Svoboda | Graniru | BBC Russia | Golosameriki | Facebook
Skip to main content
This special issue examines responses to papal communication in Latin Christendom principally between the years 1100 and 1400. It contains seven multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary articles on this topic, and, in particular,... more
This special issue examines responses to papal communication in Latin Christendom principally between the years 1100 and 1400. It contains seven multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary articles on this topic, and, in particular, emphasises the ways in which papal communication was tied to papal authority, the importance of examining the wider context and life cycle of papal communication. The essays in the special issue also consider some of the methodological challenges that this wider topic poses.
This volume explores papal communication and its reception in the period c.1100–1300; it presents a range of interdisciplinary approaches and original insights into the construction of papal authority and local perceptions of papal power... more
This volume explores papal communication and its reception in the period c.1100–1300; it presents a range of interdisciplinary approaches and original insights into the construction of papal authority and local perceptions of papal power in the central Middle Ages.

Some of the chapters in this book focus on the visual, ritual and spatial communication that visitors encountered when they met the peripatetic papal curia in Rome or elsewhere, and how this informed their experience of papal self-representation. The essays analyse papal clothing as well as the iconography, architecture and use of space in papal palaces and the titular churches of Rome. Other chapters explore communication over long distances and analyse the role of gifts and texts such as letters, sermons and historical writings in relation to papal communication. Importantly, this book emphasises the plurality of responses to papal communication by engaging with the reception of papal messages by different audiences, both secular and ecclesiastical, and in relation to several geographic regions including England, France, Ireland, Italy and Switzerland.
Henry of Blois (d. 1171) was a towering figure in twelfth-century England. Grandson of William the Conqueror and brother to King Stephen, he played a central role in shaping the course of the civil war that characterized his brother's... more
Henry of Blois (d. 1171) was a towering figure in twelfth-century England. Grandson of William the Conqueror and brother to King Stephen, he played a central role in shaping the course of the civil war that characterized his brother's reign. Bishop of Winchester and abbot of Glastonbury for more than four decades, Henry was one of the richest men in the kingdom, and effectively governed the English Church for a time as Papal Legate. Raised and tonsured at Cluny, he was an intimate friend of Peter the Venerable and later saved the great abbey from financial ruin. Towards the end of his life he presided, albeit reluctantly, over the trial of Thomas Becket. Henry was a remarkable man: an administrator of exceptional talent, a formidable ecclesiastical statesman, a bold and eloquent diplomat, and twelfth-century England's most prolific patron of the arts.

In the first major book-length study of Henry to be published since 1932, nine scholars explore new perspectives on the most crucial aspects of his life and legacy. By bringing ecclesiastical and documentary historians together with archaeologists and historians of art, architecture, literature and ideas, this interdisciplinary collection will serve as a catalyst for renewed study of this fascinating man and the world in which he operated.

Contributors: Martin Biddle, Barbara Bombi, John Crook, Claire Donovan, M.J. Franklin, Edmund King, William Kynan-Wilson, Matthew M. Mesley, John Munns
This essay examines responses to papal communication in Latin Christendom principally between the years 1100 and 1400. It introduces seven multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary articles in a special issue of the Journal of Medieval... more
This essay examines responses to papal communication in Latin Christendom principally between the years 1100 and 1400. It introduces seven multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary articles in a special issue of the Journal of Medieval History on this topic, while also exploring further examples that reveal the range of responses to papal communication and the significance of these responses. It emphasises the ways in which papal communication was tied to papal authority, the importance of examining the wider context and life cycle of papal communication, and it considers some of the methodological challenges that this topic poses.
This paper reconsiders the relationship between two descriptions of Rome produced in the central Middle Ages: the 'Mirabilia urbis Romae' (c.1140–3) attributed to the papal writer Canon Benedict and the 'Narracio de mirabilibus urbis... more
This paper reconsiders the relationship between two descriptions of Rome produced in the central Middle Ages: the 'Mirabilia urbis Romae' (c.1140–3) attributed to the papal writer Canon Benedict and the 'Narracio de mirabilibus urbis Romae' (c.1200) by the otherwise unknown author Master Gregory. In contrast to previous studies, it demonstrates a range of significant and revealing associations between these accounts that indicates Gregory was a knowledgeable and receptive reader of the papal 'Mirabilia' in some form. It will be shown that the 'Narracio' imitates, misreads and subverts the 'Mirabilia' in such a manner that suggests it is a parodic and satiric response by its enigmatic author. In closing, this essay explores the possible implications of Gregory's responses to the papal messages within the 'Mirabilia'.
Co-authored with Gerd Althoff and Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt This essay examines the production and consumption of papal communication in the central Middle Ages. It outlines the development of the papacy, which formed the historical... more
Co-authored with Gerd Althoff and Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt



This essay examines the production and consumption of papal communication in the central Middle Ages. It outlines the development of the papacy, which formed the historical and political framework for papal communication, and discusses the processes, themes and meanings behind various types of communication relating to the papacy in Latin Christendom principally between the years 1100 and 1300. Particular emphasis is placed upon the plurality of responses to papal communication and on the relationship between papal communication and authority, and papal self-identity and perceptions. The essay introduces seven diverse and interdisciplinary articles in a special issue of the Journal of Medieval History on the papacy and communication in the central Middle Ages.
This article examines textual descriptions of smiling, laughing and joking with the pope in thirteenth-century Rome. It focuses on two Anglo-Norman accounts of conducting litigation at the papal curia: Thomas of Marlborough's (d.1236)... more
This article examines textual descriptions of smiling, laughing and joking with the pope in thirteenth-century Rome. It focuses on two Anglo-Norman accounts of conducting litigation at the papal curia: Thomas of Marlborough's (d.1236) Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham and Gerald of Wales's (c. 1146–1220×23) De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae. Both authors include several careful and prominent references to smiling, laughing and joking, and specifically in relation to Pope Innocent III. These passages have previously been read as straightforward examples of wit and friendship, but this study shows that the authors use these physiological expressions to convey complex and subtly different pictures of the papal curia. Above all, this article demonstrates how Thomas and Gerald's descriptions of humorous interactions with the pope play crucial narrative and mnemonic roles within their work.

Il presente articolo esamina le descrizioni testuali del sorridere, del ridere e dello scherzare con il Papa nella Roma del XIII secolo. Si focalizza in particolare su due resoconti anglo-normanni di controversie nella curia papale: il 'Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham' di Thomas of Marlborough (data di morte 1236) e il 'De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae' di Gerald of Wales (c. 1146–1220×23). In entrambi i testi sono presenti molti riferimenti attenti agli atti di sorridere, di ridere e di scherzare, in particolar modo in relazione a Papa Innocenzo III. Questi passaggi sono stati in precedenza interpretati come inequivocabili esempi di umorismo e amicizia, ma questo studio dimostra come gli autori usino queste ‘espressioni fisiologiche’ per descrivere immagini leggermente differenti della curia papale. Soprattutto questo articolo mostra come le descrizioni di interazione umoristica con il papa di Thomas of Marlborough e di Gerald of Wales giochino ruoli narrativi e mnemonici cruciali all'interno dei loro lavori.
This paper examines William of Malmesbury's (c.1090—c.1142) detailed description of ancient Roman remains at Carlisle in northern England. This remarkable passage features in his 'Gesta pontificum Anglorum' (Book III ch. 99) and has been... more
This paper examines William of Malmesbury's  (c.1090—c.1142) detailed description of ancient Roman remains at Carlisle in northern England. This remarkable passage features in his 'Gesta pontificum Anglorum' (Book III ch. 99) and has been much commented upon by previous scholars as an instance of personal observation.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to indicate the pervasive influence of textual sources that mediated William’s description of these Roman ruins. Second, to demonstrate how William carefully projects his own 'romanitas' (Romanness) onto his description of these archaeological remains. Through close textual reading and literary analysis it is shown that this scene is not a straightforward example of antiquarianism based upon personal observation, but instead a complex passage of literary inclination which indicates the wider cultural associations of Rome and 'romanitas' within William of Malmesbury's historical writings.
This article considers David Jones’ painting Quia per Incarnati at Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge. Based upon original archival research it situated this painting in relation to the artist’s intimate and complex personal relationship with Jim... more
This article considers David Jones’ painting Quia per Incarnati at Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge. Based upon original archival research it situated this painting in relation to the artist’s intimate and complex personal relationship with Jim Ede. Moreover, it demonstrated the importance that Jones attached to this specific work as well as other so-called ‘painted inscriptions,’ arguing that they represent a crucial but overlooked facet of David Jones’ artistry.
16 individual catalogue entries on various items relating to this exhibition, mainly concerning Ottoman costume albums, as well as miniatures by Ottoman and Safavid artists. Entries include prints by Melchior Lorck, Venetian and Iznik... more
16 individual catalogue entries on various items relating to this exhibition, mainly concerning Ottoman costume albums, as well as miniatures by Ottoman and Safavid artists. Entries include prints by Melchior Lorck, Venetian and Iznik plates, a portrait of Sultan Bayezid I (after Veronese), the Sloane costume album, the Kaempfer Album, the Diez costume album, and John White's images of the Orient.
This essay examines the origins of Orientalism (c. 1500–1800); it discusses the difficulties of applying the inherent rigidity of the concept to a period of great fluidity. The examples under discussion are largely drawn from costume... more
This essay examines the origins of Orientalism (c. 1500–1800); it discusses the
difficulties of applying the inherent rigidity of the concept to a period of great
fluidity. The examples under discussion are largely drawn from costume books and related imagery because this material both supports and problematises many tenets of Orientalism. First, there is evidence of greater plurality and dialogic exchange between East and West than the framework of Orientalism allows. What emerges is neither a picture of linear progression nor a concept solely fixed upon colonialism, but rather one in which multiple Orients and multiple Occidents flicker and disappear or, in some cases, become entrenched modes of understanding the Orient.
This study explores sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman costume albums in relation to the theme of entertainment. There are many approaches to engaging with this topic, of which the most obvious is to examine the rich and varied... more
This study explores sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman costume albums in relation to the theme of entertainment. There are many approaches to engaging with this topic, of which the most obvious is to examine the rich and varied depictions of entertaining actions and scenes in these albums, including: visions of dancers and musicians, moments of leisure, or representations of celebration such as the men enjoying a ferris wheel to mark the conclusion of Ramazan. The richness of the genre as a whole is manifest through the wide array of images detailing entertainments that are rarely recorded in other sources for the period. Nonetheless, here, it is my intention to adopt an alternative approach by analysing how these books were agents of entertainment. In other words, how could the books themselves entertain people? And, in relation to this question, who created the entertainment?

Reading Ottoman costume albums as a form of entertainment is a novel interpretation. These books have predominantly been characterised as objective and realistic in their iconography, encyclopaedic in scope, and didactic in function.  Save for passing comments, there has been little discussion of these albums as items designed to entertain. My initial intention, therefore, is to demonstrate through a range of case-studies that Ottoman costume books made by both European and Ottoman artists were, on a fundamental level, created to entertain, and that this is significant in understanding the genre more widely.
This exhibition considers two manuscripts – the Freshfield Album and the Dryden Costume Album – which contain drawings of sixteenth-century Constantinople (modern Istanbul). These books testify to the increased contact in this period... more
This exhibition considers two manuscripts – the Freshfield Album and the Dryden Costume Album – which contain drawings of sixteenth-century Constantinople (modern Istanbul). These books testify to the increased contact in this period between Europe and the Ottoman Empire and to the subsequent interest in Ottoman culture. The Freshfield Album focuses upon the architecture and ancient monuments of Constantinople, while the Dryden Album is an example of an Ottoman Costume Album, so called because its drawings depict a diverse collection of peoples from different social classes, ethnic backgrounds and religious persuasions. The European taste for the Orient often veered towards the fantastical, but as these manuscripts show there were also moments of genuine and sensitive enquiry.
This essay reviews a major exhibition held in Brussels and Kraków that explores European-Ottoman cultural exchange in the early modern period. This show is notable for its emphasis on Ottoman exchange with Central and Eastern Europe. By... more
This essay reviews a major exhibition held in Brussels and Kraków that explores European-Ottoman cultural exchange in the early modern period. This show is notable for its emphasis on Ottoman exchange with Central and Eastern Europe. By moving beyond Ottoman contact with Venice, this exhibition expands the field of Ottoman-European interaction in new and important ways.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The longevity, paradoxes, and ambivalence of British relations with Europe in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries coalesce in vivid fashion when examining Anglo-Roman cultural contact. Rome meant many different things to Norman... more
The longevity, paradoxes, and ambivalence of British relations with Europe in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries coalesce in vivid fashion when examining Anglo-Roman cultural contact. Rome meant many different things to Norman England during this period: the city’s ancient heritage was a source of marvel and a touchstone of ancient Latin culture, but it was also inexorably bound to the papal curia – a site of success for some Englishmen but ruin for others. During this period medieval English writers were both the most admiring and the most critical in their responses to ‘Rome’ and Roman identity. In the words of G.B. Parks, this relationship was one of “the most balanced dislike”.
Ottoman Costume albums are a genre of book that emerged in the mid-sixteenth century; they contained a series of drawings depicting different characters in their respective costumes, which commonly included the sultan and his court,... more
Ottoman Costume albums are a genre of book that emerged in the mid-sixteenth century; they contained a series of drawings depicting different characters in their respective costumes, which commonly included the sultan and his court, Venetian ladies, Greek monks, street beggars and even public executions. In this way the social, religious and ethnic diversity of Ottoman society was succinctly conveyed to a western audience that purchased these books as souvenirs of their travels. In artistic terms these drawings are relatively simple, but they are significant because the figures, costumes and props remained unchanged for centuries to come.

Previous scholars have viewed these albums as straightforwardly accurate depictions of Ottoman culture and society. Indeed, it has been widely argued that these books acted as practical guides for European merchants or as pictorial travelogues. Yet in truth, these albums are more complex and problematic records of travel than previously realised. Drawing upon several recently discovered and miscatalogued albums my paper will demonstrate that these drawings cannot simply reflect the travels or experiences of European visitors since the vast majority of albums contain exactly the same types of characters wearing the same costumes and adopting strikingly similar poses. Thus, what may have once been a genuine scene of Ottoman society swiftly became a stereotyped image produced for a mass audience and divorced of its original context. In this way these albums came to define the expectations, and therefore the experiences, of subsequent travellers in Ottoman Turkey.
Ottoman costume albums were a genre of book that emerged in the late sixteenth century, which sought to convey the whole gamut of Ottoman society in pictorial form. These manuscripts commonly included images of the sultan and his court,... more
Ottoman costume albums were a genre of book that emerged in the late sixteenth century, which sought to convey the whole gamut of Ottoman society in pictorial form. These manuscripts commonly included images of the sultan and his court, Turkish ladies and Venetian girls, Greek monks alongside Turkish imams, Russian merchants and African eunuchs amongst others. The drawings are relatively simple, but they succinctly abbreviated the kaleidoscope of cultures that co-inhabited Constantinople. The earliest albums were produced for European travellers and were made by western artists, but from the beginning of the seventeenth century Ottoman artists began to imitate the iconography of these European images.

In this paper I will focus upon two neglected examples of this genre found in Cambridge and use them to reflect upon European perceptions of the Ottoman world during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. One of the most striking elements of these albums is the continuity of the iconography: the costumes, poses and characters of sixteenth-century albums remained unchanged for centuries. Indeed, even nineteenth-century photographic images of Turkey followed the iconography of the costume album. In this way these manuscripts were souvenirs for early European travellers to Turkey, but they also defined the experiences of subsequent visitors and became stereotypes of the Orient. I will propose that due to these images, and the influence of travel literature, later visitors to Constantinople expected to find these figures and characters regardless of their veracity.
This conference examines the significant topic of papal communication from the perspective of the recipients; it focuses on the diverse responses and receptions to papal communications found across medieval Europe between the years 1000... more
This conference examines the significant topic of papal communication from the perspective of the recipients; it focuses on the diverse responses and receptions to papal communications found across medieval Europe between the years 1000 and 1300.

Themes include the construction and questioning of papal authority, responses to gifts and giving and to rituals and liturgy, sermons and papal letters; encounters in papal assemblies; historical writing in Anglo-Norman England; as well as discussions about the theoretical and methodological framework for studying papal communication in the Middle Ages.