Юрий Разуваев
Voronezh State Pedagogical University, History of Russia, Faculty Member
- Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures, Scythian archaeology, Scythians, Scythian History, скифская культура лесостепи, скифо-сарматская археология, and 15 moreIron Age, Hillforts and Enclosures, Fortresses, Settlement Patterns, Settlement archaeology, Fortified Settlements (Archaeology), Городецкая культура, рогожная керамика, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Burial Practices (Archaeology), Sarmatians, Early Iron Age, Deviant burial (Archaeology), Archaeology of Ritual and Magic, Mortuary archaeology, and Art Historyedit
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В сборнике представлены материалы межрегиональной научно-практической конференции, посвящённой 50-летию археологической экспедиции Воронежского государственного педагогического университета. В публикуемых статьях отражаются основные вехи... more
В сборнике представлены материалы межрегиональной научно-практической конференции, посвящённой 50-летию археологической экспедиции Воронежского государственного педагогического университета. В публикуемых статьях отражаются основные вехи развития экспедиции, вводятся в научный оборот новые материалы исследований.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Scythian archaeology, Arheology, and 8 moreEarly Iron Age, скифо-сарматская археология, Arheologija, Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures, Arheologia, Историография археологии, ранний железный век, and Каменный век
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Разуваев Ю.Д., Решетова И.К. Групповое захоронение в заброшенном колодце на городище скифской эпохи близ г. Задонска // Уральский исторический вестник. 2021.№ 4(73).С.41-49.
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Реферат: На городище, расположенном на левом берегу р. Дон около с. Верхнее Казачье в Задонском районе Липецкой области, исследованы две линии валов и рвов. Найденные материалы, стратиграфические данные и результаты радиоуглеродного... more
Реферат: На городище, расположенном на левом берегу р. Дон около с. Верхнее Казачье в Задонском районе Липецкой области, исследованы две линии валов и рвов. Найденные материалы, стратиграфические данные и результаты радиоуглеродного датирования позволили определить последовательность возведения укреплений скифского (вторая половина VI-начало V вв. и IV-III вв. до н.э.), сарматского (I в. н.э.) и гуннского (конец IV-V вв. н.э.) периодов раннего железного века. Выявлены конструктивные особенности разновременных валов и рвов, прослежены следы пожаров, уничтоживших древние фортификации.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, ранний железный век, городище, оборонительные сооружения.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, ранний железный век, городище, оборонительные сооружения.
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Разуваев Ю.Д. Фортификации городища у с.Верхнее Казачье на Острой Луке Дона // Культурный слой: Материалы международной научно-практической конференции «II Зверевские чтения – культурный слой города: исторический, археологический,... more
Разуваев Ю.Д. Фортификации городища у с.Верхнее Казачье на Острой Луке Дона // Культурный слой: Материалы международной научно-практической конференции «II Зверевские чтения – культурный слой города: исторический, археологический, этнографический аспекты» (г. Воронеж, 11-12 сентября 2021 г.) / под общ. ред. Р.С. Берестнева. – Воронеж: Государственная инспекция историко-культурного наследия, 2021. - С. 163-169.
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The article presents the results of the first studies of the defensive line of the hillfort located on the cape of the right bank of the river Don near the village 1st Storozhevoe in the Voronezh region. On a plot of 124 sq. m, a rampart,... more
The article presents the results of the first studies of the defensive line of the hillfort located on the cape of the right bank of the river Don near the village 1st Storozhevoe in the Voronezh region. On a plot of 124 sq. m, a rampart, a moat and the adjacent territory were researched. Ceramic fragments were discovered that remained from an unfortified settlement of the Bronze Age. In the embankment of the rampart, four Sarmatian burials of the 1st – 2nd centuries were discovered AD. The fortifications themselves, according to the characteristic ceramic materials of the beginning of the Scythian era, are dated to the second half of the 6th - begin-ning of the 5th centuries BC. At an early stage, they apparently consisted of a ground structure that had a defensive and residential purpose. At some distance from the building, there was also an outer wall. These structures are traced along three parallel grooves deepened into the clay. After the fire destroyed the structure, a rampart and a moat were erected in the settlement. In its present state, the em-bankment of the rampart has a width of about 6 m at the base, and a height above the mainland - more than 0.7 m. It consists mainly of dark gray loam, including lumps of red clay and burnt soil. The moat, now almost completely flooded by ground, is 1.5–1.9 m wide and up to 0.8 m deep.
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The article was prepared based on the materials of the latest excavations of a hillfort located near the city of Zadonsk and which is the northernmost monument of the Scythian culture on the Don. It presents for the first time the results... more
The article was prepared based on the materials of the latest excavations of a hillfort located near the city of Zadonsk and which is the northernmost monument of the Scythian culture on the Don. It presents for the first time the results of an analysis of the bones of domestic and wild animals originating from the soil layer overlapping the remains of residential and defensive buildings and dating back to the second half of the 6th century - the beginning of the 5th century BC.
The osteological series contains 2805 skeletal elements, of which 1714 have been identified to species. The set and appearance of bones are typical for kitchen leftovers associated with butchering and disposal of animal carcasses directly at the settlement. In addition to mammalian bones, one freshwater mollusk shell valve, 8 bird bones, and 16 fish bones were found.
Bones of domestic animals predominate, the share of wild animals was about 6%. The most bones was received from cattle (43%), followed by a horse (20%), small ruminants (18%), a pig (15%) and a dog (about 4%). In some cases, it was possible to determine the age of the slaughter. Most often these were adults animals.
According to the proposed by E.E. According to the Antipina method, the volume of consumption of meat products was calculated and the composition of the herd was reconstructed. It was established that the population of the settlement was engaged in animal husbandry, which had a meat and dairy orientation and almost completely satisfied their needs for meat.
Hunting on the farm played a supporting role. A small number of bones are represented by deer, elk, roe deer, wild boar, fox, wolf, bear, hare, river beaver.
The osteological series contains 2805 skeletal elements, of which 1714 have been identified to species. The set and appearance of bones are typical for kitchen leftovers associated with butchering and disposal of animal carcasses directly at the settlement. In addition to mammalian bones, one freshwater mollusk shell valve, 8 bird bones, and 16 fish bones were found.
Bones of domestic animals predominate, the share of wild animals was about 6%. The most bones was received from cattle (43%), followed by a horse (20%), small ruminants (18%), a pig (15%) and a dog (about 4%). In some cases, it was possible to determine the age of the slaughter. Most often these were adults animals.
According to the proposed by E.E. According to the Antipina method, the volume of consumption of meat products was calculated and the composition of the herd was reconstructed. It was established that the population of the settlement was engaged in animal husbandry, which had a meat and dairy orientation and almost completely satisfied their needs for meat.
Hunting on the farm played a supporting role. A small number of bones are represented by deer, elk, roe deer, wild boar, fox, wolf, bear, hare, river beaver.
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The article are published the results of a micromorphological study of a series of samples of molded ceramics of the 5 th-3 rd centuries. BC e., originating from Middle Don settlements. The use of petrographic and geochemical analysis... more
The article are published the results of a micromorphological study of a series of samples of molded ceramics of the 5 th-3 rd centuries. BC e., originating from Middle Don settlements. The use of petrographic and geochemical analysis data made it possible to quantitatively establish the mineral and chemical composition of the molding mass, to determine the composition and formulation of the dough, and some of the technological methods used in the manufacture of kitchen and tableware. The work analyzes ceramics originating from nine settlements located on the right bank of the Don and belonging to two chronological periods. The investigated ceramic specimens are divided into nine groups differing in the compositional composition of the ceramic dough, a set of weakening agents, and the fi ring mode. Ceramics were made from clays of hydromica or smectite composition; sand, crushed gruss, and chamotte were used as weakening agents. Also, the composition of the clay dough included organic matter, in particular, aquatic vegetation, moss and crushed bone. The firing was high-temperature, most often short-lived, carried out in an unstable environment and was oxidative.
Research Interests: Ceramic Technology, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Ceramics (Archaeology), Iron Age (Archaeology), Scythian archaeology, and 9 moreIron Age, Arheology, археология, скифо-сарматская археология, Scythians, Arheologie, Arheologija, Scythian Archaeology, Scythian Animal Style, Scythians, and Archeology
Реферат: В 2020 г. было исследовано городище Староживотинное-3, расположен-ное на мысу высокого правого берега р. Воронеж в окрестностях одноименного села. Оно представляет собой квадратную площадку 15х15 м, ограниченную рвом и валом.... more
Реферат: В 2020 г. было исследовано городище Староживотинное-3, расположен-ное на мысу высокого правого берега р. Воронеж в окрестностях одноименного села. Оно представляет собой квадратную площадку 15х15 м, ограниченную рвом и валом. Раскопаны часть площадки, ров и вал, а также прилегающая территория. Всего вскрыто 100 кв. м. Найдены относительно немногочисленные фрагменты лепной и круговой керамики I-середины III вв. н.э. Практически точной аналогией данному объекту является изучавшаяся ранее площадка, входящая в комплекс земляных насыпей на северной окраине г. Воронежа, известных как II Лысогорский могильник. Сооружения такого рода нередко встречаются в сарматских могильниках и интерпретируются как святилища. Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, ранний железный век, сарматский период, куль-товое сооружение. Abstract: In 2020 the hillfort Starozhivotinnoye-3, located on the cape of the high right bank of the river Voronezh in the vicinity of the village of the same name, has been investigated. It is a square area of 15x15 m, bounded by a moat and a shaft. Excavated part of the site, moat and rampart, as well as the surrounding area. A total of 100 square meters. Relatively non-numerous fragments of stucco and circular ceramics of the I-middle III centuries were found. An almost exact analogy to this object is the previously studied site, which is part of a complex of earthen embankments on the northern outskirts of Voronezh, known as the II Lysogorsky burial ground. Structures of this kind are often found in Sarmatian burial grounds and are interpreted as sanctuaries.
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The paper are published the results of a micromorphological study of a series of samples of molded ceramics of the 5th-3rd centuries BC, originating from four Middle Don settlements. The use of petrographic and geochemical analysis data... more
The paper are published the results of a micromorphological
study of a series of samples of molded ceramics of the 5th-3rd centuries BC, originating from four Middle Don settlements. The use of petrographic and geochemical analysis data made it possible to quantitatively establish the mineral and chemical composition of the molding mass, to determine the composition and formulation of the dough, and some of the technological methods used in the manufacture of kitchen and tableware. The work analyzes ceramics originating from eight sites located on the right bank of the Don and belonging to two chronological periods. The investigated ceramic specimens are divided into nine groups differing in the compositional composition of the ceramic dough, a set of weakening agents, and the firing mode. Ceramics were made from clays of hydromica or smectite composition; sand, crushed gruss, and chamotte were used as weakening agents. Also, the composition of the clay dough included organic matter, in particular, aquatic vegetation, moss and crushed bone. The firing was high-temperature, most often short-lived, carried out in an unstable environment and was oxidative
study of a series of samples of molded ceramics of the 5th-3rd centuries BC, originating from four Middle Don settlements. The use of petrographic and geochemical analysis data made it possible to quantitatively establish the mineral and chemical composition of the molding mass, to determine the composition and formulation of the dough, and some of the technological methods used in the manufacture of kitchen and tableware. The work analyzes ceramics originating from eight sites located on the right bank of the Don and belonging to two chronological periods. The investigated ceramic specimens are divided into nine groups differing in the compositional composition of the ceramic dough, a set of weakening agents, and the firing mode. Ceramics were made from clays of hydromica or smectite composition; sand, crushed gruss, and chamotte were used as weakening agents. Also, the composition of the clay dough included organic matter, in particular, aquatic vegetation, moss and crushed bone. The firing was high-temperature, most often short-lived, carried out in an unstable environment and was oxidative
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Аннотация. В статье публикуются материалы скифской эпохи, найденные на городище у с.Верхнее Казачье близ г.Задонска. На этом памятнике имеются культурные напластования трех периодов. Раннее укрепленное поселение, существовавшее во второй... more
Аннотация. В статье публикуются материалы скифской эпохи, найденные на городище у с.Верхнее Казачье близ г.Задонска. На этом памятнике имеются культурные напластования трех периодов. Раннее укрепленное поселение, существовавшее во второй половине VI – начале V вв. до н.э., представлено остатками длинной постройки типа «жилой стены», архаичной гладкостенной и «текстильной» керамикой. Его сменили поселки городецкой и скифоидной культур. С последним, датирующимся IV–III вв. до н.э., связаны постройка жилого и производственного назначения, ритуальное захоронение в заброшенном колодце.
Hillfort near the village of Verhnee Kazach'e: three cuts of the Skiphian Epoch on Upper Don
Summary. The article publishes the materials of the Skiphian Epoch found on the hillfort near the village of Verhnee Kazach'e near city of Zadonsk. On this monument there are cultural structures of three periods. The early fortified settlement, which existed in the second half of the VI - early 5th centuries BC, is represented by the remains of a long construction like a "residential wall," archaic smooth-walled and "textile" ceramics. It was replaced by villages of Gorodez and Scyphoid cultures. With the last, dating from the IV-III centuries BC, there is a building of residential and industrial purpose, ritual burial in an abandoned well.
Hillfort near the village of Verhnee Kazach'e: three cuts of the Skiphian Epoch on Upper Don
Summary. The article publishes the materials of the Skiphian Epoch found on the hillfort near the village of Verhnee Kazach'e near city of Zadonsk. On this monument there are cultural structures of three periods. The early fortified settlement, which existed in the second half of the VI - early 5th centuries BC, is represented by the remains of a long construction like a "residential wall," archaic smooth-walled and "textile" ceramics. It was replaced by villages of Gorodez and Scyphoid cultures. With the last, dating from the IV-III centuries BC, there is a building of residential and industrial purpose, ritual burial in an abandoned well.
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CULT BUILDINGS ON THE MIDDLE-DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA Introduction. As a result of many years of excavations on settlements of the Scythian era in the basin of the Middle Don the area of about 50 thousand square meters has... more
CULT BUILDINGS ON THE MIDDLE-DON SETTLEMENTS
OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA
Introduction. As a result of many years of excavations on settlements of the Scythian era in the basin of the Middle Don the area of about 50 thousand square meters has been opened. However, buildings of the cult purpose are still not known. Methods and materials. The search for such structures is difficult due to the absence of pronounced sacral markers. However, according to publications and archival sources, structures unusual in configuration, stratigraphy and a set of accompanying materials have been selected. It was possible to identify four buildings of the 4 th-3 rd centuries BC, characterized by unusual shape and layout, concentration of bonfires, ceramic and osteological materials, presence of anthropological residues. Analysis. Two buildings were located on a hillfort in the city of Semiluki, which is known for mass burials of its inhabitants. One area of about 9 square meters contained the burial of a woman and two children. In its three-part filling three hearths and sacrificial offerings, including dog bones, a female skull, fragments of ceramics, were preserved. Another 33 square meter building contained skulls and other remains of at least 13 people mixed with animal bones. Of the two buildings on the 1 st hillfort near the village of Voloshino, one area of about 100 square meters had three hearths, another seven were located around. There were found a large amount of debris of stony vessels and antique amphorae in the filling and in the layer next to this structure. Another building with an area of about 18 square meters had a hearth and a bonfire. Its filling was saturated with fragments of ceramics and animal bones. Results. The buildings in question are not similar to dwellings or household structures. They are distinguished by the unique configuration of pits and internal space, uneven and dug by pits bottom. The bonfires present in the premises were not remnants of heating devices. They, like the accompanying finds, were related to the cult activities of the local population.
OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA
Introduction. As a result of many years of excavations on settlements of the Scythian era in the basin of the Middle Don the area of about 50 thousand square meters has been opened. However, buildings of the cult purpose are still not known. Methods and materials. The search for such structures is difficult due to the absence of pronounced sacral markers. However, according to publications and archival sources, structures unusual in configuration, stratigraphy and a set of accompanying materials have been selected. It was possible to identify four buildings of the 4 th-3 rd centuries BC, characterized by unusual shape and layout, concentration of bonfires, ceramic and osteological materials, presence of anthropological residues. Analysis. Two buildings were located on a hillfort in the city of Semiluki, which is known for mass burials of its inhabitants. One area of about 9 square meters contained the burial of a woman and two children. In its three-part filling three hearths and sacrificial offerings, including dog bones, a female skull, fragments of ceramics, were preserved. Another 33 square meter building contained skulls and other remains of at least 13 people mixed with animal bones. Of the two buildings on the 1 st hillfort near the village of Voloshino, one area of about 100 square meters had three hearths, another seven were located around. There were found a large amount of debris of stony vessels and antique amphorae in the filling and in the layer next to this structure. Another building with an area of about 18 square meters had a hearth and a bonfire. Its filling was saturated with fragments of ceramics and animal bones. Results. The buildings in question are not similar to dwellings or household structures. They are distinguished by the unique configuration of pits and internal space, uneven and dug by pits bottom. The bonfires present in the premises were not remnants of heating devices. They, like the accompanying finds, were related to the cult activities of the local population.
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ALTARS AND RITUAL CAMPFIRES ON MIDDLE DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA Реферат: На поселениях лесостепной скифоидной культуры, в VI-III вв. до н.э. существовавших в средней и, отчасти, верхней частях бассейна Дона, сохранились следы... more
ALTARS AND RITUAL CAMPFIRES ON MIDDLE DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA
Реферат: На поселениях лесостепной скифоидной культуры, в VI-III вв. до н.э. существовавших в средней и, отчасти, верхней частях бассейна Дона, сохранились следы культово-ритуальной деятельности их обитателей. Рассматриваются специализированные атрибуты религиозных церемоний: фрагментированные глиняные жертвенники. Оба имели вид сковороды или блюда диаметром около 1 м. Археологический контекст одной находки, залегавшей вместе с тремя человеческими черепами и многочисленными бытовыми остат-ками, показывает, что данные изделия имели культовое назначение. Однако, по-видимому, использовались они редко. Гораздо чаще в обрядовой практике применялись костры, чему есть немало свидетельств. Так, на Семилукском городище следы костров замечены в центре четырех ям, содержавших коллективные человеческие погребения. Три очага с жертвенными приношениями размещались на разных уровнях заполнения постройки, перекрывая захоронение трех человек. На 1-ом Волошинском городище в двух постройках выявлены остатки ритуальных костров. Огонь горел, по крайней мере, в четырех ямах на названных городищах, ранее считавшихся хозяйственными, но на самом деле, судя по вмещаемым материалам, служивших культовым целям. Ключевые слова: Среднее Подонье, скифская эпоха, поселения, жертвенники, ритуальные кострища.
Abstract: On the settlements of the forest-steppe Scythoid culture, in the VI-III centuries BC, which existed in the middle and, in part, upper parts of the Don basin, traces of the cult-ritual activities of their inhabitants were preserved. The article discusses some specialized attributes of religious ceremonies. Fragmented clay altars were discovered on two hillforts. Both had the appearance of a pan or dish with a diameter of about 1 m. The archaeological context of one find, which lay together with three human skulls and numerous household remains, shows that these products
Реферат: На поселениях лесостепной скифоидной культуры, в VI-III вв. до н.э. существовавших в средней и, отчасти, верхней частях бассейна Дона, сохранились следы культово-ритуальной деятельности их обитателей. Рассматриваются специализированные атрибуты религиозных церемоний: фрагментированные глиняные жертвенники. Оба имели вид сковороды или блюда диаметром около 1 м. Археологический контекст одной находки, залегавшей вместе с тремя человеческими черепами и многочисленными бытовыми остат-ками, показывает, что данные изделия имели культовое назначение. Однако, по-видимому, использовались они редко. Гораздо чаще в обрядовой практике применялись костры, чему есть немало свидетельств. Так, на Семилукском городище следы костров замечены в центре четырех ям, содержавших коллективные человеческие погребения. Три очага с жертвенными приношениями размещались на разных уровнях заполнения постройки, перекрывая захоронение трех человек. На 1-ом Волошинском городище в двух постройках выявлены остатки ритуальных костров. Огонь горел, по крайней мере, в четырех ямах на названных городищах, ранее считавшихся хозяйственными, но на самом деле, судя по вмещаемым материалам, служивших культовым целям. Ключевые слова: Среднее Подонье, скифская эпоха, поселения, жертвенники, ритуальные кострища.
Abstract: On the settlements of the forest-steppe Scythoid culture, in the VI-III centuries BC, which existed in the middle and, in part, upper parts of the Don basin, traces of the cult-ritual activities of their inhabitants were preserved. The article discusses some specialized attributes of religious ceremonies. Fragmented clay altars were discovered on two hillforts. Both had the appearance of a pan or dish with a diameter of about 1 m. The archaeological context of one find, which lay together with three human skulls and numerous household remains, shows that these products
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Реферат: Расположенный на высоком правом берегу р. Воронеж II Лысо-горский могильник интерпретирован как культовый памятник I-III вв. н.э. Он представляет собой комплекс из трех десятков земляных курганов и сооружений. Новыми раскопками... more
Реферат: Расположенный на высоком правом берегу р. Воронеж II Лысо-горский могильник интерпретирован как культовый памятник I-III вв. н.э. Он представляет собой комплекс из трех десятков земляных курганов и сооружений. Новыми раскопками были охвачены четыре из них. Изучен участок отдельно стоящего вала, длина которого составляет 57 м, высота 1,5 м. В насыпи найдены керамика и предметы скифской эпохи, однако сама она, видимо, была возведена в начале н.э. из почвы, взятой с окружающей территории. Также был раскопан небольшой курган из группы, концентрирующейся вокруг окруженной рвом и валом квадратной площадки. В этом кургане, как и в трех изученных ра-нее, погребения не оказалось. Судя по имеющимся аналогиям, площадка с курганами являлись культовыми и были связаны с сарматским населением донской лесостепи. Среди найденных при раскопках материалов преобладают обломки лепной керамики и вещи (наконечники стрел, серьга, ножи, шилья и иглы), которые следует соотносить с культурным слоем поселения V-III вв. до н.э.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, ранний железный век, скифский и сарматский периоды, поселение, культовые сооружения.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, ранний железный век, скифский и сарматский периоды, поселение, культовые сооружения.
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Yu. D. Razuvayev THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF THE HUN PERIOD NEAR THE VERKHNEYE KAZACHYE VILLAGE AT THE DON OSTRAYA LUKA BEND Abstract. The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region is rich with settlements... more
Yu. D. Razuvayev
THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF THE HUN PERIOD
NEAR THE VERKHNEYE KAZACHYE VILLAGE
AT THE DON OSTRAYA LUKA BEND
Abstract. The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region
is rich with settlements dating to the second fourth of I millennium AD. This paper
refers a settlement near the Verkhneye Kazachye village where 1299 m2 have been
recently excavated to this group. It analyzes stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dating results, examines fortification constructions and household dwellings and characterizes ceramic and artifact assemblages. The settlement site is bound from various sides by two fortification lines built during the Scythian and Sarmatian period. Judging by the ceramics in the fills, both lines had three ditches were made during the Hun period. Three aboveground dwellings (their location was identified on the basis of hearths), 34 postholes and refuse pits were identified in the excavation trenches. More than 10,000 fragments of kitchen and table clay pots (both hand-made, with smoothed and burnished surface and wheel-made, though in smaller quantities) were found. Tools and implements are represented by more than 120 finds made from metal, clay, stone and bone. Analogies to the retrieved materials date the site to the late 4th –5th centuries AD. The excavation of this
settlement has enlarged the list of fortified sites discovered earlier in the forest-steppe belt of the Don region to four.
THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF THE HUN PERIOD
NEAR THE VERKHNEYE KAZACHYE VILLAGE
AT THE DON OSTRAYA LUKA BEND
Abstract. The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region
is rich with settlements dating to the second fourth of I millennium AD. This paper
refers a settlement near the Verkhneye Kazachye village where 1299 m2 have been
recently excavated to this group. It analyzes stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dating results, examines fortification constructions and household dwellings and characterizes ceramic and artifact assemblages. The settlement site is bound from various sides by two fortification lines built during the Scythian and Sarmatian period. Judging by the ceramics in the fills, both lines had three ditches were made during the Hun period. Three aboveground dwellings (their location was identified on the basis of hearths), 34 postholes and refuse pits were identified in the excavation trenches. More than 10,000 fragments of kitchen and table clay pots (both hand-made, with smoothed and burnished surface and wheel-made, though in smaller quantities) were found. Tools and implements are represented by more than 120 finds made from metal, clay, stone and bone. Analogies to the retrieved materials date the site to the late 4th –5th centuries AD. The excavation of this
settlement has enlarged the list of fortified sites discovered earlier in the forest-steppe belt of the Don region to four.
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MORTGAGES ON MULTILAYERED ANCIENT CITY SITE NEAR THE VILLAGE VERHNEE KOZACHIE NEAR ZADONSK On the multilayered hillfort located on the left coast of the Don River near the Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’ recent excavation... more
MORTGAGES ON MULTILAYERED ANCIENT CITY SITE NEAR THE VILLAGE VERHNEE KOZACHIE NEAR ZADONSK
On the multilayered hillfort located on the left coast of the Don River near the Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’ recent excavation revealed a series of burials and separate human bones. Information on these finds and the results of their analysis valuable to characteris-tic of both funeral ceremonialism, and physical shape and living conditions of settled population of the Don forest-steppe during the different historical periods are for the first time published in article. Seven burials were studied without things that present skeletons, both whole and frag-mented preservation. Their chronology is defined on the basis of the analysis of a stratigraphy and radio-carbon dating. The men's half-ruined burial which was located on the platform of the hillfort is referred to the 13th century. It filled up number of the burials which are occasionally found on Old Russian settlements of the region. Six more ancient burials were placed in an embankment of a defensive shaft. Remains of people at excavation of defensive works found on several Don hill-forts of the Early Iron Age earlier, but much less expressive. From the published burials one ap-peared in the 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, the others – in Scythian time (the 5-3rd centuries BC). Despite different degree of safety, they should be considered in the same row with those, ra-ther not numerous, complexes so far that characterize the cemetery funeral tradition existing in the ancient time. Anthropological materials from burials were analysed by traditional techniques. A series of Scythian time includes remains of five male adult individuals, average life expectancy of which made 46.8 years. It contains some markers of stress and pathology, high individual indica-tors of longitudinal body size and average level of physical activity.
Keywords: Upper Don, a Skifo-Sarmatian era, Old Russian time, burials on the hillfort.
On the multilayered hillfort located on the left coast of the Don River near the Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’ recent excavation revealed a series of burials and separate human bones. Information on these finds and the results of their analysis valuable to characteris-tic of both funeral ceremonialism, and physical shape and living conditions of settled population of the Don forest-steppe during the different historical periods are for the first time published in article. Seven burials were studied without things that present skeletons, both whole and frag-mented preservation. Their chronology is defined on the basis of the analysis of a stratigraphy and radio-carbon dating. The men's half-ruined burial which was located on the platform of the hillfort is referred to the 13th century. It filled up number of the burials which are occasionally found on Old Russian settlements of the region. Six more ancient burials were placed in an embankment of a defensive shaft. Remains of people at excavation of defensive works found on several Don hill-forts of the Early Iron Age earlier, but much less expressive. From the published burials one ap-peared in the 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, the others – in Scythian time (the 5-3rd centuries BC). Despite different degree of safety, they should be considered in the same row with those, ra-ther not numerous, complexes so far that characterize the cemetery funeral tradition existing in the ancient time. Anthropological materials from burials were analysed by traditional techniques. A series of Scythian time includes remains of five male adult individuals, average life expectancy of which made 46.8 years. It contains some markers of stress and pathology, high individual indica-tors of longitudinal body size and average level of physical activity.
Keywords: Upper Don, a Skifo-Sarmatian era, Old Russian time, burials on the hillfort.
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NEW MATERIALS FROM THE UPPER DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY IRON AGE The article presents the results of recent excavations at an Upper Don fortified settlement near Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’. The... more
NEW MATERIALS FROM THE UPPER DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY IRON AGE
The article presents the results of recent excavations at an Upper Don fortified settlement near Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’. The materials from the site (bone and clay tools, bone pieces of horse harness, textile and smooth-surface pottery) can be preliminarily dated to the 7th – 6th cc. BC. We have investigated the domestic buildings and the defensive structures, including the long above-ground building along the perimeter of the settlement, and the well. The building will have functioned as a defensive structure and as living quarters. After it had been destroyed by fire the efenses were rebuilt and reinforced.
The article presents the results of recent excavations at an Upper Don fortified settlement near Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’. The materials from the site (bone and clay tools, bone pieces of horse harness, textile and smooth-surface pottery) can be preliminarily dated to the 7th – 6th cc. BC. We have investigated the domestic buildings and the defensive structures, including the long above-ground building along the perimeter of the settlement, and the well. The building will have functioned as a defensive structure and as living quarters. After it had been destroyed by fire the efenses were rebuilt and reinforced.
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Abstract: in article materials of excavation of the hillfort located on the river Snova (the right inflow of Don) at the village of Degtevoye in the Zadonsky district of Lipetsk region are published. Fortifi cation constructions, ceramic... more
Abstract: in article materials of excavation of the hillfort located on the river Snova (the right inflow of Don) at the village of Degtevoye in the Zadonsky district of Lipetsk region are published. Fortifi cation constructions, ceramic and ware finds are characterized. Dating of a monument by a Scythian era is proved.
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Yuri D. Razuvayev SEDENTARY ETHNOSES OF THE SCYTHIAN EPOCH IN THE DON FOREST-STEPPE: AN ATTEMPT AT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LIVELIHOODS The article reveals the degree of ethnic affinity of two sedentary groups neighboring in the... more
Yuri D. Razuvayev
SEDENTARY ETHNOSES OF THE SCYTHIAN EPOCH IN THE DON FOREST-STEPPE:
AN ATTEMPT AT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LIVELIHOODS
The article reveals the degree of ethnic affinity of two sedentary groups neighboring in the 5th–3rd centuries BC in the forest-steppe part of the Don basin. The research is based on materials from the settlements of the Scythoid and Gorodets rchaeological cultures belonging to antiquities of the forest-steppe and the forest respectively. The complex of findings related to the daily life of the inhabitants of ancient settlements is analyzed. These are pottery, tools, weapons and items of worship, jewelry and parts of clothing. The settlement structure, economic activities and house building are also considered.
Slash-and-burn farming practiced by people from the forest zone apparently led to the fact that their settlements (mostly short-term) were mainly concentrated in the wooded Don region. The Scythoid population familiar with plowed agriculture developed the southern territories. There are similar elements in material culture of these communities (above all, kitchen pots with the same form and ornamentation), however, in general, the assortment of the things they used is different. This suggests that the way of life of the compared groups of the population also varied greatly. The carriers of the Scythoid and Gorodets cultural traditions themselves remained separate ethnic entities throughout their history. Contrary to the opinion of some researchers who believe that the Upper Don population lost the ethnic specificity as a result of the conjugal relations with their southern neighbors, the ethno-cultural contacts between societies were not intensive. This is confirmed by the fact that innovations in the ceramic and ware complex had limited circulation in the upper Don region and imported ancient Greek crockery and decorations were completely absent there.
SEDENTARY ETHNOSES OF THE SCYTHIAN EPOCH IN THE DON FOREST-STEPPE:
AN ATTEMPT AT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LIVELIHOODS
The article reveals the degree of ethnic affinity of two sedentary groups neighboring in the 5th–3rd centuries BC in the forest-steppe part of the Don basin. The research is based on materials from the settlements of the Scythoid and Gorodets rchaeological cultures belonging to antiquities of the forest-steppe and the forest respectively. The complex of findings related to the daily life of the inhabitants of ancient settlements is analyzed. These are pottery, tools, weapons and items of worship, jewelry and parts of clothing. The settlement structure, economic activities and house building are also considered.
Slash-and-burn farming practiced by people from the forest zone apparently led to the fact that their settlements (mostly short-term) were mainly concentrated in the wooded Don region. The Scythoid population familiar with plowed agriculture developed the southern territories. There are similar elements in material culture of these communities (above all, kitchen pots with the same form and ornamentation), however, in general, the assortment of the things they used is different. This suggests that the way of life of the compared groups of the population also varied greatly. The carriers of the Scythoid and Gorodets cultural traditions themselves remained separate ethnic entities throughout their history. Contrary to the opinion of some researchers who believe that the Upper Don population lost the ethnic specificity as a result of the conjugal relations with their southern neighbors, the ethno-cultural contacts between societies were not intensive. This is confirmed by the fact that innovations in the ceramic and ware complex had limited circulation in the upper Don region and imported ancient Greek crockery and decorations were completely absent there.
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Разуваев Ю.Д. Укрепления Александровского городища скифо-сарматского времени на северной окраине г.Ельца // Археология восточноевропейской лесостепи: сборник научных статей международной науч.-практ. конференции, посв. 80-летию со дня... more
Разуваев Ю.Д. Укрепления Александровского городища скифо-сарматского времени на северной окраине г.Ельца // Археология восточноевропейской лесостепи: сборник научных статей международной науч.-практ. конференции, посв. 80-летию со дня рождения А.Г. Николаенко (г. Белгород, 14–16 декабря 2017 года) / отв. ред. В.А. Сарапулкин. – Белгород: ИД «Белгород» НИУ «БелГУ», 2018. − С. 81-87.
В статье анализируются результаты раскопок валов и рвов городища,
расположенного у с. Александровка в бассейне р. Быстрая Сосна (правый приток Верхнего Дона). Реконструируется общий облик оборонительных сооружений,обосновывается их относительная и абсолютная датировки.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, скифская и сарматская эпохи, городище,
укрепления
STRENGTHENINGS OF THE ALEKSANDROVSKY HILLFORT OF SCYTHIANSARMATIAN
EPOCH ON THE NORTHERN OUTSKIRTS OF SITY OF YELETS
Yu.D. Razuvaev
In article results of excavation of shaft and ditches of the hillfort located at the village of Aleksandrovka in the basin of the river Bystraya Sosna (right inflow of the Upper Don) are analyzed. The general shape of defensive works is reconstructed, is proved their relative and absolute datings.
Keywords: basin of the Upper Don, Scythian and Sarmatian eras, hillfort, strengthenings
В статье анализируются результаты раскопок валов и рвов городища,
расположенного у с. Александровка в бассейне р. Быстрая Сосна (правый приток Верхнего Дона). Реконструируется общий облик оборонительных сооружений,обосновывается их относительная и абсолютная датировки.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, скифская и сарматская эпохи, городище,
укрепления
STRENGTHENINGS OF THE ALEKSANDROVSKY HILLFORT OF SCYTHIANSARMATIAN
EPOCH ON THE NORTHERN OUTSKIRTS OF SITY OF YELETS
Yu.D. Razuvaev
In article results of excavation of shaft and ditches of the hillfort located at the village of Aleksandrovka in the basin of the river Bystraya Sosna (right inflow of the Upper Don) are analyzed. The general shape of defensive works is reconstructed, is proved their relative and absolute datings.
Keywords: basin of the Upper Don, Scythian and Sarmatian eras, hillfort, strengthenings
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Разуваев Ю.Д. Второе городище скифской эпохи у с.Ксизово в правобережье скифской эпохи // Археология восточноевропейской лесостепи: сборник материалов международной науч.-практ. конференции, посв. 80-летию со дня рождения А.Г. Николаенко... more
Разуваев Ю.Д. Второе городище скифской эпохи у с.Ксизово в правобережье скифской эпохи // Археология восточноевропейской лесостепи: сборник материалов международной науч.-практ. конференции, посв. 80-летию со дня рождения А.Г. Николаенко (г. Белгород, 14–16 декабря 2017 года) / Отв. ред. В.А. Сарапулкин. Белгород: ИД «Белгород» НИУ «БелГУ», 2018. С.219-223.
Статья посвящена публикации материалов, полученных при раскопках укреплений городища,
расположенного в низовьях р. Сновы около с. Ксизово в Липецкой области. В ней анализируется
стратиграфия вала и рва, керамические находки.
При раскопках выявлена глинистая насыпь вала шириной по основанию до 6,5 м и высотой
от уровня погребенной почвы до 0,45 м. Ров имел ширину 1,3 м, глубину 0,35–0,45 м. В его заполнении
найдены угли, оставшиеся от сгоревшей оборонительной стены.
По керамике городище датировано в рамках VI–V вв. до н.э.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, скифская эпоха, городище, укрепления.
THE SECOND ANCIENT SETTLEMENT OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA AT THE KSIZOVO VILLAGE IN THE RIGHT BANK OF THE UPPER DON
Yu.D. Razuvaev
Article is devoted to the publication of the excavation materials of the ancient settlement fortification located in Snovy River lower reaches, about the Ksizovo village in the Lipetsk region. There are analysis of the rampart's and moat's stratigraphy, ceramic finds. It is revealed the clay mound by basis width up to 6,5 m and height from the buried soil level to 0,45 m at excavation. The moat was 1,3 m wide, 0,35-0,45 m depe. It was filled with the coals which remained from the burned-down defensive wall.
The ancient settlement is dated within the 6-5th centuries BC based on ceramics.
Key words: The Upper Don River basin, Scythian era, ancient settlement, fortification.
Статья посвящена публикации материалов, полученных при раскопках укреплений городища,
расположенного в низовьях р. Сновы около с. Ксизово в Липецкой области. В ней анализируется
стратиграфия вала и рва, керамические находки.
При раскопках выявлена глинистая насыпь вала шириной по основанию до 6,5 м и высотой
от уровня погребенной почвы до 0,45 м. Ров имел ширину 1,3 м, глубину 0,35–0,45 м. В его заполнении
найдены угли, оставшиеся от сгоревшей оборонительной стены.
По керамике городище датировано в рамках VI–V вв. до н.э.
Ключевые слова: Верхнее Подонье, скифская эпоха, городище, укрепления.
THE SECOND ANCIENT SETTLEMENT OF THE SCYTHIAN ERA AT THE KSIZOVO VILLAGE IN THE RIGHT BANK OF THE UPPER DON
Yu.D. Razuvaev
Article is devoted to the publication of the excavation materials of the ancient settlement fortification located in Snovy River lower reaches, about the Ksizovo village in the Lipetsk region. There are analysis of the rampart's and moat's stratigraphy, ceramic finds. It is revealed the clay mound by basis width up to 6,5 m and height from the buried soil level to 0,45 m at excavation. The moat was 1,3 m wide, 0,35-0,45 m depe. It was filled with the coals which remained from the burned-down defensive wall.
The ancient settlement is dated within the 6-5th centuries BC based on ceramics.
Key words: The Upper Don River basin, Scythian era, ancient settlement, fortification.
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Introduction. The paper analyzes the finds of separate human remains from the Scythian settlements of the 6 th-3 rd centuries BC in the forest-steppe zone of the Don basin. We present the report of the available materials and evaluate the... more
Introduction. The paper analyzes the finds of separate human remains from the Scythian settlements of the 6 th-3 rd centuries BC in the forest-steppe zone of the Don basin. We present the report of the available materials and evaluate the degree of representativeness of possible interpretations. Methods. Nowadays we have data on eleven household sites with anthropological materials, which had not yet been properly interpreted. The hillfort in the city of Semiluki is among them, and it includes fifteen burials of adults and children most of which are collective. Skulls and other parts of skeletons were buried later in the majority of these complexes. Besides, the human remains mixed with animals' bones were found in a specially built cult construction as well as in six domestic holes. Fragments of a clay altar together with three skulls were found in the Kirovskoe hillfort. The skull in a congestion of animals' bones was found in the settlement near the Podgornoe village. The well with full and fragmented skeletons was investigated in the hillfort near the village Verkhnee Kazachye. In other settlements of the region, human bones were found in a layer and in domestic holes. Analysis. The materials considered in the paper have quite broad analogies all over forest-steppe Scythia. The obtained data show that manipulations with human bones were of great importance in post-funeral rites of the forest-steppe population of the Scythian era. The bones found in the Don settlements belonged to different individuals, men and women of various age. The archaeological context and the range don't allow to mark the finds as a result of cannibalism, military collisions, or sacrifices. Results. It is the most probable that the emergence of separate bones in settlements is connected with funeral rite of corpse exposure, which, along with other funeral ceremonies, was applied by settled population of the Don forest-steppe. Key words: forest-steppe region of the Don basin, Scythian era, settlements, human bones, funeral rite of exposure. Воронежский государственный педагогический университет, г. Воронеж, Российская Федерация Аннотация. В статье анализируются находки разрозненных человеческих останков, сделанные на посе-лениях VI-III вв. до н. э. в лесостепной части бассейна Дона. В ней представлена сводка имеющихся матери-алов и оценивается степень репрезентативности возможных интерпретаций.
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Акимов Д.В., Разуваев Ю.Д., Сурков А.В. Погребение эпохи Великого переселения народов у с.Ямное на Верхнем Дону // Культуры степей Евразии второй половины I тысячелетия н.э.: Тез.докл.IV междунар. археологической конф. Самара: Самарский обл. историко-краеведческий музей им.П.В.Алабина, 2008. С.3-6more
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Yu. D. Razuvaev. The bulding of the 4th – 3rd centuries BC wIth a bronze casting assemblage in the Upper Don fortified settlement near the village of Verkhnee Kazachye. Abstract. the paper publishes materials discovered during... more
Yu. D. Razuvaev. The bulding of the 4th – 3rd centuries BC wIth a bronze casting assemblage in the Upper Don fortified settlement near the village of Verkhnee Kazachye.
Abstract. the paper publishes materials discovered during excavations of a multilayer fortified settlement near the village of Verkhnee Kazachye, Lipetsk Region. It analyzes the stratigraphy of the inner rampart, ceramic finds and other assets. A long burned out building around four meters wide which was located along the defense line was identified. Its excavated part seems to have been divided into two rooms, with a hearth in each room. Household remains (fragments of hand-made pots, some of which were reconstructed; a glass bead, two iron knives) permitted the team to identify the construction as living quarters and date it to the 4th–3rd centuries Bc. traces of bronze casting production were identified within the building footprint. It is a 0.95 . 0.86 m pit which is 0.45 m sunk into land clay. It revealed remains of collapsed earth roof and fragments of two clay crucibles with bronze beads. Given available analogies, this construction was interpreted as the basis of a metallurgical furnace.
Abstract. the paper publishes materials discovered during excavations of a multilayer fortified settlement near the village of Verkhnee Kazachye, Lipetsk Region. It analyzes the stratigraphy of the inner rampart, ceramic finds and other assets. A long burned out building around four meters wide which was located along the defense line was identified. Its excavated part seems to have been divided into two rooms, with a hearth in each room. Household remains (fragments of hand-made pots, some of which were reconstructed; a glass bead, two iron knives) permitted the team to identify the construction as living quarters and date it to the 4th–3rd centuries Bc. traces of bronze casting production were identified within the building footprint. It is a 0.95 . 0.86 m pit which is 0.45 m sunk into land clay. It revealed remains of collapsed earth roof and fragments of two clay crucibles with bronze beads. Given available analogies, this construction was interpreted as the basis of a metallurgical furnace.
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YURU D. RAZUVAEV. BURIALS AND HUMAN REMAINS ON HABITATION SITES OF THE STEPPE-FOREST SCYTHIA: THE STATE OF SOURCES. In the forest-steppe Scythia over 40 fortified and open settlements of the 7th–3rd cc. BC are known. At some of them... more
YURU D. RAZUVAEV. BURIALS AND HUMAN REMAINS ON HABITATION SITES OF THE STEPPE-FOREST SCYTHIA: THE STATE OF SOURCES.
In the forest-steppe Scythia over 40 fortified and open settlements of the 7th–3rd cc. BC are known. At some of them human remains were discovered. Some burials, not culturally related with functioning settlements and showing rituals features identical to usual cemeteries have been excavated. Assemblages of another type are represented by skeletons of children and adults deposited in dwelling and household constructions, as well as isolated human bones placed in construction trenches, sacrificial complexes and cultural layers of the settlements. Some researchers interpreted these remains as traces of the armed conflicts, sacrifices or can¬nibalism. There are all grounds to consider them an evidence of specific funeral practices of the forest-steppe population.
В Лесостепной Скифии известно более 40 городищ и поселений VII–III вв. до н.э., на территории которых найдены человеческие останки. На некоторых из этих памятников выявлены захоронения, по обрядовым признакам аналогичные погребениям из грунтовых могильников и зачастую не имевшие отношения к функционировавшим поселкам. Захоронения иного рода представляют собой скелеты детей и взрослых, размещавшиеся в жилых и хозяйственных сооружениях, а также разрозненные человеческие кости, залегавшие в строительных котлованах, жертвенных комплексах или культурных напластованиях поселений. Эти останки исследователи интерпретируют как следы военных конфликтов, жертвоприношений или антропофагии. Имеются веские основания рассматривать их и как свидетельства специфических похоронных практик оседлого населения лесостепи.
In the forest-steppe Scythia over 40 fortified and open settlements of the 7th–3rd cc. BC are known. At some of them human remains were discovered. Some burials, not culturally related with functioning settlements and showing rituals features identical to usual cemeteries have been excavated. Assemblages of another type are represented by skeletons of children and adults deposited in dwelling and household constructions, as well as isolated human bones placed in construction trenches, sacrificial complexes and cultural layers of the settlements. Some researchers interpreted these remains as traces of the armed conflicts, sacrifices or can¬nibalism. There are all grounds to consider them an evidence of specific funeral practices of the forest-steppe population.
В Лесостепной Скифии известно более 40 городищ и поселений VII–III вв. до н.э., на территории которых найдены человеческие останки. На некоторых из этих памятников выявлены захоронения, по обрядовым признакам аналогичные погребениям из грунтовых могильников и зачастую не имевшие отношения к функционировавшим поселкам. Захоронения иного рода представляют собой скелеты детей и взрослых, размещавшиеся в жилых и хозяйственных сооружениях, а также разрозненные человеческие кости, залегавшие в строительных котлованах, жертвенных комплексах или культурных напластованиях поселений. Эти останки исследователи интерпретируют как следы военных конфликтов, жертвоприношений или антропофагии. Имеются веские основания рассматривать их и как свидетельства специфических похоронных практик оседлого населения лесостепи.
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Земцов Г.Л., Разуваев Ю.Д., Уваркин С.В. Городище скифского и гуннского времени у с.Мухино в правобережье Верхнего Дона // Европа от Латена до Средневековья: варварский мир и рождение славянских культур: К 60-летию А.М. Обломского /... more
Земцов Г.Л., Разуваев Ю.Д., Уваркин С.В. Городище скифского и гуннского времени у с.Мухино в правобережье Верхнего Дона // Европа от Латена до Средневековья: варварский мир и рождение славянских культур: К 60-летию А.М. Обломского / Отв.ред. В.Е.Родинкова, О.С.Румянцева. М.: ИА РАН, 2017. С. 285-297 (Раннеславянский мир. Вып. 19).
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YU. D. RAZUVAEV BRONZE HORSE-SHAPED PENDANTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PER IOD IN THE UPPER DON REGION Abstract. Seven bronze pendants featuring a stylized figure of a horse with a loop on the horse back for hanging were found in the Upper Don... more
YU. D. RAZUVAEV
BRONZE HORSE-SHAPED PENDANTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PER IOD IN THE UPPER DON REGION
Abstract. Seven bronze pendants featuring a stylized figure of a horse with a loop on the horse back for hanging were found in the Upper Don region by chance and in the course of excavations. These pendants may be linked to the settlements of the Gorodets culture of the 4th-3rd centuries BC. Along with the known analogies, these items are included in the finds assemblages of the forest cultures. The pen-dants were made using the same technique; however, they differ substantially in details. Two of these pendants subjected to the X-ray spectrometry are made of tin bronze alloys. Both two-piece casting molds and the lost-wax casting technology were used. Many finds are production rejects.
Keywords: Upper Don region, Scythian period, Gorodets culture, bronze horse-shaped pendants.
В бассейне Верхнего Дона найдено, случайно и в ходе раскопок, семь бронзовых подвесок, представляющих собой стилизованную фигурку лошади с петелькой для подвешивания на спине. Их можно связать с поселениями городецкой культуры IV–III вв. до н.э. Вместе с уже известными аналогиями, эти предметы входят в вещевой комплекс культур лесного круга.
Подвески выполнены по общей схеме, хотя сильно различаются деталями. Две их них, подвергшиеся рентгеноспектральному анализу, изготовлены из оловянистого бронзового сплава разной рецептуры. Для отливки такого рода предметов использовались как двусторонние формы, так и выплавляемые модели. Среди находок многие являются производственным браком.
BRONZE HORSE-SHAPED PENDANTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PER IOD IN THE UPPER DON REGION
Abstract. Seven bronze pendants featuring a stylized figure of a horse with a loop on the horse back for hanging were found in the Upper Don region by chance and in the course of excavations. These pendants may be linked to the settlements of the Gorodets culture of the 4th-3rd centuries BC. Along with the known analogies, these items are included in the finds assemblages of the forest cultures. The pen-dants were made using the same technique; however, they differ substantially in details. Two of these pendants subjected to the X-ray spectrometry are made of tin bronze alloys. Both two-piece casting molds and the lost-wax casting technology were used. Many finds are production rejects.
Keywords: Upper Don region, Scythian period, Gorodets culture, bronze horse-shaped pendants.
В бассейне Верхнего Дона найдено, случайно и в ходе раскопок, семь бронзовых подвесок, представляющих собой стилизованную фигурку лошади с петелькой для подвешивания на спине. Их можно связать с поселениями городецкой культуры IV–III вв. до н.э. Вместе с уже известными аналогиями, эти предметы входят в вещевой комплекс культур лесного круга.
Подвески выполнены по общей схеме, хотя сильно различаются деталями. Две их них, подвергшиеся рентгеноспектральному анализу, изготовлены из оловянистого бронзового сплава разной рецептуры. Для отливки такого рода предметов использовались как двусторонние формы, так и выплавляемые модели. Среди находок многие являются производственным браком.
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ANTIQUE CERAMIC IMPORT ON SETTLEMENTS OF SCYTHIAN TIME IN THE DON FOREST-STEPPE: CARTOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH In the article on the basis of the data obtained during excavation the author analyzes spatial distribution of ceramic import on... more
ANTIQUE CERAMIC IMPORT ON SETTLEMENTS OF SCYTHIAN TIME IN THE DON FOREST-STEPPE: CARTOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
In the article on the basis of the data obtained during excavation the author analyzes spatial distribution of ceramic import on household monuments of the 6th–3rd centuries BC in forest-steppe Podonye. This region is included into an area of Gorodetz and Scythian-like archaeological cultures. It is established that on settlements of Gorodetz culture import is practically absent. Fragments of products of the Greek potters (about 800 findings are considered) are present only on some settlements of Scythian-like culture. Mainly these are fragments of amphoras of various production centers (Bospor, Gerakley, Kos, Sinope, Fasos, etc.) and parts of table vessels (constitute less than 2 % of findings). On settlements a little antique ceramics is found, as a rule: some fragments, and usually even less than the share of 100 square meters of the dug-out area. The saturated layer allocates only three big hillforts (Storozhevoe, Voloshino, Kirovskoe) which were obviously large shopping centers. Mapping of the available data doesn't confirm the hypothesis of delivery of import which is earlier stated by researchers on the Don River. Existence of overland ways on which trade with the South was performed is more probable. An important communication role was played in the ancient time by water separate roads, known on medieval sources under the name of the Muravsky way. Its branch – the Kalmiussky sakma – passed just in the district of two hillforts (Voloshino, Kirovskoe) which are sharply allocated with quantity of the found fragments of amphoras.
In the article on the basis of the data obtained during excavation the author analyzes spatial distribution of ceramic import on household monuments of the 6th–3rd centuries BC in forest-steppe Podonye. This region is included into an area of Gorodetz and Scythian-like archaeological cultures. It is established that on settlements of Gorodetz culture import is practically absent. Fragments of products of the Greek potters (about 800 findings are considered) are present only on some settlements of Scythian-like culture. Mainly these are fragments of amphoras of various production centers (Bospor, Gerakley, Kos, Sinope, Fasos, etc.) and parts of table vessels (constitute less than 2 % of findings). On settlements a little antique ceramics is found, as a rule: some fragments, and usually even less than the share of 100 square meters of the dug-out area. The saturated layer allocates only three big hillforts (Storozhevoe, Voloshino, Kirovskoe) which were obviously large shopping centers. Mapping of the available data doesn't confirm the hypothesis of delivery of import which is earlier stated by researchers on the Don River. Existence of overland ways on which trade with the South was performed is more probable. An important communication role was played in the ancient time by water separate roads, known on medieval sources under the name of the Muravsky way. Its branch – the Kalmiussky sakma – passed just in the district of two hillforts (Voloshino, Kirovskoe) which are sharply allocated with quantity of the found fragments of amphoras.
Research Interests:
Статья посвящена микроморфологическому исследованию серии образцов лепной керамики среднедонской культуры скифского времени. Современный подход к изучению керамики предполагает применение, наряду с традиционными археологическими,... more
Статья посвящена микроморфологическому исследованию серии образцов лепной керамики среднедонской культуры скифского времени. Современный подход к изучению керамики предполагает применение, наряду с традиционными археологическими, естественно-научных методов. Использование данных петрографического и геохимического анализа дает возможность количественно установить минеральный и химический составы формовочной массы, определить состав и рецептуру теста, идентифицировать источники сырья; показатели температур и условий обжига позволяют определить некоторые технологические приемы, использованные при изготовлении керамики. В работе анализируется керамика, происходящая с восьми памятников, расположенных в правобережье Дона и относящихся к двум хронологическим периодам. В выборку попали образцы с поселений, расположенных на правом берегу реки Дон, относящихся к V–III вв. до н.э., городища Большое Сторожевое, где имеются напластования как V в. до н.э., так и IV–III вв. до н.э. а также из курганного мо-гильника у хутора Дубовой, который датируется IV в. до н.э. Результаты микроморфологического исследования позволяют распределить керамические фрагменты по трем группам по композиционному составу керамического теста, набору отощителей и режиму обжига. Керамика изготавливалась из глин гидрослюдистого или смектитового состава, в качестве отощителей применялся песок, дробленая дресва, шамот, а также органика. Обжиг был высокотемпературным, чаще всего кратковременным, производился в невыдержанной среде и был окислительным. Проведенное исследование продемонстрировало в целом единство сырьевой базы и технологии керамического производства в скифское время на Среднем Дону.
Ключевые слова и фразы: скифское время, керамика, поселения, городища, лесостепное Подонье
The article presents the results that are basically the first micromorphological studying of a series of molded ceramics’ thirteen samples of Srednedonskaya culture of the Scythian period. Modern approach to ceramics study involves the use of natural science methods along with traditional archaeological methods.The usage of petrographic and geochemical analysis’ data makes it possible to establish quantitatively mineral and chemical composition of the molding paste, determine the composition and formulation of the dough, identify the sources of raw materials. The indicators of temperature and firing conditions help us to determine some technological methods used in the manufacture of ceramics. The research analyzes the fragments of pots from eight sites located within the Voronezh region and belonging to two chronological periods Scythian epoch. The selection included samples from unfortified settlements and villages located on the right bank of the Don and dating V-III BC, the settlement Bolshoe Storozevoe, where there are strata as V BC and the IV-III BC, as well as the burial mound of the IV. BC. at Dubovoy farm. Micromorphological analysis allowed to distribute ceramic fragments into three groups which are differ in the composition of the ceramic composite mixtures and set of admixture. Pottery was made of hydramicaceous or smectit clay and sand, crushed gruss, fire clay and organic matter used as admixture. Firing was high temperature, often short-lived, and it was carried out in unrestrained environment and was oxidative. In general the study showed the similarity of the resource base and the unity of technological methods for ceramic production in area of Srednedonskaya culture of the Scythian period.
Key words and phrases: Scythian times, pottery, settlements, forest-steppe Don.
Ключевые слова и фразы: скифское время, керамика, поселения, городища, лесостепное Подонье
The article presents the results that are basically the first micromorphological studying of a series of molded ceramics’ thirteen samples of Srednedonskaya culture of the Scythian period. Modern approach to ceramics study involves the use of natural science methods along with traditional archaeological methods.The usage of petrographic and geochemical analysis’ data makes it possible to establish quantitatively mineral and chemical composition of the molding paste, determine the composition and formulation of the dough, identify the sources of raw materials. The indicators of temperature and firing conditions help us to determine some technological methods used in the manufacture of ceramics. The research analyzes the fragments of pots from eight sites located within the Voronezh region and belonging to two chronological periods Scythian epoch. The selection included samples from unfortified settlements and villages located on the right bank of the Don and dating V-III BC, the settlement Bolshoe Storozevoe, where there are strata as V BC and the IV-III BC, as well as the burial mound of the IV. BC. at Dubovoy farm. Micromorphological analysis allowed to distribute ceramic fragments into three groups which are differ in the composition of the ceramic composite mixtures and set of admixture. Pottery was made of hydramicaceous or smectit clay and sand, crushed gruss, fire clay and organic matter used as admixture. Firing was high temperature, often short-lived, and it was carried out in unrestrained environment and was oxidative. In general the study showed the similarity of the resource base and the unity of technological methods for ceramic production in area of Srednedonskaya culture of the Scythian period.
Key words and phrases: Scythian times, pottery, settlements, forest-steppe Don.