Moles (agger)
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Mōlēs (-is, f.) est saeptum quod aquam superficialem vel flumina subterranea conservat. Moles plerumque aquam retinent, sed alii aggeres, sicut portae inundationis et levees (etiam dikes Anglice appellati), ad fluxum aquae in certas regiones terrestres prohibendum adhibentur. Hydrovires et hydroelectricitas saepe cum mole ad electricitatem generandam adhibentur. Moles adhiberi potest ad conservandam aquam vel pro coacervatione aquae quae aequaliter inter locos distribui potest.
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Moles antiquae
[recensere | fontem recensere]Primae moles notae in Mesopotamia et Asia Occidentali aedificatae sunt. Moles ad gradus aquae temperandos adhibebantur, quia clima Mesopotamiense flumina Tigrim et Euphraten magnopere affecit.
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Prima moles nota est Moles Iavensis in Iordania, 100 chiliometra a septentrionali orientalique urbis Philadelphiae regione. Quae structura, moles gravitatis, murum lapideum olim 9 metra altum et 1 metrum latum habuit, a vallo terreno 50 metra lato sustentum, et circa annum 3000 a.C.n. ducta est.[1][2]
Tempore Romano moles aedificatae sunt, quae urbibus etiam anni torrido siccitate tempore usum aquae securum praestarent.[3] Romani antiqui rudus concretum invenerunt, tum opus caementicium appellatum, quocum moles prioribus grandiores fieri potuerunt, ut puta moles, quae tempore imperatoris Diocletiani in lacu prope Emesam facta adhuc in usu est. Altissima moles Romana fuit illa Sublaci prope Romam constituta altitudine 50 metrorum, ut traditum est, quae anno 1305 deleta est.[4]
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Varia consilia molis construendi
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Cura hominibus aquam potabilem suppeditandi
- Energiae procreatio
- Cura industriae ac agriculturae aquam suppeditandi
- Praesidium contra diluvia
- Auctio aquae in alveis, ut naves vehi possint
Praeterea multi lacus molibus creati hominibus spatium refectionis et artis athleticae exercendae praebent. Saepe etiam pisciculturae utilitatem afferunt.
Pericula oecologica
[recensere | fontem recensere]Moles, quae valles praecludunt, natura rerum plurimum mutata saepe maximos effectus oecologicos et circumiectorum naturalium detrimenta habet. Modus, quo aquae naturaliter profluunt, admodum mutari solet. Quo grandior moles est, eo maius periculum; eventus futuri prospici nequeunt. Cum flumen multam arenam, glareas, saxa secum fert, moles tali materia obduci potest.
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Nexus interni
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003), "Dams from the Roman Era in Spain: Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)", 1st International Congress on Construction History, 20–24 Ianuarii (Matriti)
- Chow, Ven Te, ed. 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology: A Compendium of Water-Resources Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0070107742.
- Chow, Ven Te]. 1983. Hidráulica de los Canales Abiertos. Mexici: Editorial Diana. ISBN 968-13-1327-5.
- Garbrecht, Günther. 1986. Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike. Antike Welt, ed. praecipua 2a, Antiker Wasserbau 52:51–64.
- Hartung, Fritz, et G. R. Kuros. 1987. Historische Talsperren im Iran. In Historische Talsperren, ed. Günther Garbrecht, 1:221–274. Stuttgartiae: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. ISBN 387919145X.
- Helms, S. W. 1977. Jawa Excavations 1975: Third Preliminary Report. Levant.
- Heschung, Michel. 2008. Les ouvrages molinologiques de référence Guide pour la réhabilitation des moulins hydrauliques en vue de la production d'électricité. Master en Architecture et Développement durable, FFAM 10 rue de l'Echarpe 31000 Toulouse.
- Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply, Londinii: Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-2194-7
- Hodge, A. Trevor (2000), "Reservoirs and Dams", in Wikander, Örjan, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–339, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
- Hoepli, Ulrico. 1987. Manuale dell'Ingegnere. Ed. 81a. Mediolani. ISBN 88-203-1430-4.
- James, Patrick, et Hubert Chanson. 2002. Historical Development of Arch Dams: From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs. Australian Civil Engineering Transactions 43: 39–56. URL.
- Kert, Christian. 2008. La sécurité des barrages en question. Rapport de l'OPCEST, 9 Iulii.
- Linsley, Ray K., et Joseph B. Franzini. 1978. Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos. Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo et McGraw-Hill do Brasil.
- Rios, Jorge L. Paes. 1986. Études en modèles réduits du déversoir de l'usine de Tucuruí. Franciscopole: Congrès International des Grands Barrages (ICOLD).
- Schnitter, Niklaus (1978), "Römische Talsperren", Antike Welt 8 (2): 25–32
- Schnitter, Niklaus (1987), "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in Garbrecht, Günther, Historische Talsperren, 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 9–20, ISBN 3-87919-145-X
- Schnitter, Niklaus (1987), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther, Historische Talsperren, 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 57–74, ISBN 3-87919-145-X
- Schnitter, Niklaus (1987), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther, Historische Talsperren, 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 75–96, ISBN 3-87919-145-X
- Smith, Norman. 1970. "The Roman Dams of Subiaco." Technology and Culture 11 (1): 58–68. JSTOR 3102810. doi:10.2307/3102810
- Smith, Norman (1971), A History of Dams, Londinii: Peter Davies, pp. 25–49, ISBN 0-432-15090-0
- Vogel, Alexius (1987), "Die historische Entwicklung der Gewichtsmauer", in Garbrecht, Günther, Historische Talsperren, 1, Stutgardiae: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 47–56 (50), ISBN 3-87919-145-X
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad molem spectant (Dam, Dams). |
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Vide molem in Victionario. |
- Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, lemma moles (aut vide hic[nexus deficit]) (Anglice)
- "Gravity Dam Analysis," apud cereview.info
- "Structurae: Dams and Retaining Structures," apud en.structurae.de