders that are involved, organizationally and politically, in elderly directed interventions, mainly to understand the conditions of social provision of informal networks and to equate the promotion of individual and social well-being in this population.
Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados dos estudos de validação e de fidedignidade da versão portuguesa do Inventário Geriátrico de Ansiedade (GAI) numa amostra de idosos institucionalizados.
Métodos: Depois da tradução e retroversão do GAI, a versão portuguesa foi administrada a 805 idosos institucionalizados. A fidedignidade da escala foi avaliada através do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e a validade fatorial através do método de extração de componentes principais. O estudo da validade convergente foi efetuado com a Escala Geriátrica de Depressão e com a Lista de Afetos Negativos, enquanto a validade descriminante foi efetuada com a Lista de Afetos Positivos e a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. Utilizámos a análise fatorial confirmatória com recurso aos modelos de equações estruturais. Usámos a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para prever a presença de perturbação de ansiedade generalizada.
Resultados: A escala apresenta boa consistência interna (α = 0,94) e bons indicadores de validade convergente e divergente, todos significativos. O modelo revelou uma boa qualidade de ajustamento aos dados (χ2/gl = 2,81; TLI = 0,96; CFI = 0,96; RMSEA = 0,05), apoiando uma solução de um fator único. A análise ROC revelou uma sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 84,7% na deteção de perturbação de ansiedade generalizada com um ponto de corte de 13 (AUC = 0,92). Finalmente, verificou-se que as mulheres apresentam pontuações médias mais altas do que os homens.
Conclusões: O GAI apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas e fatorial para medir sintomas de ansiedade em rastreios epidemiológicos e em contextos de institucionalização geriátrica.
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Background: The progressive increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in advanced ages advises the extensive use of screening inventories in this population that, everywhere in the world, has become increasingly numerically significant.
Goals: The aim of this study is to present the results of validation and reliability studies of the Portuguese version of Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI).
Methods: After, translation and back-translation of GAI, the Portuguese version was administered to 805 institutionalized elderly. The reliability of the scale was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and factorial validity using the extraction method of Principal Components Analysis. The convergent validity study was conducted with the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Negative Affects Schedule while discriminant validity was performed with the Positive Affects Schedule and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. We used confirmatory factor analysis, by means of structural equation modeling, to test the fit of the model with 20 items. We used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to predict the group of elderly patients with generalized anxiety disorder and the group of healthy elderly.
Results: The scale has good internal consistency (α = 0.94), indicators of good convergent and discriminant validity, were all significant. The model showed a good quality of fit to the data (χ2/df = 2.805; TLI = 0.959; CFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.047). The ROC analysis revealed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 84.7% in the detection of generalized anxiety disorder with a cutoff score of 13 (AUC = 0.92). Finally, women showed higher scores than men.
Conclusions: The GAI has good psychometric and factorial qualities to measure anxiety symptoms in epidemiological surveys and in geriatric institutionalized settings.
Objetivos: Dado que a literatura salienta o impacto da vinculação e do comportamento parental nos comportamentos de bullying, temos como objetivo estudar os comportamentos de bullying, de visibilidade crescente em adolescentes no contexto escolar, e a sua relação com a qualidade da vinculação e os estilos educativos parentais.
Método: A amostra deste estudo envolveu 50 adolescentes, 26 raparigas e 24 rapazes, com idades entre os 12 e os 17 anos (M = 14,24). O protocolo foi composto por: Questionário de Exclusão Social e Violência Escolar (QEVE), Inventário de Vinculação na Adolescência (IPPA) e A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A).
Resultados: Os adolescentes da nossa amostra tendem a ser mais observadores em situações de bullying, sendo os tipos de violência mais frequentes a exclusão social e a agressão verbal. As vítimas de bullying são mais frequentemente jovens de nível socioeconómico baixo e as raparigas são mais observadoras de exclusão social e agressão verbal do que os rapazes. No que respeita à vinculação, os jovens com mais comportamentos agressivos percecionam menor comunicação e confiança em relação ao pai e aos amigos e quando se sentem alienados face aos seus pares, estão mais sujeitos a serem vítimas de bullying. Por fim, relativamente aos estilos educativos parentais, os adolescentes mais agressivos tendem a ser os que sentem maior rejeição e menor suporte emocional maternos.
Conclusões: Fica, então, sublinhada a importância para os comportamentos de bullying dos estilos educativos parentais e da qualidade da vinculação dos jovens com as figuras significativas. Estas conclusões remetem-nos para implicações ao nível da prevenção deste fenómeno, sendo importante não só considerar variáveis individuais, mas também como o sujeito interage em todos os seus sistemas de pertença, focando a construção de relações afetivas.
ABSTRACT
Aims: Since current literature highlights the impact of attachment and parental conduct in bullying behaviors in the school environment, a phenomenon with increasing visibility, we have assessed its relationship to the quality of attachment and parental rearing styles, in adolescents.
Method: The sample involved 50 adolescents, 26 girls and 24 boys, from the 7th to 9th grades, aged between 12 and 17 years old (M=14,24). The protocol comprised the: Social Exclusion and School Violence Questionnaire (QEVE), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), and A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A).
Results: Adolescents in our sample tend to assume the “observer” role in bullying situations, and the more prevalent type of violence is social exclusion and verbal abuse. The most frequent victims of bullying are adolescents of lower socioeconomic status, and girls are more observers of social exclusion and verbal aggression than boys.
In what concerns attachment, adolescents exhibiting more aggressive behaviors perceive lower communication and trust to the father and friends, and when they feel alienated from their peers, adolescents tend to be more exposed to bullying victimization. Finally, data on parental rearing styles suggest that the most aggressive teenagers are those who feel more rejection and less maternal emotional support.
Conclusions: This study highlights the importance to bullying behaviors of parental rearing styles and quality of attachment towards significant others. These conclusions have implications at the prevention level, where it is important, not only to consider individual variables, but also to understand how the subject interacts in all the social systems he belongs to, and on the construction of affective relationships.
A análise fatorial por componentes principais evidencia a existência de quatro fatores que explicam 61.3% da variância total: ativação fisiológica; intrusão, evitamento e anestesia emocional. Esta estrutura apresenta-se congruente com o modelo teórico subjacente à IES-R. A consistência interna é elevada para o total da escala e dos fatores, com exceção do fator anestesia emocional que apresenta um alfa mais baixo. A validade convergente foi obtida com a versão portuguesa da Intimate Justice Scale (IJS), revelando uma relação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre as duas escalas.
This paper reports the results of the translation and adaptation of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), developed by Weiss and Marmar (1997), for the Portuguese population. Data was obtained through a sample of 185 subjects, subdivided in three groups: n 1 = 130 from the general population ; n 2 = 46 patients from a psychiatric service; and n 3 = 9 subjects from a family violence service.
Principal component analysis reveals a four-factor structure, explaining 61.3% of the total variance: hyperarousal, intrusion, avoidance, and emotional numbing. This factorial structure is similar to the theoretical model underlying the IES-R. The Portuguese version of the IES-R shows high internal consistency for the total scale and factors, with the exception of emotional numbing, that shows a weaker alpha value. Convergent validity was assessed with the Intimate Justice Scale. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between these two measures.
Este trabalho divide-se em três segmentos: recolha dos dados biográficos do autor, através da obra em estudo e de outros trabalhos biográficos; exploração da narrativa confessional e a sua análise; interligação dos dados biográficos e de análise da obra com os aportes psicanalíticos referenciados.
Encontraram-se várias indicações, nas palavras do autor, de um funcionamento psíquico sob o domínio da pulsão de morte, em que a compulsão de repetição opera pelo reenactment da experiência traumática da perda originária. Pelo seu lado, a atividade onírica ficcional constitui uma tentativa mítica, secundariamente simbolizada em modo alpha dream work, de elaborar psiquicamente a experiência traumática passada e recorrente. Os sonhos parecem, de facto, reencenar o trauma originário de modo, por vezes, inovador e constituem, deste ponto de vista, uma tentativa intuitiva e ficcional de elaboração psíquica de elementos não mentalizados. Através da análise psicodinâmica de uma narrativa autobiográfica com quase duzentos anos, num certo sentido próxima da associação livre em setting analítico, foi possível explorar o funcionamento mental de uma personalidade, simultaneamente criativa e aditiva.
Confessions of an English Opium Eater is a literary work written by Thomas De Quincey and published in book format in the year 1822, about the experience of opium addiction and its influence on dreams. This paper explores the connection between the author’s autobiographical accounts exposed in this work, Freud’s concepts of death drive and repetition compulsion, and Bion’s conceptualization of alpha-dream-work.
This paper is divided into three segments: collection of biographical data of the author, both through the work under dissection and other biographical works; exploration and analysis of the confessional narrative; finally, the association of biographical data and the analysis of the work with the aforementioned psychoanalytic concepts.
Several indications were found, in the author’s words, of a psychic functioning under the influence of the death drive, in which the repetition compulsion operates by reenacting the traumatic experience of the original loss. The fictional dreamlike activity constitutes a mythical attempt, secondarily symbolized in alpha-dream-work mode, to psychically elaborate past recurrent traumatic experience. Thomas De Quincey’s dreams do, in fact, seem to reenact the original trauma in a way that is sometimes innovative, and constitute, from this point of view, an intuitive fictional attempt to psychically elaborate non-mentalized elements. Through the psychodynamic analysis of an autobiographical narrative almost two hundred years old, in a sense close to free association in an analytical setting, it was possible to explore the mental functioning of a simultaneously creative and addictive personality.
This paper applies the concept of unconscious phantasy as an instrument for the analysis of a heterogeneous sample of science fiction movies that marked the history of this film genre, from the fifties of last century to the present day, including different subgenres, such as space operas and time-travel movies. Based on a non-systematic or narrative literature review, the protophantasies underlying the dramatic plot of several notable motion pictures are identified and explored, namely seduction, castration and primal scene phantasies. Science fiction film seems to convey a contemporary archetypal mythology, with its own gods and heroes in connection with dramatized originary/primal phantasies, whose idiosyncratic appropriation transcends borders, embracing different peoples and cultures.
Palavras-Chave: Salvador Dalí, mito privado, Angelus de Millet, criança de substituição, psicanálise.
This paper proposes a critical reading of the self-analysis outlined by Salvador Dalí in the essay "The tragic myth of Millet's Angelus", in the light of the interpretation of a family dynamic under the primacy of the replacement infans fantasy. It is suggested that this narrative, elaborated accordingly to the paranoiac-critical method, superimposes personal myth and fiction, omnipotent allegory and delirious reinterpretation of the tragic familial saga of a mother-child dyad permeated by the historical evocation of the phantasmatic “recovery” of a brother that died nine months before his birth. The authors triangulated selections from the dalinian text on the Angelus, biographical data and Bion’s contributions regarding the importance of private myths in the construction of identity. It is concluded that Dalí rehearses an approximation to another dimension of the maternal imago that other written autobiographical elements seem to contradict. More precisely, the Mother Antigone that “buries” the body of her in statu nascendi son under the father’s impotent and accomplice gaze. Also highlighted is the importance of Gala as a figure of the Annunciation of a tragic-grandiose destiny, according to the biblical mysticism of the “Only begotten Son of the Father”, a romanced solution, of surreal and delusional nature, for the probable central issue of his existence, the condition of replacement child of a dreaded and unknown Other.
Keywords: Salvador Dalí, private myth, Millet’s Angelus, replacement child, psychoanalysis.
Palabras clave: Redes Sociais-Redes Pessoais-Idosos-Suporte Social.
This study describes the personal social networks of the elderly in Portugal, in their structural, functional and relational-contextual characteristics. 612 elderly people aged 65+ (M=76, SD=7.6) participated, mostly women (63%), with offspring (88.2%) and not living alone (78.8%). Structurally, networks have a medium size for this population (M=7.9), are centered in family relations and have high leves of cohesiveness. They are composed mainly of family ties (76%), followed by friendship ties (13%) and neighborhood ties (8%). Functionally they are perceived as supportative and reciprocal, with family ties associated to higher levels of emotional, tangible and informative support (p<0.01). Regarding relational-contextual variables, they are temporally stable and heterogeneous in gender and age. They are also characterized by multiple contacts per week and geographic proximity with network members. Extrafamilial members live closer to the focal person and engage in more frequent contacts (p<0.01, p<0.05). The profile definition of personal social networks has epidemiological interest for professionals, key actors and stakeholders that are involved, organizationally and politically, in elderly directed interventions, mainly to understand the conditions of social provision of informal networks and to equate the promotion of individual and social well-being in this population.
Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados dos estudos de validação e de fidedignidade da versão portuguesa do Inventário Geriátrico de Ansiedade (GAI) numa amostra de idosos institucionalizados.
Métodos: Depois da tradução e retroversão do GAI, a versão portuguesa foi administrada a 805 idosos institucionalizados. A fidedignidade da escala foi avaliada através do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e a validade fatorial através do método de extração de componentes principais. O estudo da validade convergente foi efetuado com a Escala Geriátrica de Depressão e com a Lista de Afetos Negativos, enquanto a validade descriminante foi efetuada com a Lista de Afetos Positivos e a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. Utilizámos a análise fatorial confirmatória com recurso aos modelos de equações estruturais. Usámos a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para prever a presença de perturbação de ansiedade generalizada.
Resultados: A escala apresenta boa consistência interna (α = 0,94) e bons indicadores de validade convergente e divergente, todos significativos. O modelo revelou uma boa qualidade de ajustamento aos dados (χ2/gl = 2,81; TLI = 0,96; CFI = 0,96; RMSEA = 0,05), apoiando uma solução de um fator único. A análise ROC revelou uma sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 84,7% na deteção de perturbação de ansiedade generalizada com um ponto de corte de 13 (AUC = 0,92). Finalmente, verificou-se que as mulheres apresentam pontuações médias mais altas do que os homens.
Conclusões: O GAI apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas e fatorial para medir sintomas de ansiedade em rastreios epidemiológicos e em contextos de institucionalização geriátrica.
|
Background: The progressive increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in advanced ages advises the extensive use of screening inventories in this population that, everywhere in the world, has become increasingly numerically significant.
Goals: The aim of this study is to present the results of validation and reliability studies of the Portuguese version of Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI).
Methods: After, translation and back-translation of GAI, the Portuguese version was administered to 805 institutionalized elderly. The reliability of the scale was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and factorial validity using the extraction method of Principal Components Analysis. The convergent validity study was conducted with the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Negative Affects Schedule while discriminant validity was performed with the Positive Affects Schedule and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. We used confirmatory factor analysis, by means of structural equation modeling, to test the fit of the model with 20 items. We used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to predict the group of elderly patients with generalized anxiety disorder and the group of healthy elderly.
Results: The scale has good internal consistency (α = 0.94), indicators of good convergent and discriminant validity, were all significant. The model showed a good quality of fit to the data (χ2/df = 2.805; TLI = 0.959; CFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.047). The ROC analysis revealed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 84.7% in the detection of generalized anxiety disorder with a cutoff score of 13 (AUC = 0.92). Finally, women showed higher scores than men.
Conclusions: The GAI has good psychometric and factorial qualities to measure anxiety symptoms in epidemiological surveys and in geriatric institutionalized settings.
Objetivos: Dado que a literatura salienta o impacto da vinculação e do comportamento parental nos comportamentos de bullying, temos como objetivo estudar os comportamentos de bullying, de visibilidade crescente em adolescentes no contexto escolar, e a sua relação com a qualidade da vinculação e os estilos educativos parentais.
Método: A amostra deste estudo envolveu 50 adolescentes, 26 raparigas e 24 rapazes, com idades entre os 12 e os 17 anos (M = 14,24). O protocolo foi composto por: Questionário de Exclusão Social e Violência Escolar (QEVE), Inventário de Vinculação na Adolescência (IPPA) e A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A).
Resultados: Os adolescentes da nossa amostra tendem a ser mais observadores em situações de bullying, sendo os tipos de violência mais frequentes a exclusão social e a agressão verbal. As vítimas de bullying são mais frequentemente jovens de nível socioeconómico baixo e as raparigas são mais observadoras de exclusão social e agressão verbal do que os rapazes. No que respeita à vinculação, os jovens com mais comportamentos agressivos percecionam menor comunicação e confiança em relação ao pai e aos amigos e quando se sentem alienados face aos seus pares, estão mais sujeitos a serem vítimas de bullying. Por fim, relativamente aos estilos educativos parentais, os adolescentes mais agressivos tendem a ser os que sentem maior rejeição e menor suporte emocional maternos.
Conclusões: Fica, então, sublinhada a importância para os comportamentos de bullying dos estilos educativos parentais e da qualidade da vinculação dos jovens com as figuras significativas. Estas conclusões remetem-nos para implicações ao nível da prevenção deste fenómeno, sendo importante não só considerar variáveis individuais, mas também como o sujeito interage em todos os seus sistemas de pertença, focando a construção de relações afetivas.
ABSTRACT
Aims: Since current literature highlights the impact of attachment and parental conduct in bullying behaviors in the school environment, a phenomenon with increasing visibility, we have assessed its relationship to the quality of attachment and parental rearing styles, in adolescents.
Method: The sample involved 50 adolescents, 26 girls and 24 boys, from the 7th to 9th grades, aged between 12 and 17 years old (M=14,24). The protocol comprised the: Social Exclusion and School Violence Questionnaire (QEVE), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), and A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A).
Results: Adolescents in our sample tend to assume the “observer” role in bullying situations, and the more prevalent type of violence is social exclusion and verbal abuse. The most frequent victims of bullying are adolescents of lower socioeconomic status, and girls are more observers of social exclusion and verbal aggression than boys.
In what concerns attachment, adolescents exhibiting more aggressive behaviors perceive lower communication and trust to the father and friends, and when they feel alienated from their peers, adolescents tend to be more exposed to bullying victimization. Finally, data on parental rearing styles suggest that the most aggressive teenagers are those who feel more rejection and less maternal emotional support.
Conclusions: This study highlights the importance to bullying behaviors of parental rearing styles and quality of attachment towards significant others. These conclusions have implications at the prevention level, where it is important, not only to consider individual variables, but also to understand how the subject interacts in all the social systems he belongs to, and on the construction of affective relationships.
O conhecimento acerca das redes sociais na população idosa e da relação entre suporte informal e formal, afigura-se assim relevante e coloca desafios específicos à avaliação e intervenção social.
In general, research in family relationships and individual development has been treated separately. Ryff and Seltzer (1995: 95) argue that “studies of individual development in adulthood and the later years show only oblique links with family life” and “the extensive literature on family relations extends across different age groups and life periods, and yet (…) shows limited connection to theories of, and findings about, individual development”.
Moreover, common sense conveys the image of elderly people as incapable, dependent, vulnerable and depressed (Sousa & Cerqueira, 2006). Research, however, has revealed the important roles they play within the family, such as substituting parents in caring for grandchildren (Hader, 1965). Although significant, these functions always seem to assume a secondary role within the family scenario. The elderly generation only appear to be useful when they substitute the younger generations or provide support that the latter ones are too busy to manage. A question mark therefore remains over the role of the oldest generation within the multigenerational family: is it just an appendix to the family that can be called upon to replace a more vital organ in times of difficulty or does it have a unique and irreplaceable role to play in the functioning of the multigenerational family system?
This chapter aims to help provide an understanding of the relationship between the elderly generation and the multigenerational families they belong to through an analysis of family and individual development in later life and a study of the structural and functional complexion of the multigenerational family (the basic unit of analysis).
The following pages will cover: a) the importance of studying the multigenerational family in the present moment; b) a structural characterization of the multigenerational family (a heuristic tool for understanding the extended family dynamics that enables its differentiation from other family and social systems); c) issues involving family and individual development in later life that enable a better understanding regarding the experience of the elderly generations; d) a description of the fundamental functions in the multigenerational family and a characterization of the family members who perform them; e) an analysis of the relationship between the structural and functional dimensions of multigenerational families and the individual and family development tasks in the later stages of life, as a means of grasping a better understanding of the relationship between the elderly person and his/her multigenerational family.
Our quantitative research used a survey to characterize the participants, and the Personal Social Network Analysis Tool (Guadalupe, 2009) to characterize the social networks. We have 317 elderly participants, aged 65 years old or more. We compared three groups: 209 seniors who do not use social services (66%), with an average age of 75 years old, mostly female and married; 71 seniors users of social services (22%), mostly women, widowed and with 80 years old, in average; 37 institutionalized elderly (12%), mostly women, widowed, with an average age of 83 years old.
The initial hypothesis of our study was the existence of three distinct profiles on social networks, according to the context of life and the use of social services, however we have concluded that there is a common pattern in social networks of these elderly, in their structural, functional variables. Although, we identified some significant differences (p < 0.041) between the profiles, in the composition of networks, support reciprocity, density, frequency of contacts and dispersion.
The study is a contribution to Social Work in the social services for the elderly, providing guidelines for the evaluation of personal social networks and social support of the elderly in the social diagnosis.
Para tal, foi organizada uma amostra de 25 famílias multigeracionais (contendo quatro gerações), à qual foi aplicada uma entrevista de genograma a um elemento das gerações intermédias e quatro entrevistas de análise da rede social pessoal (uma por geração), perfazendo um total de 25 entrevistas de genograma e 92 de avaliação da rede social (menos 8 do que o esperado devido a mortalidade experimental).
A análise dos dados possibilitou: 1) a aplicação do princípio de totalidade sistémica à família multigeracional, a sua definição como um sistema social de complexidade idiossincrática, a identificação dos subsistemas que compõem o objecto de estudo (indivíduo, núcleo familiar, composição familiar, geração, linhagem), e a definição de uma tipologia familiar multigeracional (família unificada, dispersa e fragmentada); 2) a identificação e análise de papéis sociais desempenhados pelos indivíduos no contexto familiar multigeracional especificamente relevantes neste nível sistémico (guardião das memórias familiares, elo de ligação familiar, pronto-socorro familiar); 3) a descrição das redes sociais pessoais e a identificação das diferenças estruturais e funcionais entre indivíduos pertencentes a diferentes subsistemas geracionais, que permitem reflectir sobre a evolução da rede social ao longo das várias fases de desenvolvimento individual e familiar; 4) um conhecimento mais aprofundado das redes sociais dos indivíduos mais idosos que pertencem a famílias multigeracionais, da composição da matriz relacional percepcionada como significativa e apoios disponibilizados.
Em suma, os dois primeiros capítulos reflectem o esforço de desenvolvimento de um modelo heurístico para o sistema familiar multigeracional, numa perspectiva estruturalista, enquanto os dois capítulos subsequentes, apoiando-se conceptualmente nos anteriores, facultam um quadro das relações entre subsistemas geracionais na actualidade, através de uma metodologia de análise das redes sociais.
Objectives: To assess gender differences in the functional capacity of elderly persons.
Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study, included 300 elderly persons (M = 74.0 years; SD = 8.5). Functional capacity assessment was conducted with the Portuguese version of the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire – Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (Ferreira, Rodrigues & Nogueira, 2006).
Results: Gender (F = 10.27; p = 0.001) and age-related differences (F = 43.02; p < 0.001) were found to be statistically signiicant. Women have always worse results in terms of ADL when compared to men. Decline in functional capacity is associated with increasing age, for both women and men.
Conclusions: Although women show longer life expectancy, they tend to experience less functional capability. Age has an impact on functional capacity in both sexes. As a social phenomenon, healthy ageing is not neutral to gender relations, and is subject to causalities explainable by these relationships and the way they inluence life trajectories of women and men.
Keywords: Functional capability. Daily life activities. Health. Gender. Aging.
Objectives: Assess the “age-friendliness” of Coimbra’s community and health services; explore the relation between the perception of different dimensions of Coimbra’s urban setting and Quality of Life (QoL).
Methods: This quantitative and transversal study, included 215 elderly persons, aged between 60 and 90 years old (M = 71.03; SD = 6.97), residents of various Coimbra parishes. The sample is predominantly female (66%), married (56%), retired (86%) with a perception of suficient health (46%). The instruments used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, an adaptation of the Checklist of Essential Features of Age-Friendly Cities (WHO, 2007) and the WHOQOL-Bref (Canavarro et al., 2007).
Results: The “Community and Health Services” domain obtained the highest satisfaction rates (44.5%) among the eight topics included in the Checklist. This domain had the highest correlation coeficient scores with General QoL (p < 0.01), Psychological QoL (p < 0.05) and Environment QoL (p < 0.01).
Conclusions: The satisfaction with “Community and Health Services” flags a positive aspect of the city that can promote active ageing. However, it should be highlighted that additional improvements in this domain could translate into a further increase of Qol.
Keywords: Coimbra. Quality of life. Age-friendly city. Health and
Community Services.
The participants are 317 elderly, aged over 65 years (M = 77.1, SD = 7.57) and mostly female (n = 202, 63.7%); the lossy (n = 227; 72%) are more frequent than the lossless (n = 90; 28%). For data collection we used a questionnaire and the Personal Social Network Analysis Tool (Guadalupe, 2009). The
The losses are mostly due to death (n = 223, 98%), mainly of the spouse (n = 59, 26%). We registered significant association between (un)existence of loss and gender (p = 0.007), age (p = 0.001) and marital status (p < 0.001). Those who present more losses in their networks are women (49%), married (31%) and widowed (30%), with basic education (36%).
When we compare the network characteristics between lossy and lossless elderly, we realize that the number of members (between 7 and 8) is very similar and the other structural variables are also similar, but the network composition shows one significant difference: the lossy have more institutional relationships (p = 0,030). The functional characteristics do not present relevant differences as well.
The research does not point to significant associations between the structural and functional characteristics of the social network and the (in)existence of loss. However, it should be noted that the losses in the life of an elderly may potentiate disruptive situations. Social support is very important for the wellbeing of the elderly, so its assessment is central for Social Work in later life stages to draw preventive or compensatory interventional strategies.