Understanding the mode of action of allelochemicals, as the cause of oxidative stress and inducti... more Understanding the mode of action of allelochemicals, as the cause of oxidative stress and induction of antioxidant mechanism, is one of the challenging aspects in allelopathic studies. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of allelochemical stress, induced by peppermint water extract (WE), on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) growth. The peppermint WE concentrations were 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (v/v). Some phenolic compounds of the peppermint WE determined by HPLC were trans-ferulic acid (10.8 mg/g), hesperidin (9.3 mg/g), ellagic acid (6.8 mg/g), and sinapic acid (4.2 mg/g). The maximum inhibitory effect of peppermint extract on germination and growth was obtained at 8% WE concentration. The results showed that the compounds in the extract of peppermint had significant effect on the amount of proline (PRO), soluble sugars and total phenols, as well as on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and relative membrane permeability (RMP) (P < 0.05). However, with the exception of super oxide dismutase (SOD), all of the treatments had a significant (P < 0.05) positive effect on the activity of other enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The results suggest that oxidative stress caused by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from peppermint allelochemicals inhibited the growth of the radish seedlings, and their ability to resist the phytotoxic allelochemicals of peppermint, which is associated with the activity of protective enzymes and the defensive function of radish plants.
Germination and growth of plants are influenced by allelochemicals that mostly cause crops , yiel... more Germination and growth of plants are influenced by allelochemicals that mostly cause crops , yield reduction. In the present study, the effect of stress arising from allelopathic compounds in the water extract (WE) of peppermint (Mentha  piperita L. CV. Mitcham) on the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. CV. Rio Grande) was investigated. Different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (v/v)) of the WE were examined. Some phenolic compounds of the WE determined by the HPLC instrument were trans-ferulic acid (10.8 mg/g), hesperidin (9.3 mg/g), ellagic acid (6.8 mg/g), and sinapic acid (4.2 mg/g). The results showed that the maximum inhibitory effect on germination and growth (dry weight, and leaf area) was obtained at the concentration of 10% (v/v) extract, and its compounds had significant effect on the amount of proline (PRO), soluble sugar and starch, as well as on the activities of tomato,s antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at the 5% level. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the SPAD chlorophyll meter reading of tomato plants. It could be stated that the compounds present in the extract of peppermint must lead to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent oxidative stress inhibits the growth of the seedlings; however, more research is still required in this regard.
Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is a native plant that has been traditionally consumed i... more Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is a native plant that has been traditionally consumed in Iran's food and pharmaceutical industries. Overharvesting of the taxon, especially at the beginning of the growing season, due to its considerable medicinal and economic value, is believed to be the main reason for the extirpating of this plant. The consequences of the severe anthropogenic impacts on the genetic diversity of populations are poorly known. In order to investigate the level of genetic variation and patterns of the genetic structure of K. odoratissima, we developed novel microsatellite markers using the 454 Roche next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform for the first time. Out of 1,165 microsatellite markers bioinformatically confirmed, twentyfive were tested, of which 23 were used to screen genetic variation across 12 natural populations. Our results showed that the average number of alleles per locus and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were 10.87 (range 7 to 27), and 0.81 (range 0.67 to 0.94), respectively. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities (± SD) across all populations were 0.80 ± 0.31 and 0.72 ± 0.14, respectively. The average pairwise F ST among the populations was 0.37 (range 0.04 to 0.81). Bayesian and distance-based clustering, and principal coordinate analyses revealed at least four major genetic clusters. Although high level of structure can be explained by landscape topography and geographic distance, presence of admixed populations can be associated to seed or pollen dispersal. Contrary to expectations, the high level of genetic variation and lack of inbreeding suggest that overexploitation has not yet significantly purged the allelic variability within the natural populations in protected areas.
Understanding the mode of action of allelochemicals, as the cause of oxidative stress and inducti... more Understanding the mode of action of allelochemicals, as the cause of oxidative stress and induction of antioxidant mechanism, is one of the challenging aspects in allelopathic studies. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of allelochemical stress, induced by peppermint water extract (WE), on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) growth. The peppermint WE concentrations were 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (v/v). Some phenolic compounds of the peppermint WE determined by HPLC were trans-ferulic acid (10.8 mg/g), hesperidin (9.3 mg/g), ellagic acid (6.8 mg/g), and sinapic acid (4.2 mg/g). The maximum inhibitory effect of peppermint extract on germination and growth was obtained at 8% WE concentration. The results showed that the compounds in the extract of peppermint had significant effect on the amount of proline (PRO), soluble sugars and total phenols, as well as on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and relative membrane permeability (RMP) (P < 0.05). However, with the exception of super oxide dismutase (SOD), all of the treatments had a significant (P < 0.05) positive effect on the activity of other enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The results suggest that oxidative stress caused by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from peppermint allelochemicals inhibited the growth of the radish seedlings, and their ability to resist the phytotoxic allelochemicals of peppermint, which is associated with the activity of protective enzymes and the defensive function of radish plants.
Germination and growth of plants are influenced by allelochemicals that mostly cause crops , yiel... more Germination and growth of plants are influenced by allelochemicals that mostly cause crops , yield reduction. In the present study, the effect of stress arising from allelopathic compounds in the water extract (WE) of peppermint (Mentha  piperita L. CV. Mitcham) on the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. CV. Rio Grande) was investigated. Different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (v/v)) of the WE were examined. Some phenolic compounds of the WE determined by the HPLC instrument were trans-ferulic acid (10.8 mg/g), hesperidin (9.3 mg/g), ellagic acid (6.8 mg/g), and sinapic acid (4.2 mg/g). The results showed that the maximum inhibitory effect on germination and growth (dry weight, and leaf area) was obtained at the concentration of 10% (v/v) extract, and its compounds had significant effect on the amount of proline (PRO), soluble sugar and starch, as well as on the activities of tomato,s antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at the 5% level. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the SPAD chlorophyll meter reading of tomato plants. It could be stated that the compounds present in the extract of peppermint must lead to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent oxidative stress inhibits the growth of the seedlings; however, more research is still required in this regard.
Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is a native plant that has been traditionally consumed i... more Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is a native plant that has been traditionally consumed in Iran's food and pharmaceutical industries. Overharvesting of the taxon, especially at the beginning of the growing season, due to its considerable medicinal and economic value, is believed to be the main reason for the extirpating of this plant. The consequences of the severe anthropogenic impacts on the genetic diversity of populations are poorly known. In order to investigate the level of genetic variation and patterns of the genetic structure of K. odoratissima, we developed novel microsatellite markers using the 454 Roche next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform for the first time. Out of 1,165 microsatellite markers bioinformatically confirmed, twentyfive were tested, of which 23 were used to screen genetic variation across 12 natural populations. Our results showed that the average number of alleles per locus and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were 10.87 (range 7 to 27), and 0.81 (range 0.67 to 0.94), respectively. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities (± SD) across all populations were 0.80 ± 0.31 and 0.72 ± 0.14, respectively. The average pairwise F ST among the populations was 0.37 (range 0.04 to 0.81). Bayesian and distance-based clustering, and principal coordinate analyses revealed at least four major genetic clusters. Although high level of structure can be explained by landscape topography and geographic distance, presence of admixed populations can be associated to seed or pollen dispersal. Contrary to expectations, the high level of genetic variation and lack of inbreeding suggest that overexploitation has not yet significantly purged the allelic variability within the natural populations in protected areas.
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