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Co-authored chapters: Johnson, Jerry D., Larry David Wilson, and Josiah H. Townsend. Summary of recent changes in higher taxonomic categories of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Pp. 18–27. Townsend, Josiah H., and Larry David... more
Co-authored chapters:

Johnson, Jerry D., Larry David Wilson, and Josiah H. Townsend. Summary of recent changes in higher taxonomic categories of Mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles. Pp. 18–27.

Townsend, Josiah H., and Larry David Wilson. Conservation of the Honduran herpetofauna: Issues and imperatives. Pp. 460–487.

Townsend, Josiah H., and Larry David Wilson. Biogeography and conservation of the Honduran subhumid forest herpetofauna. Pp. 686–705.

Wilson, Larry David, and Josiah H. Townsend. The Herpetofauna of Mesoamerica: Biodiversity significance, conservation status, and future challenges. Pp. 760–812.
The Chortís Highlands of Mesoamerica exhibit a high degree of in situ evolutionary diversification, exemplified by numerous endemic radiations of stream-dwelling treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Atlantihyla, Duellmanohyla, and Ptychohyla),... more
The Chortís Highlands of Mesoamerica exhibit a high degree of in situ evolutionary diversification, exemplified by numerous endemic radiations of stream-dwelling treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Atlantihyla, Duellmanohyla, and Ptychohyla), which have been a source of ongoing taxonomic uncertainty. Recent evidence suggests that one species, Atlantihyla spinipollex, may conceal an unrecognized sister species found in Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat. We applied an iterative integrative taxonomic framework to assess this population within the context of Chortís Highlands populations of Atlantihyla spinipollex sensu stricto, Duellmanohyla salvadorensis, D. salvavida, D. soralia, and Ptychohyla hypomykter, using both a single locus (mtDNA: 16S) and multilocus (mtDNA: 12S, 16S; nDNA: POMC, RAG-1, Rhodopsin) datasets accompanied by distance-and tree-based species delimitation methods to inform our taxonomy. Samples of A. spinipollex sensu lato formed two deeply divergent monophyletic lineages, suggesting that populations from the central and eastern Cordillera Nombre de Dios are conspecific, while the population from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat represents a previously unde-scribed species. We analyzed morphological and bioacoustic variation within and between the two lineages of A. spinipollex sensu lato and found support for recognition of two distinct taxa. We restricted the name A. spinipollex to populations in the central and eastern Cordillera Nombre de Dios, and formally describe the Texiguat population as a new species. We recommend the new species be considered Critically Endangered due to ongoing habitat loss within what remains of its highly restricted natural distribution. This new species joins 26 other endemic species of amphibians and reptiles at Texiguat.
Integrative taxonomy seeks to approach the complex topic of species diagnosis using independent, complementary lines of evidence. Despite their ubiquity throughout North and Central America, taxonomy of the American leopard frogs (Anura:... more
Integrative taxonomy seeks to approach the complex topic of species diagnosis using independent, complementary lines of evidence. Despite their ubiquity throughout North and Central America, taxonomy of the American leopard frogs (Anura: Ranidae: Rana: subgenus Pantherana) remains largely unresolved, and this is arguably nowhere truer than in the Central American country of Honduras, where there are two nominal species, the taxonomy of which remains unresolved. Leopard
frogs from several mountainous areas along the continental divide in
Honduras have previously been considered putative hybrids between Rana brownorum and R. cf. forreri, as opposed to two alternate hypotheses: one that they represent a high altitude eco-morph of a single widespread species that included both lowland forms, or a second that there is an undescribed highland species distinct from either of the recognized lowland forms. We examine this set of hypotheses using three independent lines of evidence. First, we used species distribution modelling to examine potential geographic isolation of the highland form
and the two putative parental lowland species, and found strong ecological separation between the highland and lowland forms. Second, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA supports the distinction of the highland form from both putative parental species, with mtDNA data refuting the hypothesis that representatives of either species may represent a matrilineal founder. Morphologically, the highland form is significantly smaller than, and otherwise readily differentiated from, both R. brownorum and R. cf. forreri, as well as all other Rana found in Honduras and adjacent areas.
As a result, we formally describe the highland leopard frog as a new species.
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Background: Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex evolutionary and biogeographic histories of mainland anoles in Central America, but the origins and relationships of many taxa remain poorly understood. One such group is the... more
Background: Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex evolutionary and biogeographic histories of mainland anoles in Central America, but the origins and relationships of many taxa remain poorly understood. One such group is the Anolis (Norops) crassulus species subgroup, which contains ten morphologically similar highland taxa, the majority of which have restricted distributions. The nominal taxon A. crassulus has a disjunct distribution from Chiapas, Mexico, through Guatemala, in the highlands of El Salvador, and in the Chortís Highlands of Honduras. We test the relationships of these species using multiple mitochondrial and nuclear loci in concatenated and multispecies coalescent frameworks, in an effort to both resolve long-standing taxonomic confusion and present new insights into the evolution and biogeography of these taxa. Results: Sequences of multiple mitochondrial and nuclear loci were generated for eight of the ten species of the Anolis crassulus species subgroup. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges of the subgroup, recovering a monophyletic subgroup within Anolis. Within the nominal taxon Anolis crassulus, we recovered multiple genetically distinct lineages corresponding to allopatric populations, and show that the Chortís Highland lineage split from the others over 13 MYA. Additionally, distinct mitochondrial lineages are present within the taxa A. heteropholidotus and A. morazani, and importantly, samples of A. crassulus and A. sminthus previously used in major anole phylogenetic analyses are not recovered as conspecific with those taxa. We infer a Chortís Highland origin for the ancestor of this subgroup, and estimate cladogenesis of this subgroup began approximately 22 MYA. Conclusions: Our results provide new insights into the evolution, biogeography, and timing of diversification of the Anolis crassulus species subgroup. The disjunctly distributed Anolis crassulus sensu lato represents several morphologically conserved, molecularly distinct anoles, and several other species in the subgroup contain multiple isolated lineages.
Tantilla hendersoni Stafford, 2004 was described based on a single female specimen from Cayo District, Belize, and is the only snake species considered to be endemic to the country. We report the discovery of a second specimen, the first... more
Tantilla hendersoni Stafford, 2004 was described based on a single female specimen from Cayo District, Belize, and is the only snake species considered to be endemic to the country. We report the discovery of a second specimen, the first male, of Tantilla hendersoni from a new locality in Stann Creek District, and provide a detailed morphological description of the specimen. We also discuss the distribution, conservation, and taxonomic status of the species.
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The Cordillera Nombre de Dios is a chain of mountains along the northern coast of Honduras that harbors a high degree of herpetofaunal endemism. We present a preliminary barcode reference library of amphibians from the Cordillera Nombre... more
The Cordillera Nombre de Dios is a chain of mountains along the northern coast of Honduras that harbors a high degree of herpetofaunal endemism. We present a preliminary barcode reference library of amphibians from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, based on sampling at 10 sites from 2008 to 2013. We sequenced 187 samples of 21 nominal taxa for the barcoding locus cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and recovered 28 well-differentiated clades. We posit that the taxonomic diversity in three named species, Bolitoglossa porrasorum, Nototriton barbouri, and Ptychohyla spinipollex is underestimated, and summarize their taxonomic history. We discuss the conservation status of members of the endemic amphibian fauna, the anthropogenic environmental impact on them, and future prospects for conservation and sustainability.
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Moss salamanders (genus Nototriton) are represented in northern Central America by nine putative species: N. barbouri, N. brodiei, N. lignicola, N. limnospectator, N. mime, N. picucha, N. saslaya, N. stuarti, and N. tomamorum. I estimate... more
Moss salamanders (genus Nototriton) are represented in northern Central America by nine putative species: N. barbouri, N. brodiei, N. lignicola, N. limnospectator, N. mime, N. picucha, N. saslaya, N. stuarti, and N. tomamorum. I estimate the phylogenetic relationships for these species based on data from three mitochondrial gene fragments (16S, cytochrome b, and COI), and compare morphological variation among putative taxa. As evidenced here and in previous studies, the taxon N. barbouri is paraphyletic with respect to populations from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios in northern Honduras. I restrict this taxon to populations from the Sierra de Sulaco in central Yoro, Honduras, and describe two new species from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios.
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The taxonomy of the diminutive bolitoglossine salamanders of the subgenus Nanotriton has previously been a source of confusion among specialists. At various times, at least three different species of Nanotriton have been reported to occur... more
The taxonomy of the diminutive bolitoglossine salamanders of the subgenus Nanotriton has previously been a source of confusion among specialists. At various times, at least three different species of Nanotriton have been reported to occur in Honduras: Bolitoglossa nympha, B. occidentalis and B. rufescens. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and cyt b from samples from three localities in Honduras (departments of Yoro, Cop an and Cort es) confirms that most populations are assignable to B. nympha. Nine samples collected from a single locality on the northern slope of the Sierra de Omoa, between 120 and 190 m in elevation, were found to represent two distinct taxa: B. nympha and B. rufescens. Field examination of these nine specimens found them to be morphologically indistinguishable, including a lack of maxillary teeth in all specimens. As such, in situ identification of the two species in northwestern Honduras is problematic given the occurrence of the two taxa in microsympatry in at least one locality. The discovery of yet another divergent lineage of B. rufescens highlights the need for a taxonomic reassessment within this species complex.
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Norops tropidonotus is a ground anole found in the pine-oak and broad-leaf forests of Nuclear Central America, characterized by its stout body, medium size, large keeled dorsal scales, and deep tube-like axillary mite pockets. In the... more
Norops tropidonotus is a ground anole found in the pine-oak and broad-leaf forests of Nuclear Central America, characterized by its stout body, medium size, large keeled dorsal scales, and deep tube-like axillary mite pockets. In the following contribution, the authors provide evidence for the recognition of four species in what formerly was considered as a single species, N. tropidonotus. Pictured here is an adult male of one of the new species, from near Pico Bonito Lodge, Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras, displaying its large dewlap.
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A new species of palm-pitviper of the genus Bothriechis is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat in northern Honduras. The new species differs from congeners by having 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody, a bright green dorsal... more
A new species of palm-pitviper of the genus Bothriechis is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat in northern Honduras. The new species differs from congeners by having 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody, a bright green dorsal coloration in adults, the prelacunal scale fused to the second supralabial, and in representing a northern lineage that is sister to Bothriechis lateralis, which is distributed in Costa Rica and western Panama and is isolated from the new taxon by the Nicaraguan Depression. This represents the 15th endemic species occurring in Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat, one of the richest herpetofaunal sites in Honduras, itself being the country with the highest degree of herpetofaunal endemism in Central America. We name this new species in honor of a Honduran conservationist slain in fighting against illegal logging, highlighting the sacrifices of rural activists in battling these issues and the critical importance of conservation in these areas.
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The geological history of Central America is remarkably complex, as the region has served as the biological dispersal route between North and South America, and also has been the site of extensive in situ evolution. Nuclear Central... more
The geological history of Central America is remarkably complex, as the region has served as the
biological dispersal route between North and South America, and also has been the site of extensive in situ
evolution. Nuclear Central America is recognized as a region of high biodiversity, and the eastern portion of Nuclear
Central America (the Chortís Block) largely has been overlooked as a biodiversity hotspot. In this paper, I present a
characterization of geological, physiographic, and ecological associations to define the Chortís Block Biogeographic
Province. The Chortís Block is partitioned into the Caribbean and Pacific Lowlands and the Northern, Central, and
Southern cordilleras, which in turn are delimited into 24 distinct highland areas and 14 intermontane valleys. I
provide contextualized definitions of ecological formations and identify six lowland-associated habitats, of which
four habitats are shared between lowlands and highlands, and 10 habitats are associated with highlands areas. I
present a summary of the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the herpetofauna of the Chortís Block,
using a combination of the published literature and results from 19 expeditions to over 60 localities from 2006 to
2014. The Chortís herpetofauna is characterized by a high degree of endemism (38% of all species are endemic) and
equally high extinction risk (42% threatened, including 94% of endemic species). Endemism is highest among the
salamanders (86%), followed by the lizards (43%), the anurans (38%), and the snakes (23%).
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"Jadin, R.C., Townsend, J.H., Castoe, T.A. & Campbell, J.A. (2012). Cryptic diversity in disjunct populations of Middle American Montane Pitvipers: a systematic reassessment of Cerrophidion godmani. —Zoologica Scripta, 41(5): 455–470.... more
"Jadin, R.C., Townsend, J.H., Castoe, T.A. & Campbell, J.A. (2012). Cryptic diversity in disjunct populations of Middle American Montane Pitvipers: a systematic reassessment of Cerrophidion godmani. —Zoologica Scripta, 41(5): 455–470.

The discovery and taxonomic recognition of cryptic species has become increasingly frequent with the application of molecular phylogenetic analyses, particularly for species with broad geographic distributions. In this study we focus on the venomous pitviper species Cerrophidion godmani that is widely distributed throughout the highlands of Central America. We provide evidence based on both molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological data that C. godmani represents three deeply divergent lineages and is possibly non-monophyletic. These three lineages are relatively conserved in their morphology and tend to be highly variable among individuals, but we do find sufficient morphological characters to diagnose them as evolutionarily distinct. We apply these data, together with known geographic distributions of populations, to infer boundaries of these three divergent evolutionary lineages. Based on the body of evidence, we formally name and describe two new species of Cerrophidion and redescribe C. godmani sensu stricto."
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Herpetofaunal inventory work totalling 2,320 person-hours of sampling on the windward side of Refugio de Vida Silvestre (RVS) Texíguat documented the presence of 47 herpetofaunal species, including 3 salamanders, 11 anurans, 12 lizards,... more
Herpetofaunal inventory work totalling 2,320 person-hours of sampling on the windward side of Refugio de Vida Silvestre (RVS) Texíguat documented the presence of 47 herpetofaunal species, including 3 salamanders, 11 anurans, 12 lizards, and 21 snakes. Among these are 14 species endemic to Honduras, including three undescribed species (two bolitoglossine salamanders, one colubrid snake). Though herpetofaunal research and conservation assessment in this geographic area are ongoing, the windward slope of RVS Texíguat, along with two other areas in the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, the leeward slope of RVS Texíguat and Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, is among the most significant regions of herpetofaunal endemism in nuclear Central America. Thirty-three species found in at least one of these areas are endemic to Honduras, and these represent approximately one-third of the country’s endemic herpetofauna. We recommend that local national management authorities make substantial protection of this region the centrepiece of Honduran biodiversity conservation efforts.
A new species of Tantilla is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat in northern Honduras. The new species is allocated to the Tantilla taeniata group, which currently contains 20 of the 63 species in the genus, but it differs... more
A new species of Tantilla is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat in northern Honduras. The new species is allocated to the Tantilla taeniata group, which currently contains 20 of the 63 species in the genus, but it differs from all congeners on the basis of its dorsal body pattern and scutellation. The new species has a pale mid-dorsal stripe composed of narrow spots, confined to the mid-dorsal row, and a lateral coloration of pale spots on each of rows 1, 2, and 4 with dark brown pigment on the lateral edges of the ventrals. The new species appears to have no
close affinities within the T. taeniata group. Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat is one of the most important cloud and premontane rain forest reserves in eastern nuclear Central America with respect to evolution, species endemism, and conservation. Nonetheless, areas of this reserve are seriously imperiled, especially on the leeward side due to continuing illegal logging and forest clearing for subsistence agriculture.
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The systematic study of Central American moss salamanders has been a challenge to researchers due to their cryptic nature and subsequent difficulty in sampling. In an effort to elucidate relationships among moss salamanders from the... more
The systematic study of Central American moss salamanders has been a challenge to researchers due to their cryptic nature and subsequent difficulty in sampling. In an effort to elucidate relationships among moss salamanders from the Chort´ıs Highlands, we quantified intra- and interspecific variation using data from the mitochondrial genes 16S (the amphibian barcoding gene), cytochrome b (cyt b; widely used in phylogenetic studies of neotropical salamanders), and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, the universal metazoan barcoding gene). All three loci exhibit a bimodal ‘barcoding gap’ between ranges of intra- and interspecific variation, demonstrating unambiguous species boundaries with respect to the mitochondrial loci. A barcoding approach and Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of the mtDNA dataset revealed that the nominal species N. barbouri represents a species complex, with two of three populations assigned to this taxon being paraphyletic with respect to a sample from the type locality. These data also revealed an undescribed species from eastern Honduras, and confirmed the identity of allopatric populations of N. lignicola and N. limnospectator. Sequence data from cyt b presented an analytical challenge due to a high level of substitution saturation at the third codon position for some samples. Phylogenetic analyses of the entire dataset including and omitting the third position of cyt b resulted in conflicting results with respect to the position of the new species and N. tomamorum. Based on the molecular data, supplemented with data from external morphology and osteology, we formally describe a new species from Sierra de Agalta.
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We describe a new species of Oedipina (subgenus Oedipina) from premontane elevations of three isolated mountains in northern Nicaragua. The new cryptic species differs in molecular characters from its closest relatives: Oedipina... more
We describe a new species of Oedipina (subgenus Oedipina) from premontane elevations of three isolated mountains in northern Nicaragua. The new cryptic species differs in molecular characters from its closest relatives: Oedipina cyclocauda (an Atlantic lowland species with a distributional range from central Panama to extreme southeastern Nicaragua) and Oedipina pseudouniformis. We regard all Nicaraguan specimens previously referred to as O. pseudouniformis to be conspecific with the new species herein described and restrict O. pseudouniformis as a Costa Rican endemic species. We also record the fourth known locality (and southernmost) of the Nicaraguan endemic O. nica and discuss additional species of Oedipina that are likely to be found in Nicaragua as field research continues in the country.
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ABSTRACT
Abstract. A specimen of Oedipina elongata (SCHMIDT, 1936) was recently collected in extreme northwestern Honduras in Departamento de Cortés. This represents the first confirmed record of this species from a locality in Honduras. The... more
Abstract. A specimen of Oedipina elongata (SCHMIDT, 1936) was recently collected in extreme northwestern Honduras in Departamento de Cortés. This represents the first confirmed record of this species from a locality in Honduras. The specimen was found active at night, crawling on a branch 1 m above the ground. Key words: Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Oedipina elongata; Honduras; distribution; arboreal behavior.
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"La herpetofauna de Honduras es una muestra de la totalidad de diversidad y endemismo encontrado en el hotspot de biodiversidad Mesoamericano. Al igual que otros grupos de organismos, especialmente otros vertebrados, los anfibios y... more
"La herpetofauna de Honduras es una muestra de la totalidad de diversidad y endemismo encontrado en el hotspot de biodiversidad Mesoamericano. Al igual que otros grupos de organismos, especialmente otros vertebrados, los anfibios y reptiles de Honduras incluyen numerosas especies al borde de extinción. Se identificó un grupo compuesto por 47 especies, incluyendo 11 salamandras, 20 anuros, siete lagartijas y nueve serpientes, al cual nos referimos como el Componente Endémico en Peligro Crítico (CEPC) de la herpetofauna. Se discuten los patrones de endemismo y ocupación de hábitat, y el modo de reproducción en anfibios y la clase de persecución humana en reptiles. Asimismo, se examinó la distribución de las especies CEPC en el SINAPH (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Honduras), identificando las 19 áreas de ocupación, evaluando la capacidad de estas áreas para proteger las especies CEPC que albergan. También se discute la ubicación de potenciales hotspots herpetológicos aún por descubrir. Por último, se formula una serie de recomendaciones en un intento por asegurar el futuro de las especies CEPC.

The Honduran herpetofauna is exemplary of the diversity and endemism found in the entire Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. As with other groups of organisms, especially other vertebrates, the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras include numerous species lying on the verge of extinction. We identify these species, which we refer to as the Critically Endangered Endemic Component (CEEC) of the herpetofauna, amounting to 47 species, including 11 salamanders, 20 anurans, seven lizards, and nine snakes. We discuss their patterns of endemism and habitat occupancy, the reproductive modes of the amphibians, and the nature of human persecution of the reptiles. We also examine the distribution of the CEEC species within the SINAPH (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Honduras), identifying 19 areas of occupancy. We assess the ability of these areas to protect the CEEC species found within them. We also discuss where future herpetological hotspots might be located. Finally, we issue a set of recommendations for attempting to secure a future for the CEEC species."
We report the discovery of Plectrohyla chrysopleura at a locality in Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras. This critically endangered treefrog was previously known only from a single site, 55 km to the... more
We report the discovery of Plectrohyla chrysopleura at a locality in Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras. This critically endangered treefrog was previously known only from a single site, 55 km to the east-northeast in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, where it had not been documented since 1996.
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And 20 more

Page 1. Biological Sciences THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEMIDACTYLUS (SAURIA: GEKKONIDAE) IN NORTHERN PENINSULAR FLORIDA JOSIAH H. TOWNSEND AND KENNETH L. KRYSKO Florida Museum of Natural History ...
... Title Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Anguilla, Lesser Antilles. Authors Townsend, JH; Eaton, JM; Powell, R.; Parmerlee, JS, Jr.; Henderson, RW Journal Caribbean Journal of Science 2000 Vol. 36 No. ... To learn more... more
... Title Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Anguilla, Lesser Antilles. Authors Townsend, JH; Eaton, JM; Powell, R.; Parmerlee, JS, Jr.; Henderson, RW Journal Caribbean Journal of Science 2000 Vol. 36 No. ... To learn more about our products please visit our website. ...
... de 2008 UNA VISIÓN DEL ESTADO DE LOS ANFIBIOS CRÍTICAMENTE AMENAZADOS DEL NORTE DE CENTROAMÉRICA Y LOS SITIOS EN LOS QUE HABITAN 1 2 3 3 Jaime García-Moreno, Robin Moore, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Nicolás Urbina-Cardona, Antonio 4 ...
ABSTRACT: Four species of Hemidactylus geckos have been introduced into Florida. Presently, only the Indo-Pacific (H. garnotii) and ,Mediterranean ,(H. turcicus) geckos,occur,in northern,peninsular ,, Florida; however, their distributions... more
ABSTRACT: Four species of Hemidactylus geckos have been introduced into Florida. Presently, only the Indo-Pacific (H. garnotii) and ,Mediterranean ,(H. turcicus) geckos,occur,in northern,peninsular ,, Florida; however, their distributions and ecological status are poorly known. We combined records from the literature, systematic collections, and field surveys to summarize the distributions of H. garnotii and H.turcicus in northern peninsular Florida. Herein, we
ABSTRACT
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KURZFASSUNG Zwei Arten von Schwarz- oder Stachelschwanzleguanen, Ctenosaura pectinata (WIEGMANN, 1834) und C. similis (GRAY, 1831), wurden in Florida eingeführt. Die Populationen auf den Inseln Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade- County und... more
KURZFASSUNG Zwei Arten von Schwarz- oder Stachelschwanzleguanen, Ctenosaura pectinata (WIEGMANN, 1834) und C. similis (GRAY, 1831), wurden in Florida eingeführt. Die Populationen auf den Inseln Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade- County und Gasparilla, Charlotte- und Lee-County, wurden als C. pectinata beschrieben. Über den Status und die Verbreitung von C. similis war bisher nur wenig bekannt. Die Ergebnisse herpetologischer Exkursionen (seit 1995), in
Page 27. The Florida herpetofauna presently contains 50 recognized species of lizards, with an overwhelming 34 (68%) of these being non-native and primarily of tropical origin (Krysko and Enge 2005). Fifteen (44%) of these ...
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