1. Nepal Med Coll J. 2003 Jun;5(1):53-4. Statistical evaluation in research. Aryal UR. Department... more 1. Nepal Med Coll J. 2003 Jun;5(1):53-4. Statistical evaluation in research. Aryal UR. Department of Community Medicine, Nepal Medical College, Jorpati-7, PO Box: 13344, Kathmandu, Nepal. [email protected]. PMID: 16583979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. ...
Background: Smoking Susceptibility (SS) and Intention to Smoke (IS) are important characteristics... more Background: Smoking Susceptibility (SS) and Intention to Smoke (IS) are important characteristics of early stages of smoking career of adolescents. Several psychosocial factors play crucial roles in prevention of smoking initiation among adolescents. This study utilized the recent Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data of Nepal with the main aim to correlate factors associated with SS and IS. Methods: Nationally representative data on 2,878 school going Nepalese adolescents were collected through second GYTS using two-stage cluster sampling. An anonymous and self -administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on smoking related variables. We applied multivariable logistic regression to examine relationship between risk factors (demographic, environmental, motivating and programmatic variables) and SS and IS. Results: The prevalence of SS and IS among never smokers was 22.8% (95% CI: 21.2, 24.5) &11.4% (10.2, 12.6) respectively. Factors found associated with respect to different variables were as follows: SS -being a male (AOR: 1.32; 95% CI 1.04, 1.69), friend smoking (1.97; 1.53, 2.52), offered free cigarettes (1.41; 1.03, 1.93), parental smoking (1.68; 1.32, 2.12); IS -being a male (1.43; 1.04, 1.97), and parental tobacco use (1.52; 1.11, 2.08). The following factors were protective measures for SS and IS - age, and antismoking messages. Conclusions: Smoking susceptibility and intention to smoke is prevalent in Nepalese school going adolescents. Several aforementioned factors are responsible to become susceptible and intention to smoke. Therefore, an understanding of the influencing factors of adolescents provides important insight for comprehensive school based tobacco intervention programs.
The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and re... more The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and resource school of Association of Welfare of Menta+lly Retarded (AWMR), Hattisar, Kathmandu. A total of 91 mental retarded cases were studied in the year 2000 and 2001 for etiological factors. The present study shows significant relationship of mental retardation and age in both the year. The higher rate of mental retardation in the 0 to 5 years age group in both the year. About 70.0% with mental retardation (MR) are first born babies in both the year. Majority of the families have unfavourable attitude towards the mentally retarded individual.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 3, 2015
Urinary tract infection is a common problem in children and its early diagnosis and treatment is ... more Urinary tract infection is a common problem in children and its early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long-term complications. Urine dipstick can be an important tool in this respect. The aim of this study is to look at the utility of urine dipstick as a diagnostic tool for UTI and will also see the clinical profile of children with UTI and sensitivity pattern of antibiotics among the isolates of urine culture. Urine samples of all children below 14 years of age who were suspected of urinary tract infection were sent for routine microscopic examination and dipstick testing. Urine culture and sensitivity were sent for those samples that were tested positive for nitrite, leucocyte esterase activity or both. For every fifth sample, which is dipstick negative, a culture and sensitivity testing was done. Among 110 children enrolled, 32(29%) cases had significant bacteriuria. Out of 32 culture positive cases 18(56%) were female. Fever was the main complaint (62.5%)). Escherichia Coli was isolated in 81.25% of cases. Amikacin was sensitive in 93% and amoxicillinwas resistant in 82%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of nitrite test was 65%, 80%, 58%, 85% respectively; those of leucocyte esterase are 84%, 55%, 43%, 89% respectively; those for significant microscopic pyuria >10/hpf were 65%, 74%, 51%, 84% respectively. E. Coli is the commonest uropathogen in children with UTI. Amikacin is the most sensitive antibiotic against all the isolates. A positive dipstick both for nitrite and leucocyte esterase is associated with high sensitivity and specificity for urinary tract infection as compared to either of them positive alone. In addition, urine WBC ≥10/hpf is associated with high probability of UTI.
The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and re... more The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and resource school of Association of Welfare of Menta+lly Retarded (AWMR), Hattisar, Kathmandu. A total of 91 mental retarded cases were studied in the year 2000 and 2001 for etiological factors. The present study shows significant relationship of mental retardation and age in both the year. The higher rate of mental retardation in the 0 to 5 years age group in both the year. About 70.0% with mental retardation (MR) are first born babies in both the year. Majority of the families have unfavourable attitude towards the mentally retarded individual.
Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on... more Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on better understanding of micro-social dimension of science. It plays vital role to justify the conclusion, which helps to improve quality of research as well as to health services. There are various applications of meta-science for improving quality of research namely: applying theories of philosophy and different disciplines, the use of triangulation, inductive and deductive reasoning, ethical issues and finally fundamentals of scientific research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11032 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 75-77
1. Nepal Med Coll J. 2003 Jun;5(1):53-4. Statistical evaluation in research. Aryal UR. Department... more 1. Nepal Med Coll J. 2003 Jun;5(1):53-4. Statistical evaluation in research. Aryal UR. Department of Community Medicine, Nepal Medical College, Jorpati-7, PO Box: 13344, Kathmandu, Nepal. [email protected]. PMID: 16583979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. ...
Background: Smoking Susceptibility (SS) and Intention to Smoke (IS) are important characteristics... more Background: Smoking Susceptibility (SS) and Intention to Smoke (IS) are important characteristics of early stages of smoking career of adolescents. Several psychosocial factors play crucial roles in prevention of smoking initiation among adolescents. This study utilized the recent Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data of Nepal with the main aim to correlate factors associated with SS and IS. Methods: Nationally representative data on 2,878 school going Nepalese adolescents were collected through second GYTS using two-stage cluster sampling. An anonymous and self -administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on smoking related variables. We applied multivariable logistic regression to examine relationship between risk factors (demographic, environmental, motivating and programmatic variables) and SS and IS. Results: The prevalence of SS and IS among never smokers was 22.8% (95% CI: 21.2, 24.5) &11.4% (10.2, 12.6) respectively. Factors found associated with respect to different variables were as follows: SS -being a male (AOR: 1.32; 95% CI 1.04, 1.69), friend smoking (1.97; 1.53, 2.52), offered free cigarettes (1.41; 1.03, 1.93), parental smoking (1.68; 1.32, 2.12); IS -being a male (1.43; 1.04, 1.97), and parental tobacco use (1.52; 1.11, 2.08). The following factors were protective measures for SS and IS - age, and antismoking messages. Conclusions: Smoking susceptibility and intention to smoke is prevalent in Nepalese school going adolescents. Several aforementioned factors are responsible to become susceptible and intention to smoke. Therefore, an understanding of the influencing factors of adolescents provides important insight for comprehensive school based tobacco intervention programs.
The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and re... more The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and resource school of Association of Welfare of Menta+lly Retarded (AWMR), Hattisar, Kathmandu. A total of 91 mental retarded cases were studied in the year 2000 and 2001 for etiological factors. The present study shows significant relationship of mental retardation and age in both the year. The higher rate of mental retardation in the 0 to 5 years age group in both the year. About 70.0% with mental retardation (MR) are first born babies in both the year. Majority of the families have unfavourable attitude towards the mentally retarded individual.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 3, 2015
Urinary tract infection is a common problem in children and its early diagnosis and treatment is ... more Urinary tract infection is a common problem in children and its early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long-term complications. Urine dipstick can be an important tool in this respect. The aim of this study is to look at the utility of urine dipstick as a diagnostic tool for UTI and will also see the clinical profile of children with UTI and sensitivity pattern of antibiotics among the isolates of urine culture. Urine samples of all children below 14 years of age who were suspected of urinary tract infection were sent for routine microscopic examination and dipstick testing. Urine culture and sensitivity were sent for those samples that were tested positive for nitrite, leucocyte esterase activity or both. For every fifth sample, which is dipstick negative, a culture and sensitivity testing was done. Among 110 children enrolled, 32(29%) cases had significant bacteriuria. Out of 32 culture positive cases 18(56%) were female. Fever was the main complaint (62.5%)). Escherichia Coli was isolated in 81.25% of cases. Amikacin was sensitive in 93% and amoxicillinwas resistant in 82%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of nitrite test was 65%, 80%, 58%, 85% respectively; those of leucocyte esterase are 84%, 55%, 43%, 89% respectively; those for significant microscopic pyuria >10/hpf were 65%, 74%, 51%, 84% respectively. E. Coli is the commonest uropathogen in children with UTI. Amikacin is the most sensitive antibiotic against all the isolates. A positive dipstick both for nitrite and leucocyte esterase is associated with high sensitivity and specificity for urinary tract infection as compared to either of them positive alone. In addition, urine WBC ≥10/hpf is associated with high probability of UTI.
The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and re... more The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and resource school of Association of Welfare of Menta+lly Retarded (AWMR), Hattisar, Kathmandu. A total of 91 mental retarded cases were studied in the year 2000 and 2001 for etiological factors. The present study shows significant relationship of mental retardation and age in both the year. The higher rate of mental retardation in the 0 to 5 years age group in both the year. About 70.0% with mental retardation (MR) are first born babies in both the year. Majority of the families have unfavourable attitude towards the mentally retarded individual.
Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on... more Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on better understanding of micro-social dimension of science. It plays vital role to justify the conclusion, which helps to improve quality of research as well as to health services. There are various applications of meta-science for improving quality of research namely: applying theories of philosophy and different disciplines, the use of triangulation, inductive and deductive reasoning, ethical issues and finally fundamentals of scientific research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11032 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 75-77
Research design, which is a plan or framework for conducting an investigatory study, engrosses th... more Research design, which is a plan or framework for conducting an investigatory study, engrosses the ways for collecting and analyzing data. It is circumspectly planned in advance as it influences the quality and validity of the research outcomes. There are broadly three sorts of research designs, namely quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research designs. Quantitative research designs involve the collection and analysis of numerical data, qualitative research designs include the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as words, images, and observations, and mixed methods research designs embrace both qualitative and quantitative data. There are also certain types of research designs under these major research designs, and a researcher normally has to select one of them to carry out his/ her research study. The key objective of this article is to navigate the research landscape and provide a concise guide to the selection of the right research design. This article...
Uploads