Template:IPA is most useful when there are multiple instances of the IPA on a page. It contains
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span>
I.e., it simply specifies CSS class IPA.
This allows fixing broken display of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) characters in MS Internet Explorer 6 for Windows, and choice of style in any browser.
The font declarations are in MediaWiki:Common.css . Registered Wikipedia users can specify their own style for IPA text by editing, for each project, their user style sheet, e.g. monobook.css. Users can also specify the style locally in their browser, which works across projects.
Placing a phonetic rendering of the word characters in Template:IPA:
{{IPA|/ˈkærəktɚz/}}
The result will be a span with a class attribute, like this:
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈkærəktɚz/</span>
Which appears in your browser as:
/ˈkærəktɚz/
Without template:IPA:
/ˈkærəktɚz/
[The last two should only look different if you are using Internet Explorer 6 or lower on Windows, or if you have a custom style defined for IPA text.]
Please place all IPA text into Template:IPA, even if it doesn't have any special IPA characters, like this: /mi/ . This will allow users to format all examples of IPA text consistently, with their choice of fonts, colours, etc.
The following is a list of fonts that are specified using this template.
Usage of IPA pronunciation templates [ തിരുത്തുക ]
Comparisons Introductory guides
Wikipedia offers several templates for proper display of IPA transcriptions.
In general, IPA symbols on a page should be enclosed in the {{IPA }}
template, which formats the text in an IPA-producing font. If a substantial portion of a page uses IPA, it is customary to post notice of that fact with {{Contains special characters |IPA}}
, though each token still requires the {{IPA }}
template for proper formatting.
If there are not enough occurrences to warrant a notice, then consider a template that links to an IPA key for the first instance of the IPA on a page or section.
For English words, in a broad, non-regional transcription, as when giving the pronunciation of a key word in an article, use {{ IPAc-en }} , which links to Help:IPA/English , a chart of the subset of the IPA that is relevant to English, and automates the conversion to IPA, so that {{IPAc-en|'|w|3:r|d}}
appears as . This provides mouse-over links to the symbols, and is now the preferred template.
For a specific transcription in a regional variety, use {{ IPA-endia }} or {{ IPA-all }} .
For words that are not assimilated into English, regional pronunciations of English words, and non-standard English dialects, use templates linking to the more general Help:IPA chart, containing all major IPA symbols:
{{ IPA-all }} , appearing as: IPA: [word] . Or:
For specific languages, there may be dedicated IPA keys for standardized transcription. There are several options for their display. The first cell includes the ISO code of the language; the second is the transcription; the third keys an introductory phrase; and the fourth is space for a sound file. Using the French word eau [o] as an example, we have the default format:
{{IPA-fr|o}}
→ French pronunciation: [o]
Or the word "pronounced" can be used as the introduction:
{{IPA-fr|o|pron}}
→ pronounced [o]
Language name only:
{{IPA-fr|o|lang}}
→ French: [o]
"IPA" only:
{{IPA-fr|o|IPA}}
→ IPA: [o]
Link only:
Any of these may be combined with a sound file:
{{IPA-fr|o|lang|Fr-eau.ogg}}
→ French: [o] ⓘ
For the default introductory phrase, however, a placeholder such as “-” is required:
{{IPA-fr|o|-|Fr-eau.ogg}}
→ French pronunciation: [o] ⓘ
Key
Language
Template(s)
Help:IPA/Adyghe
Adyghe
{{IPA-ady }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Afrikaans
Afrikaans
{{IPA-af }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Albanian
Albanian
{{IPA-sq }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Alemannic German
Alemannic German
{{IPA-gsw }} (uses )
Colonia Tovar dialect
{{IPA-gct }} (uses )
Swabian German
{{IPA-swg }} (uses )
Walser German
{{IPA-wae }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Amharic
Amharic
{{IPA-am }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Arabic
Arabic
{{IPA-ar }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ar }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Armenian
Armenian
{{IPA-hy }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Assamese
Assamese
{{IPA-as }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese
Asturian
{{IPA-ast }} (uses )
Extremaduran
{{IPA-ext }} (uses )
Leonese
{{IPA-le }} (uses )
Mirandese
{{IPA-mwl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Australian languages
Australian Aboriginal languages
{{IPA-aus }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani
{{IPA-az }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Basque
Basque
{{IPA-eu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Belarusian
Belarusian
{{IPA-be }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Bengali
Bengali
{{IPA-bn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Berber
Berber
{{IPA-ber }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Breton
Breton
{{IPA-br }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Bulgarian
Bulgarian
{{IPA-bg }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Burmese
Burmese
{{IPA-my }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Cantonese
Cantonese
{{IPA-yue }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-yue }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Catalan
Catalan
{{IPA-ca }} (uses )
Valencian
{{IPA-va }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Colognian
Colognian
{{IPA-ksh }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Corsican
Corsican
{{IPA-co }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Czech
Czech
{{IPA-cs }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Danish
Danish
{{IPA-da }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Dutch
Dutch
{{IPA-nl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic
Egyptian Arabic
{{IPA-arz }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol
Emilian
{{IPA-egl }} (uses )
Romagnol
{{IPA-rgn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/English
English
{{IPAc-en }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Esperanto
Esperanto
{{IPA-eo }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Estonian
Estonian
{{IPA-et }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Fijian
Fijian
{{IPA-fj }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Finnish
Finnish
{{IPA-fi }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal
Franco-Provençal
{{IPA-frp }} (uses )
Help:IPA/French
French
{{IPA-fr }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-fr }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Galician
Galician
{{IPA-gl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Georgian
Georgian
{{IPA-ka }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ka }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Greek
Greek
{{IPA-el }} (uses ) , {{IPA-grc }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Gujarati
Gujarati
{{IPA-gu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole
{{IPA-ht }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hawaiian
Hawaiian
{{IPA-haw }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hebrew
Hebrew
{{IPA-he }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-he }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic
Hejazi Arabic
{{IPA-acw }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu
Hindustani
{{IPA-hns }} (uses )
Hindi
{{IPA-hi }} (uses )
Urdu
{{IPA-ur }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hmong
Hmong
{{IPA-hmn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Hungarian
Hungarian
{{IPA-hu }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-hu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Icelandic
Icelandic
{{IPA-is }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Igbo
Igbo
{{IPA-ig }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Insular Catalan
Insular Catalan
{{IPA-cadia }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Inuktitut
Inuktitut
{{IPA-iu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Inupiaq
Inupiaq
{{IPA-ik }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Irish
Irish
{{IPA-ga }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ga }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Italian
Italian
{{IPA-it }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-it }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Italian dialects
Italian dialects
{{IPA-itdia }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Japanese
Japanese
{{IPA-ja }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ja }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Kazakh
Kazakh
{{IPA-kk }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Khmer
Khmer
{{IPA-km }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Korean
Korean
{{IPA-ko }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ko }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Kurdish
Kurdish
{{IPA-ku }} (uses )
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
{{IPA-kmr }} (uses )
Sorani (Central Kurdish)
{{IPA-ckb }} (uses )
Southern Kurdish
{{IPA-sdh }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz
{{IPA-ky }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Lakota
Lakota
{{IPA-lkt }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Lao
Lao
{{IPA-lo }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Latin
Latin
{{IPA-la }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Latvian
Latvian
{{IPA-lv }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic
Lebanese Arabic
{{IPA-apc-LB }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Ligurian
Ligurian
{{IPA-lij }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Lithuanian
Lithuanian
{{IPA-lt }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Lombard
Lombard
{{IPA-lmo }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish
{{IPA-lb }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Macedonian
Macedonian
{{IPA-mk }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Malagasy
Malagasy
{{IPA-mg }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Malay
Malay
{{IPA-ms }} (uses )
Indonesian
{{IPA-id }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Malayalam
Malayalam
{{IPA-ml }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Maltese
Maltese
{{IPA-mt }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Mandarin
Standard Chinese
{{IPA-cmn }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-cmn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Manx
Manx
{{IPA-gv }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Maithili
Maithili
{{IPA-mai }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Māori
Māori
{{IPA-mi }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-mi }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Marathi
Marathi
{{IPA-mr }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Marshallese
Marshallese
{{IPA-mh }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-mh }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole
Mauritian Creole
{{IPA-mfe }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Mayan
Mayan
{{IPA-myn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Mongolian
Mongolian
{{IPA-mn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Nahuatl
Nahuatl
{{IPA-nah }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Navajo
Navajo
{{IPA-nv }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Neapolitan
Neapolitan
{{IPA-nap }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Nepali
Nepali
{{IPA-ne }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Nguni
Swazi
{{IPA-ss }} (uses )
Xhosa
{{IPA-xh }} (uses )
Zulu
{{IPA-zu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Northern Thai
Northern Thai
{{IPA-nod }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Norwegian
Norwegian
{{IPA-no }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Occitan
Occitan
{{IPA-oc }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Odia
Odia
{{IPA-or }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Old English
Old English
{{IPA-ang }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Persian
Persian
{{IPA-fa }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Piedmontese
Piedmontese
{{IPA-pms }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Polish
Polish
{{IPA-pl }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-pl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Portuguese
Portuguese
{{IPA-pt }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-pt }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Punjabi
Punjabi
{{IPA-pa }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Quechua
Quechua
{{IPA-qu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Romanian
Romanian
{{IPA-ro }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-ro }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Romansh
Romansh
{{IPA-rm }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Russian
Russian
{{IPA-ru }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Sanskrit
Sanskrit
{{IPA-sa }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Sardinian
Sardinian
{{IPA-sc }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic
{{IPA-gd }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian
{{IPA-sh }} (uses )
Croatian
{{IPA-hr }} (uses )
Serbian
{{IPA-sr }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue
Shan
{{IPA-shn }} (uses )
Tai Lue
{{IPA-khb }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Sicilian
Sicilian
{{IPA-scn }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Slovak
Slovak
{{IPA-sk }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Slovene
Slovene
{{IPA-sl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Spanish
Spanish
{{IPA-es }} (uses ) , {{IPAc-es }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Standard German
German
{{IPA-de }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Swahili
Swahili
{{IPA-sw }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Swedish
Swedish
{{IPA-sv }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Sylheti
Sylheti
{{IPA-syl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tagalog
Tagalog
{{IPA-tl }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien
Taiwanese Hokkien
{{IPA-taiwan }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tamil
Tamil
{{IPA-ta }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tatar
Tatar
{{IPA-tt }} (uses ) , {{IPA-crh }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Telugu
Telugu
{{IPA-te }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Thai
Thai
{{IPA-th }} (uses ) , {{IPA-sou }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tibetan
Tibetan
{{IPA-bo }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tigrinya
Tigrinya
{{IPA-ti }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic
Tunisian Arabic
{{IPA-aeb }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Turkish
Turkish
{{IPA-tr }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Turkmen
Turkmen
{{IPA-tk }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Ukrainian
Ukrainian
{{IPA-uk }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Uzbek
Uzbek
{{IPA-uz }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Venetian
Venetian
{{IPA-vec }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Vietnamese
Vietnamese
{{IPA-vi }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Walloon
Walloon
{{IPA-wa }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Welsh
Welsh
{{IPA-cy }} (uses )
Help:IPA/West Frisian
West Frisian
{{IPA-fy }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Wu Chinese
Wu Chinese
{{IPA-wuu }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Yiddish
Yiddish
{{IPA-yi }} (uses )
Help:IPA/Yoruba
Yoruba
{{IPA-yo }} (uses )
Templates have been created for languages which do not yet have dedicated key pages. Transcriptions which use these templates will link to Help:IPA for the time being; when a language-specific key is created the templates will be linked accordingly. For example, you can use {{IPA-jv |word}}
for Javanese, but for the moment it will link to Help:IPA , producing Javanese pronunciation: [word] .
Languages and language extensions (IPA-xx) with links to Help:IPA
{{IPA-ace }} (uses ) : Acehnese
{{IPA-ae }} (uses ) : Avestan
{{IPA-aec }} (uses ) : Saidi Arabic
{{IPA-afb }} (uses ) : Gulf Arabic
{{IPA-ain }} (uses ) : Ainu
{{IPA-ak }} (uses ) : Akan (Fante, Twi)
{{IPA-akk }} (uses ) : Akkadian
{{IPA-alg }} (uses ) : Algonquian (Micmac, Cree)
{{IPA-all }} (uses ) : (transcriptions not specific to any language, or which have not yet been reassigned)
{{IPA-als }} (uses ) : Albanian dialects
{{IPA-an }} (uses ) : Aragonese
{{IPA-arn }} (uses ) : Mapuche
{{IPA-art }} (uses ) : artificial (Ido, Tolkien, etc.)
{{IPA-ath }} (uses ) : Athabaskan (Dene, Navajo)
{{IPA-ay }} (uses ) : Aymara
{{IPA-azc }} (uses ) : Uto-Aztecan (Shoshone, Comanche)
{{IPA-ba }} (uses ) : Bashkir
{{IPA-bar }} (uses ) : Bavarian
{{IPA-bm }} (uses ) : Manding/Bambara
{{IPA-bodia }} (uses ) : Bodish
{{IPA-cau }} (uses ) : (North) Caucasian
{{IPA-cdd }} (uses ) : Caddoan
{{IPA-cdo }} (uses ) : Eastern Min
{{IPA-cel }} (uses ) : Celtic (Brythonic, Gaulish)
{{IPA-ch }} (uses ) : Chamorro
{{IPA-cop }} (uses ) : Coptic
{{IPA-csb }} (uses ) : Kashubian
{{IPA-cv }} (uses ) : Chuvash
{{IPA-dedia }} (uses ) : German dialects
{{IPA-dv }} (uses ) : Dhivehi
{{IPA-doi }} (uses ) : Dogri
{{IPA-dz }} (uses ) : Dzongkha
{{IPA-ee }} (uses ) : Gbe (Ewe, Fon)
{{IPA-endia }} (uses ) : English dialects
{{IPA-enm }} (uses ) : Middle English
{{IPA-esdia }} (uses ) : Spanish dialects
{{IPA-fo }} (uses ) : Faroese
{{IPA-frdia }} (uses ) : French dialects (Canadian, Metis, Norman)
{{IPA-fur }} (uses ) : Friulian
{{IPA-gag }} (uses ) : Gagauz
{{IPA-gez }} (uses ) : Ge'ez
{{IPA-gn }} (uses ) : Guaraní
{{IPA-guc }} (uses ) : Wayuu
{{IPA-ha }} (uses ) : Hausa
{{IPA-hak }} (uses ) : Hakka
{{IPA-iro }} (uses ) : Iroquoian (Mohawk, Cherokee)
{{IPA-ium }} (uses ) : Iu Mien
{{IPA-jv }} (uses ) : Javanese
{{IPA-kgg }} (uses ) : Kusunda
{{IPA-ki }} (uses ) : Kikuyu
{{IPA-kjq }} (uses ) : Western Keres
{{IPA-kl }} (uses ) : Greenlandic
{{IPA-kn }} (uses ) : Kannada
{{IPA-kok }} (uses ) : Konkani
{{IPA-ks }} (uses ) : Kashmiri
{{IPA-ksw }} (uses ) : S'gaw Karen
{{IPA-kw }} (uses ) : Cornish
{{IPA-lad }} (uses ) : Ladino
{{IPA-lg }} (uses ) : Ganda
{{IPA-li }} (uses ) : Limburgish
{{IPA-lld }} (uses ) : Ladin
{{IPA-ltc }} (uses ) : Middle Chinese
{{IPA-lzz }} (uses ) : Laz
{{IPA-maz }} (uses ) : Central Mazahua
{{IPA-mga }} (uses ) : Middle Irish
{{IPA-mid }} (uses ) : Neo-Mandaic
{{IPA-mnc }} (uses ) : Manchu
{{IPA-mnw }} (uses ) : Mon
{{IPA-moh }} (uses ) : Mohawk
{{IPA-mos }} (uses ) : Mossi/Gurunsi
{{IPA-mus }} (uses ) : Muskogean (Chickasaw, Creek)
{{IPA-na }} (uses ) : Nauruan
{{IPA-nan }} (uses ) : Minnan/Taiwanese
{{IPA-nci }} (uses ) : Classical Nahuatl
{{IPA-nds }} (uses ) : Low Saxon
{{IPA-new }} (uses ) : Newar
{{IPA-non }} (uses ) : Old Norse
{{IPA-nrf }} (uses ) : Norman
{{IPA-nus }} (uses ) : Nuer
{{IPA-ny }} (uses ) : Chewa
{{IPA-oax }} (uses ) : Oaxaca (Zapotec, Mixe, Otomi)
{{IPA-om }} (uses ) : Oromo
{{IPA-os }} (uses ) : Ossetian
{{IPA-pap }} (uses ) : Papiamento
{{IPA-pcd }} (uses ) : Picard
{{IPA-pdc }} (uses ) : Pennsylvania German
{{IPA-pi }} (uses ) : Pali (linked to Sanskrit)
{{IPA-pjt }} (uses ) : Pitjantjatjara
{{IPA-poly }} (uses ) : (other) Polynesian
{{IPA-ps }} (uses ) : Pashto
{{IPA-ptdia }} (uses ) : Portuguese dialects
{{IPA-qya }} (uses ) : Quenya
{{IPA-rej }} (uses ) : Rejang
{{IPA-rw }} (uses ) : Rwanda-Rundi
{{IPA-ryu }} (uses ) : Okinawan langs
{{IPA-sal }} (uses ) : Salish & NW Coast
{{IPA-sco }} (uses ) : Scots
{{IPA-sd }} (uses ) : Sindhi
{{IPA-se }} (uses ) : Northern Sami
{{IPA-sec }} (uses ) : Sechelt
{{IPA-sei }} (uses ) : Seri
{{IPA-sem }} (uses ) : (ancient) Semitic, Egyptian
{{IPA-sga }} (uses ) : Old Irish
{{IPA-si }} (uses ) : Sinhala
{{IPA-sio }} (uses ) : Siouan (Omaha, Lakota)
{{IPA-sjn }} (uses ) : Sindarin
{{IPA-sla }} (uses ) : Slavic (old Slavic, Silesian, Sorbian)
{{IPA-sm }} (uses ) : Samoan
{{IPA-sn }} (uses ) : Shona
{{IPA-so }} (uses ) : Somali
{{IPA-st }} (uses ) : Sotho
{{IPA-stq }} (uses ) : Saterland Frisian
{{IPA-su }} (uses ) : Sundanese
{{IPA-sux }} (uses ) : Sumerian
{{IPA-sva }} (uses ) : Svan
{{IPA-syc }} (uses ) : Classical Syriac
{{IPA-syr }} (uses ) : Syriac
{{IPA-tet }} (uses ) : Tetum
{{IPA-tix }} (uses ) : Southern Tiwa
{{IPA-tlh }} (uses ) : Klingon
{{IPA-tn }} (uses ) : Tswana
{{IPA-to }} (uses ) : Tongan
{{IPA-ts }} (uses ) : Tsonga
{{IPA-ty }} (uses ) : Tahitian
{{IPA-tyv }} (uses ) : Tuvan
{{IPA-tzl }} (uses ) : Talossan
{{IPA-ug }} (uses ) : Uyghur
{{IPA-ve }} (uses ) : Venda
{{IPA-vls }} (uses ) : West Flemish
{{IPA-wad }} (uses ) : Wandamen
{{IPA-wo }} (uses ) : Wolof
{{IPA-wbp }} (uses ) : Warlpiri
{{IPA-xmf }} (uses ) : Mingrelian
{{IPA-za }} (uses ) : Zhuang
The template {{ x2i }} takes X-SAMPA symbols (ASCII equivalents of IPA symbols) and converts them to IPA.
Other language-specific templates allow you to enter ordinary letters (or conventional ASCII equivalents) in place of IPA characters, and they will be automatically converted to the phonetic symbols that are used to transcribe the language. The templates that are currently available are shown below, with examples:
The following templates have also been created, but they haven't been vetted by the community and may not work properly:
Inline
Formatting Language- specific Maintenance
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