Kazakhstan has a relatively high level of overall gender development, as well as of female employ... more Kazakhstan has a relatively high level of overall gender development, as well as of female employment in its energy industries. Diverse views and backgrounds are necessary to address the challenges of curbing emissions in Kazakhstan, a major fossil fuel producer and exporter. However, our analysis of the Labor Force Survey indicates that female representation among energy sector managers and overall workforce has been falling over time. Moreover, we find that women in Kazakhstan’s coal mining, petroleum extraction, and power industries are concentrated in low-skilled and non-core occupations. Next, by analyzing data on labor compensation within energy occupations, we discover signs of persistent vertical discrimination, which may reduce incentives for women to upgrade their skills. Finally, we find that major shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may stall or reverse prior progress in increasing the energy sector’s gender diversity. Our findings contribute to raising gender awarene...
Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity in middle-income countries as a mark... more Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity in middle-income countries as a market-based instrument to meet a country’s CO2 commitments. In this paper, we examine Kazakhstan’s emissions trading scheme. Results from interviews, facility-level emissions data, trading data, Government of Kazakhstan regulations and official documents, and other literature are used to assess the effectiveness of Kazakhstan’s emissions trading scheme in relation to the EU’s emissions trading scheme. Our findings suggest that (1) the motivation behind launching an emissions trading scheme may not always be cost effective abatement but a desire to access investment capital; (2) the nature of the economy especially the existence of pre-existing distortions plays an important role in the success of emissions trading; (3) pushback from dominant firms and lobbies makes it difficult for the government to stay the course and highlights the need for adequate preparation and consensus building; and...
Background: We conducted cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of the organized breast can... more Background: We conducted cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of the organized breast cancer-screening program in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The program has been introduced in 2008, until then, clinical breast examination and self-referral were the only ways of diagnostic of breast cancer. Objectives: to evaluate health and financial outcomes of the organized mammography-screening program comparing with clinical breast examination without screening. Methods: a cohort of 830 women, which has been detected to have breast cancer by mammography, was compared with 830 women, which has been diagnosed with breast cancer by other diagnostic means. Financial and health outcomes have been estimated using such measurements as life years saved, quality-adjusted life years, incremental cost-effectiveness 32 ration, and value of statistical life year. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty. Results: compared to clinical breast examination, an organized mammography yiel...
The data are from personal interviews with 113 adults from Astana, Kazakhstan and 91 adults from ... more The data are from personal interviews with 113 adults from Astana, Kazakhstan and 91 adults from Aktau, Kazakhstan. The information gathered pertained to the acceptance of nuclear power, perceived safety risks of nuclear power, perceived environmental risks of nuclear power, compensation effects, socioeconomic characteristics, and previous experience with the nuclear industry. Our empirical goals were: (1) to determine whether personal attitudes held by laypeople in Aktau and Astana are significantly different as the result of the historical association with NPPs and (2) to re-examine the types and magnitudes of associations that affect laypeople's level of support for NPPs. Our results show the expected associations of support for nuclear power and safety and environmental risks, perceived benefits from increased jobs, and children at home. However, our results indicate that the associations of 1) proximity and support for nuclear power 2) gender and support for nuclear power and 3) education level and support for nuclear power are complex and are most likely not linear.
Residential sector energy policies are important for addressing key economic, social, and environ... more Residential sector energy policies are important for addressing key economic, social, and environmental challenges in Kazakhstan. In 2012, the share of households that used coal as a primary source of space heating energy was 70% in rural areas and 32% nation-wide. In addition, between 2002 and 2012 average household annual consumption of coal increased by 44%. Even though coal price was estimated to be subsidized at 60% of full cost, space heating accounted for 35% of an average household’s energy budget. Our study fills in a considerable gap in literature on household coal demand. Using Kazakhstan’s household budget survey data from 2002-2012, we estimate a cross section and a dynamic panel data models of coal demand. We find that climatic factors, coal price, and household income are the main drivers of coal demand. Efficiency improvements have a modest impact on coal demand as low coal prices provide little incentives to undertake weatherization. We find that in the absence of r...
ABSTRACT Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity as a market-based instrumen... more ABSTRACT Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity as a market-based instrument to meet CO2 reduction commitments. In this paper, we examine the emission trading schemes (ETS) of Kazakhstan and Korea, two emerging economies. We do so by using a policy success typology, which includes programme, process, political, temporal, distributional and capacity dimensions, and operationalizing criteria that the Partnership for Market Readiness and International Carbon Action Partnership have identified as key to effective ETS scheme design. We find that these criteria, or ETS success dimensions, align well with a typology of policy success. Using indicators developed to evaluate each ETS success dimension, we identify the positive and negative attributes of both Kazakhstan’s and Korea’s ETS and provide a qualitative ranking for each ETS success dimension. This evaluation and ranking allows us to identify necessary conditions for policy success in emerging market ETS: consultation with stakeholders in both the design and implementation stages; development of human and institutional home-grown capacity; mechanisms to solve illiquidity issues using market interventions; development of legitimacy from the perspective of business over time; implementation of policies that are complementary to an ETS; and flexibility to enable firms to manage periods of low revenues. Our findings provide important lessons for emerging economies planning to implement their own ETS, which may be more relevant than experiences from developed nations’ ETS. Key policy insights ETS success requires more than political will and reaching programme goals. Identifying and involving key business and public stakeholders is necessary for ETS success. Capacity building within the public and private sectors should be implemented from the design stage of an ETS. In emerging economies, where increases in energy prices could lead to social unrest, complementary policies are necessary to ensure cost pass-through. Liquidity problems likely be experienced during the initial stages of an ETS need to be addressed.
Kazakhstan has a relatively high level of overall gender development, as well as of female employ... more Kazakhstan has a relatively high level of overall gender development, as well as of female employment in its energy industries. Diverse views and backgrounds are necessary to address the challenges of curbing emissions in Kazakhstan, a major fossil fuel producer and exporter. However, our analysis of the Labor Force Survey indicates that female representation among energy sector managers and overall workforce has been falling over time. Moreover, we find that women in Kazakhstan’s coal mining, petroleum extraction, and power industries are concentrated in low-skilled and non-core occupations. Next, by analyzing data on labor compensation within energy occupations, we discover signs of persistent vertical discrimination, which may reduce incentives for women to upgrade their skills. Finally, we find that major shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may stall or reverse prior progress in increasing the energy sector’s gender diversity. Our findings contribute to raising gender awarene...
Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity in middle-income countries as a mark... more Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity in middle-income countries as a market-based instrument to meet a country’s CO2 commitments. In this paper, we examine Kazakhstan’s emissions trading scheme. Results from interviews, facility-level emissions data, trading data, Government of Kazakhstan regulations and official documents, and other literature are used to assess the effectiveness of Kazakhstan’s emissions trading scheme in relation to the EU’s emissions trading scheme. Our findings suggest that (1) the motivation behind launching an emissions trading scheme may not always be cost effective abatement but a desire to access investment capital; (2) the nature of the economy especially the existence of pre-existing distortions plays an important role in the success of emissions trading; (3) pushback from dominant firms and lobbies makes it difficult for the government to stay the course and highlights the need for adequate preparation and consensus building; and...
Background: We conducted cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of the organized breast can... more Background: We conducted cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis of the organized breast cancer-screening program in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The program has been introduced in 2008, until then, clinical breast examination and self-referral were the only ways of diagnostic of breast cancer. Objectives: to evaluate health and financial outcomes of the organized mammography-screening program comparing with clinical breast examination without screening. Methods: a cohort of 830 women, which has been detected to have breast cancer by mammography, was compared with 830 women, which has been diagnosed with breast cancer by other diagnostic means. Financial and health outcomes have been estimated using such measurements as life years saved, quality-adjusted life years, incremental cost-effectiveness 32 ration, and value of statistical life year. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty. Results: compared to clinical breast examination, an organized mammography yiel...
The data are from personal interviews with 113 adults from Astana, Kazakhstan and 91 adults from ... more The data are from personal interviews with 113 adults from Astana, Kazakhstan and 91 adults from Aktau, Kazakhstan. The information gathered pertained to the acceptance of nuclear power, perceived safety risks of nuclear power, perceived environmental risks of nuclear power, compensation effects, socioeconomic characteristics, and previous experience with the nuclear industry. Our empirical goals were: (1) to determine whether personal attitudes held by laypeople in Aktau and Astana are significantly different as the result of the historical association with NPPs and (2) to re-examine the types and magnitudes of associations that affect laypeople's level of support for NPPs. Our results show the expected associations of support for nuclear power and safety and environmental risks, perceived benefits from increased jobs, and children at home. However, our results indicate that the associations of 1) proximity and support for nuclear power 2) gender and support for nuclear power and 3) education level and support for nuclear power are complex and are most likely not linear.
Residential sector energy policies are important for addressing key economic, social, and environ... more Residential sector energy policies are important for addressing key economic, social, and environmental challenges in Kazakhstan. In 2012, the share of households that used coal as a primary source of space heating energy was 70% in rural areas and 32% nation-wide. In addition, between 2002 and 2012 average household annual consumption of coal increased by 44%. Even though coal price was estimated to be subsidized at 60% of full cost, space heating accounted for 35% of an average household’s energy budget. Our study fills in a considerable gap in literature on household coal demand. Using Kazakhstan’s household budget survey data from 2002-2012, we estimate a cross section and a dynamic panel data models of coal demand. We find that climatic factors, coal price, and household income are the main drivers of coal demand. Efficiency improvements have a modest impact on coal demand as low coal prices provide little incentives to undertake weatherization. We find that in the absence of r...
ABSTRACT Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity as a market-based instrumen... more ABSTRACT Emissions trading schemes have been increasing in popularity as a market-based instrument to meet CO2 reduction commitments. In this paper, we examine the emission trading schemes (ETS) of Kazakhstan and Korea, two emerging economies. We do so by using a policy success typology, which includes programme, process, political, temporal, distributional and capacity dimensions, and operationalizing criteria that the Partnership for Market Readiness and International Carbon Action Partnership have identified as key to effective ETS scheme design. We find that these criteria, or ETS success dimensions, align well with a typology of policy success. Using indicators developed to evaluate each ETS success dimension, we identify the positive and negative attributes of both Kazakhstan’s and Korea’s ETS and provide a qualitative ranking for each ETS success dimension. This evaluation and ranking allows us to identify necessary conditions for policy success in emerging market ETS: consultation with stakeholders in both the design and implementation stages; development of human and institutional home-grown capacity; mechanisms to solve illiquidity issues using market interventions; development of legitimacy from the perspective of business over time; implementation of policies that are complementary to an ETS; and flexibility to enable firms to manage periods of low revenues. Our findings provide important lessons for emerging economies planning to implement their own ETS, which may be more relevant than experiences from developed nations’ ETS. Key policy insights ETS success requires more than political will and reaching programme goals. Identifying and involving key business and public stakeholders is necessary for ETS success. Capacity building within the public and private sectors should be implemented from the design stage of an ETS. In emerging economies, where increases in energy prices could lead to social unrest, complementary policies are necessary to ensure cost pass-through. Liquidity problems likely be experienced during the initial stages of an ETS need to be addressed.
Uploads