- Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
- 087561046
- Dr. Nayaka is Senior Principal Scientist at CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, India. His research interest includes lichen taxonomy, ecology and bioprospecting.edit
The present study deals with the exploration of lichen diversity in Dhubri district of Assam state. A total of 42 lichen species belonging to 10 families and 16 genera were recorded, the majority of which were crustose (93%) with... more
The present study deals with the exploration of lichen diversity in Dhubri district of Assam state. A total of 42 lichen species belonging to 10 families and 16 genera were recorded, the majority of which were crustose (93%) with Graphidaceae as the dominant family. Eleven of the lichen species under eight genera are new additions to the lichen biota of Assam.
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Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Taxonomy, Biology, Fungi, Biodiversity, and 4 moreLichenology, Biological Sciences, Lichen, and Lichens
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most common healthcare problem in hospitals. In this study, we isolated and the Daldinia starbaeckii (An endolichenic fungus from Roccella montagnie) and its biomass extract was... more
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most common healthcare problem in hospitals. In this study, we isolated and the Daldinia starbaeckii (An endolichenic fungus from Roccella montagnie) and its biomass extract was used to simultaneously synthesize and deposit DSFAgNPs on the inner and outer surfaces of the catheter tube using chitosan biopolymer via In-Situ deposition method. Perfectly designed D. starbaeckii extract functionalized DSFAgNPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDS, TEM, and XRD. The microbial efficacy of DSFAgNPs & DSFAgNPs coated catheter (CTH3) was evaluated against nine human pathogenic gram (+/-) ive strains. Results indicated DSFAgNPs showed significant biological activity against both gram (+/-) ive bacteria with an average MIC of 4µl/ml. The most promising activity was observed against Helicobacter pylori. CTH3 treated bacterial strains showed a significant reduction in colony formation unit (CFU/ml) in broth culture assa...
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In a recent survey of lichen from five districts of Assam a total of 138 species belonging to 34 genera and 16 families were collected. Out of the total 37 species are being collected for the first time from Assam state. A large portion... more
In a recent survey of lichen from five districts of Assam a total of 138 species belonging to 34 genera and 16 families were collected. Out of the total 37 species are being collected for the first time from Assam state. A large portion of these new reports belong to family Graphidaceae (15 species). In the whole study crustose lichens were dominant (123 spp.) with maximum representation of graphidaceous (59 spp.). Frequent encountering of previously unrecorded species from Assam indicates the lichen richness and insufficient exploration in the state.
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The present study deals with 26 new records of lichens to Assam belonging to 14 genera, 9 families and one under Arthoniales from Ultapani Forest Range under Haltugaon Forest division of Kokrajhar district. The crustose lichen showed... more
The present study deals with 26 new records of lichens to Assam belonging to 14 genera, 9 families and one under Arthoniales from Ultapani Forest Range under Haltugaon Forest division of Kokrajhar district. The crustose lichen showed their dominance in the area with the percentage of 89% and foliose 11%. The members of Diploschistaceae family showed their dominance with three genera and 8 species followed by Graphidaceae with 6 species and Collemataceae, Pyrenulaceae and Thelotremataceae with two species each. The genera Hemithecium exhibited luxuriant growth with five species followed by Ocellularia with four species and Rhabdodiscus with three species. The present study reflects the richness of lichens in the study area. The dominance of Diploschistaceae and Graphidaceae member establishes the existence of semi-evergreen forest in the region and the presence of Ocellularia indicates healthy forest with ecological continuity.
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New genus Upretia S. Y. Kondr., A. Thell and J. S. Hur is characterized by partly pruinose, lobate to subsquamulose, olivaceous grey to brown thallus, small ascospores and narrowly bacilliform conidia. It belongs to the subfamily... more
New genus Upretia S. Y. Kondr., A. Thell and J. S. Hur is characterized by partly pruinose, lobate to subsquamulose, olivaceous grey to brown thallus, small ascospores and narrowly bacilliform conidia. It belongs to the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae and includes the ‘Caloplaca’ amarkantakana clade. The new genus is closely related to Ioplaca Poelt according to phylogeny analysis based on ITS1/ITS2 nrDNA, 28S nrLSU and 12S mtSSU sequences. The new combination Upretia amarkantakana is proposed Caloplaca amarkantakana Y. Joshi and Upreti.
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In the ongoing studies on lichens of Assam state, samples collected from Sonitpur district resulted in 25 species hitherto not known from the state. These new records included 16 pyrenocarpous lichens with dominance of members from family... more
In the ongoing studies on lichens of Assam state, samples collected from Sonitpur district resulted in 25 species hitherto not known from the state. These new records included 16 pyrenocarpous lichens with dominance of members from family Pyrenulaceae (11 spp.) followed by Physciaceae with five species among the newly encountered lichens.
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Objective: The purpose of the existent study is to assess the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Ramalina nervulosa. Methods: Folin ciocalteu’s and Aluminium chloride method were used for... more
Objective: The purpose of the existent study is to assess the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Ramalina nervulosa. Methods: Folin ciocalteu’s and Aluminium chloride method were used for total phenolic and flavonoid content estimation respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through free radical scavenging activity by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric ions reducing antioxidant potential), cupric ion chelation ability. Agar diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial capacity. GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the presence of compounds in the extracts. Results: Ethanol extracts exhibited that the highest zone of inhibition with Bacillus subtilis , Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and with two fungal strains such as Fusarium oxyparum and Penicillium notatum. The extract also has high inhibition capacity of 64.29% and 62.49% towards DPPH and Cu 2+ ion respect...
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Stigmatochroma microspora is described as new species which is close to S. adaucta. However, S. microspora has UV+ thallus, apothecial disc pruinose, UV-, 16-ascospores per ascus, smaller (4.5–7.0×1.5–2.3 µm) in size, atranorin,... more
Stigmatochroma microspora is described as new species which is close to S. adaucta. However, S. microspora has UV+ thallus, apothecial disc pruinose, UV-, 16-ascospores per ascus, smaller (4.5–7.0×1.5–2.3 µm) in size, atranorin, norstictic acid and lichexanthone in chemistry.
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Teloschistaceae is one of the largest families of lichenized fungi in the world with more than a thousand species. In India, the family is represented by 111 species under 35 genera. Most of the species of the family are bright yellow,... more
Teloschistaceae is one of the largest families of lichenized fungi in the world with more than a thousand species. In India, the family is represented by 111 species under 35 genera. Most of the species of the family are bright yellow, orange or red due to the presence of anthraquinone pigments. Parietin is the most common pigment found in the family that acts as a light screening agent for the lichen. In this article, both species and chemical diversity within Teloschistaceae occurring in India are discussed. Further, the utilization of some species of the family such as Teloschistes flavicans, Massjukiella candelaria, Rusavskia elegans, Oxneria huculica, and Xanthoria parietina in bioprospection studies are documented.
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Distribution of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam viz. Baksa, Kamrup and Sonitpur have been enumerated for the first time from eleven locations. A total of 67 species belonging to 12 families and 24 genera have been... more
Distribution of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam viz. Baksa, Kamrup and Sonitpur have been enumerated for the first time from eleven locations. A total of 67 species belonging to 12 families and 24 genera have been recorded. Of the total species, crustose, foliose and leprose lichens represented 60%, 39% and 1% respectively. The family Physciaceae emerged to be the most dominant, with a total of 20 species followed by Graphidaceae with 16 species. Patkijuli location revealed to have the highest lichen diversity followed by Nameri National Park. A total of 41 lichen taxa are new records for Assam.
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A total of 17 lichens growing over leaves in the forest of Goa are enumerated. Out of the total eight obligate (Coenogonium dilucidum, Fellhanera bouteillei, Mazosia phyllosema, Porina karnatakensis, P. nitidula, P. rufula, Strigula... more
A total of 17 lichens growing over leaves in the forest of Goa are enumerated. Out of the total eight obligate (Coenogonium dilucidum, Fellhanera bouteillei, Mazosia phyllosema, Porina karnatakensis, P. nitidula, P. rufula, Strigula nitidula, S. phyllogena) and two facultative (Dirinaria confluens, Graphis pyrrhocheiloides) foliicolous species are recorded for the first time from Goa. A sterile specimen of Echinoplacais identified up to genus level based on thallus morphology and anatomical characters. Brief descriptions for the species new to Goa are provided.
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Bacidia pycnidiata (Ramalinaceae), Malmidea nigromarginata (Malmideaceae), Porina malmei and P. nuculastrum (Porinaceae), and Pyrenula laetior and P. wrightii (Pyrenulaceae) are reported for the first time from India. The specimens were... more
Bacidia pycnidiata (Ramalinaceae), Malmidea nigromarginata (Malmideaceae), Porina malmei and P. nuculastrum (Porinaceae), and Pyrenula laetior and P. wrightii (Pyrenulaceae) are reported for the first time from India. The specimens were collected from the state of Assam. Taxonomic descriptions, distributions, and illustrations are provided for each species.
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The lichen diversity in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India was studied in order to access the long-term effect of climate change in alpine regions of the area. The present study provides an enumeration of 122 species of lichens... more
The lichen diversity in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India was studied in order to access the long-term effect of climate change in alpine regions of the area. The present study provides an enumeration of 122 species of lichens belonging to 47 genera and 24 families at five major sites of Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. Out of 5 sites, Mangalam Gompa (HSP 3), PTSO Lake (HSP 2) and Nagula (HSP 1) are the three highest summit point (HSPs), which have been designated as permanent long-term monitoring sites under the Indian Space Research Organization programme for monitoring the effect of climate change on Himalayan alpine ecosystem while two adjoining additional localities Tawang and SeLa pass were also surveyed. Among 5 localities, the Tawang area has the maximum diversity of lichens represented by 48 species followed by HSP 3 with 41 species and 28 species each in both HSP 2 and HSP 1. The SeLa Pass is represented by occurrence of 26 species only. Lichen family Parmeliaceae is the dominant in the study area, belonging to 51 species followed by Cladoniaceae and Lecanoraceae with 16 and 7 species, respectively. Any alteration in the substratum as well as growth forms of baseline lichen species in near future may help us to predict the habitat shift/composition of species in the area. The biomonitoring procedure could be further standardized and used as part of an environmental monitoring programme in near future.
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Algae contain high levels of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and other high-value biomolecules. Macroalgae attract greater investment for carbohydrate-based advanced bioethanol. Microalgae could produce different bioenergies such as... more
Algae contain high levels of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and other high-value biomolecules. Macroalgae attract greater investment for carbohydrate-based advanced bioethanol. Microalgae could produce different bioenergies such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, biohydrogen, crude oil and biogases. For the large number of algal sample, easy, less expensive and rapid screening is required as the potentiality varies from species to species. Rapid screening methods include microscopic analysis of isolates using different biomolecule-specific fluorescent dyes, mass-spectrophotometric (MS) analysis of elements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy determination of biomolecules and enzymatic assay of particular products. The output of rapid screening could be subsequently validated by using conventional methods such as solvent extraction of biomolecules, analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC), measurement of hydrogen production in anoxic condition using hydrogen sensor or GC and ethanol production by fermentation method. Rapid and conventional screening of both micro- and macroalgae would identify a suite of strains for bioenergy production.
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Lichens are one of the important constituents of the Indian flora. The vast topographical and climatic diversity has endowed it with a rich lichen flora, both in luxuriance and diversity. Despite intense effort in exploration and survey... more
Lichens are one of the important constituents of the Indian flora. The vast topographical and climatic diversity has endowed it with a rich lichen flora, both in luxuriance and diversity. Despite intense effort in exploration and survey during the last five decades, our knowledge about lichens from different floristic regions of India is incomplete as many areas are still unexplored for their lichen wealth. The lichens are most valuable biomonitors to atmospheric pollution as they can be used as sensitive indicators to estimate the biological effects of pollutants by measuring changes at community or population level of an area. Lichen monitoring can be effective as an early warning system to detect environmental changes. The periodical monitoring and documentation of floristic data is necessary and useful for future biomonitoring and climate change studies. The lichens are peculiar organisms which produces unique secondary compounds mostly not known in other plant groups. Most of the secondary compounds produced by lichens have antibiotic properties. Recent research shows that our knowledge of lichen bioprospection is still very limited and exploration of lichens is likely to yield many more useful species for an unexpectedly wide variety of human needs and pursuits. There is a need for the more widespread use of such organism as bioprospection agents. The vast and diverse topographical area of the country exhibits rich diversity of lichens which provided a lot of scope to utilize these organisms for their potent biomolecules. The lichens may be a good source of unique phytochemicals; however, not much work has been done so far for their medicinal bioprospection and chemistry in India, probably due to their nonavailability in bulk and slow growth rate in nature. The culture of lichens will definitely help to exploit the medicinal treasures of this plant. Further investigations on biological activity of lichens as well as fast isolation method of lichen metabolites are needed to attract other researches in search of novel compounds beneficial for humankind.
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The lichen diversity assessment carried out around a coal-based thermal power plant indicated the increase in lichen abundance with the increase in distance from power plant in general. The photosynthetic pigments, protein and heavy... more
The lichen diversity assessment carried out around a coal-based thermal power plant indicated the increase in lichen abundance with the increase in distance from power plant in general. The photosynthetic pigments, protein and heavy metals were estimated in Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., a common lichen growing around thermal power plant for further inference. Distributions of heavy metals from power plant showed positive correlation with distance for all directions, however western direction has received better dispersion as indicated by the concentration coefficient-R(2). Least significant difference analysis showed that speed of wind and its direction plays a major role in dispersion of heavy metals. Accumulation of Al, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn in the thallus suppressed the concentrations of pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, however, enhanced the level of protein. Further, the concentrations of chlorophyll contents in P. cocoes increased with the decreasing the distance from the power plant, while protein, carotenoid and phaeophytisation exhibited significant decrease.
Research Interests: Engineering, Environmental Science, Bioaccumulation, Biology, Coal, and 15 moreEnvironmental Chemistry, Biodiversity, Medicine, India, Heavy metals, Chlorophyll, Lichen, Heavy Metal, Lichens, Hazardous Materials, least Significant Difference, Elsevier, Hazardous Material, Chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll Content
Research Interests: Chemistry, Photosynthesis, Arsenic, Fluorescence, Biology, and 15 moreEnvironmental Monitoring, Medicine, Biological Sciences, Antioxidants, Environmental Sciences, Chlorophyll, Lichen, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Catalase, Lichens, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Ascomycota, Arsenates, Arsenate, and Pollution Science
India has conducted scientific experiments, both at Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri stations in Antarctica in various disciplines. It now intends to broaden the scope of its scientific research by complementing the existing studies from an... more
India has conducted scientific experiments, both at Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri stations in Antarctica in various disciplines. It now intends to broaden the scope of its scientific research by complementing the existing studies from an additional location. The proposed location for the new ...
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Rapid urbanization has resulted in an increase of municipal sewage discharge, which, in turn, has added load and cost to the conventional water treatment processes. The composition of municipal sewage mostly contains natural inorganic and... more
Rapid urbanization has resulted in an increase of municipal sewage discharge, which, in turn, has added load and cost to the conventional water treatment processes. The composition of municipal sewage mostly contains natural inorganic and organic minerals as well as synthetic compounds. Microalgae utilize these wastes as nutritional sources and hence could be used as an interesting step to improve the quality of sewage. Though there are some natural algal flora existing in sewage, few selective and efficient strains could be used in this purpose. They are non-pathogenic and have the potential to eliminate pathogens by competitive growth. Moreover, they could reduce biological and chemical oxygen demand of water as well as remove heavy metals by algal metabolism. Unlike conventional methods, it requires low operational and maintenance cost and no use of hazardous chemicals for water treatment. Additionally, the biomass could be utilized to generate value-added products such as bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, etc. However, land requirement, difficulties in the growth of pure strains, variation in environmental factors, eutrophication, self-shading and difficulties in the harvesting of biomass are some of the bottlenecks of this process. With recent advances in scientific knowledge, sophisticated techniques and environmental awareness, microalgae could offer a sustainable, environment-friendly solution to treat wastewater which could be further enhanced by the addition of other organisms and aquatic plants.
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Freshwater algae can tolerate wide range of environmental stress and grow naturally in mixed communities. In the present study diversity of algae has been studied in some suburban water bodies near Lucknow, which revealed the occurrence... more
Freshwater algae can tolerate wide range of environmental stress and grow naturally in mixed communities. In the present study diversity of algae has been studied in some suburban water bodies near Lucknow, which revealed the occurrence of 32 genera and 40 taxa under four phyla - Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. It is observed that heavy anthropogenic activities and low water level in late summer resulted in accumulation of pollutants which affected the algal species composition. The polluted water with high conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) showed the dominance of Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta whereas most of Chlorophyta and few Bacillariophyta were found in less polluted water with low conductivity and TDS. Taxa Centritractus belonophorus belonging to Xanthophyta is being reported for the first time from Uttar Pradesh. The study also recorded for the first time several algal taxa from these water bodies of Lucknow.
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The district revealed the occurrence of 51 species belonging to 22 genera under 14 families. The lichen biota included 15 new records to Andhra Pradesh and five species endemic to India. Among the different growth forms foliose and... more
The district revealed the occurrence of 51 species belonging to 22 genera under 14 families. The lichen biota included 15 new records to Andhra Pradesh and five species endemic to India. Among the different growth forms foliose and crustose exhibit the maximum diversity represented by 22 and 21 species followed by 7 squamulose and 2 leprose lichens. Based on the habitat preference corticolous lichens showed maximum diversity represented by 32 species followed by 21 saxicolous and two ramicolous species while four species found growing on more than one substrates. Among the different families, Caliciaceae is the largest family which is consisting of 13 species under the five genera. Among the seven localities surveyed in the district, Gundumala and Penukonda hills exhibited maximum diversity of lichens represented by 34 and 26 species. Pyxine petricola Nyl. is widely distributed and recorded from 6 localities of the district. This species can be used for pollution monitoring studies ...
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The lichen species Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale was transplanted in two cities—Tezpur (small) and Guwahati (large)—of the Brahmaputra Valley to assess the impact of air pollution on the anatomy and physiology, and accumulation of... more
The lichen species Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale was transplanted in two cities—Tezpur (small) and Guwahati (large)—of the Brahmaputra Valley to assess the impact of air pollution on the anatomy and physiology, and accumulation of pollutants. Significant damage to the anatomy was observed in samples, and the degree of damage was found to be higher in the transplants of the larger city. In the lichen transplants from locations having high traffic density, the total chlorophyll content was found to fall; on the contrary, electrical conductivity was found to be higher. The exposed-to-control ratio showed severe accumulation of Cd in all the transplants. Elements such as Cd, Pb, and Zn were found to be enriched in all the lichen samples from both Guwahati as well as Tezpur city. Besides, Cr, Cu, K, and Ni were also realized to be enhanced to a moderate extent. The correlations of indicator metal species pairs showed that anthropogenic influence was quite clear.
Research Interests: Ecotoxicology, Air pollution, Biodiversity, Lichenology, Medicine, and 10 moreMultidisciplinary, Lichen, Lichens, Pollution, Environmental monitoring and assessment, Taxonomy of Lichenized & Lichenicolous Fungi, Pollutant, Environmental Pollution Assessment and Monitoring, Lichenology & Mycology, and Air Pollutants
Antarctica is one of the very few ecosystems in the world with minimum anthropogenic interventions and pollution load. The extreme climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and smaller ice-free regions allow only cryptogams... more
Antarctica is one of the very few ecosystems in the world with minimum anthropogenic interventions and pollution load. The extreme climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and smaller ice-free regions allow only cryptogams such as bryophytes and lichens to grow dominantly. Although lichens are well-known biomonitors and bioindicators of climate change, environmental pollution and anthropogenic perturbations, their potential has been explored very recently. In this chapter, various climate-change studies in Antarctica employing lichens as an integrated bioindicator system are reviewed. The studies utilized either natural gradients of climate across the continent or passive or active air temperature enhancement experiments. The lichen communities in Antarctica has been found sensitive to both climatic clines and temperature manipulations. The lichens' response was species-specific, the species with wider distribution were more adaptive to climate change than those with restricted distribution. The studies also indicated that climate warming would cause the extinction of sensitive species. Simultaneously, some will increase their geographical extension due to the increased water availability and nutrients in changed ecosystems.
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In our continuous effort to explore the lichens in new and interesting areas FEEDS campus and SBG garden located in Manipur, a northeastern state of India are surveyed. The study resulted in 47 species in FEEDS campus and 80 species in SB... more
In our continuous effort to explore the lichens in new and interesting areas FEEDS campus and SBG garden located in Manipur, a northeastern state of India are surveyed. The study resulted in 47 species in FEEDS campus and 80 species in SB garden respectively, while both areas shared 22 species in common. The crustose lichens were more dominant in the area represented by Graphidaceae (16 spp.) and Pyrenulaceae (15 spp.). The species composition in both the sites represented photophilic communities such as graphidaceous, physcioid and parmelioid lichens. FEEDS campus had open areas with cultivated plants where as SBG garden had semi-evergreen forest at its initial stage of succession. The study also added 55 lichen species as new distributional records to Manipur.
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Eight species, new for science, i.e.: Lobothallia gangwondoana S. Y. Kondr., J.-J. Woo et J.-S. Hur and Phyllopsora dodongensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur from South Korea, Eastern Asia, Ioplaca rinodinoides S. Y. Kondr., K. K. Ingle, D.... more
Eight species, new for science, i.e.: Lobothallia gangwondoana S. Y. Kondr., J.-J. Woo et J.-S. Hur and Phyllopsora dodongensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur from South Korea, Eastern Asia, Ioplaca rinodinoides S. Y. Kondr., K. K. Ingle, D. K. Upreti et S. Nayaka, Letrouitia assamana
S. Y. Kondr., G. K. Mishra et D. K. Upreti, and Rusavskia indochinensis S. Y. Kondr., D. K. Upreti et S. Nayaka from India and China, South Asia, Caloplaca orloviana S. Y. Kondr. and Rusavskia drevlyanica S. Y. Kondr. et O. O. Orlov from Ukraine, Eastern Europe, as well as Xanthoria ibizaensis S. Y. Kondr. et A. S. Kondr. from Ibiza Island, Spain, Mediterranean
Europe, are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa.
S. Y. Kondr., G. K. Mishra et D. K. Upreti, and Rusavskia indochinensis S. Y. Kondr., D. K. Upreti et S. Nayaka from India and China, South Asia, Caloplaca orloviana S. Y. Kondr. and Rusavskia drevlyanica S. Y. Kondr. et O. O. Orlov from Ukraine, Eastern Europe, as well as Xanthoria ibizaensis S. Y. Kondr. et A. S. Kondr. from Ibiza Island, Spain, Mediterranean
Europe, are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa.
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India is represented by the occurrence of the 382 species of pyrenocarpous lichens belonging to 49 genera and 12 families. Pyrenulaceae with six genera and 102 species is dominant family followed by Porinaceae with six genera and 88... more
India is represented by the occurrence of the 382 species of pyrenocarpous lichens belonging to 49 genera and 12 families. Pyrenulaceae with six genera and 102 species is dominant family followed by Porinaceae with six genera and 88 species. Pyrenocarpous lichen genus Pyrenula with 82 species exhibits its dominance over Porina with 72 species. A total 25 pyrenocarpous genera are represented by a one or two species. The Western Ghats region exhibit rich diversity of pyrenocarpous lichens in India. The pyrenocarpous lichens commonly grows on smooth bark of trees or sometimes on rock, soil or leaves in tropical and temperate region of the country