- United States
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ED417592 - Spanish in Four Continents: Studies in Language Contact and Bilingualism.
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Research Interests: Geography and Portuguese
This paper examines the status of two languages spoken in the Andean highlands of Ecuador: Imbabura Quichua and Media Lengua. The latter is a mixed language consisting of Quichua morphosyntax, including all system morphemes, and... more
This paper examines the status of two languages spoken in the Andean highlands of Ecuador: Imbabura Quichua and Media Lengua. The latter is a mixed language consisting of Quichua morphosyntax, including all system morphemes, and Spanish-derived roots for all lexical items. Imbabura Media Lengua is currently spoken in three small indigenous communities, surrounded by other communities where only Quichua and Spanish are spoken. Previous descriptions of Media Lengua suggest that it may not be systematically different from Quichua but rather a last-ditch attempt by Quichua speakers to retain their language in the face of growing Hispanization. This paper provides the results of several interactive experiments conducted with Quichua–Media Lengua bilinguals, which demonstrate that the psycholinguistic boundaries between Quichua and Media Lengua are clearly delimited for most speakers. Only among the youngest speakers—most of whom have received Quichua classes in school—is there some blurring of the distinction between Quichua and Media Lengua.
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SUMMARY Philippine Creole Spanish ('Chabacano') continues to be spoken in several areas of the Philippines and offers a useful perspective on the development of Spanish during the 17th and 18th centuries. The present study traces... more
SUMMARY Philippine Creole Spanish ('Chabacano') continues to be spoken in several areas of the Philippines and offers a useful perspective on the development of Spanish during the 17th and 18th centuries. The present study traces the development of syllable-final /s/ in Chabacano, using a variational model. A comparative investigation of the principal Chabacano dialects, those of Manila Bay (the original forms) and the dialect of Zamboanga (a later transplantation, partially decreolized) reveals the continued existence of a process of reduction of implosive /s/. By including additional data on the behavior of /s/ in comptemp-orary dialects of Spain, Mexico, and Latin America, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Philippine Creole Spanish is a legitimate tool in historical Hispanic dialectology, and that the reduction of /s/ most probably was well under way at least by the middle of the 17th century, in the Spanish dialects brought to the Philippines via Mexico. RÉ...
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Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
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... quasi-universal tendencies have shaped the syntactic carryovers into Spanish, since theAnglicisms in the ... was very smart'- where, unlike most cases in islefio speech, the Anglicism smart was ... In other cases, a bilingual... more
... quasi-universal tendencies have shaped the syntactic carryovers into Spanish, since theAnglicisms in the ... was very smart'- where, unlike most cases in islefio speech, the Anglicism smart was ... In other cases, a bilingual translation from English to Spanish ensued, following the ...
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This study focuses on bilingual speakers of Ecuadoran Quichua and the mixed language known as Media Lengua, which consists of Quichua morphosyntactic frames with all content word roots relexified from Spanish. For all intents and... more
This study focuses on bilingual speakers of Ecuadoran Quichua and the mixed language known as Media Lengua, which consists of Quichua morphosyntactic frames with all content word roots relexified from Spanish. For all intents and purposes, only the lexicon – more specifically, lexical roots – separate Media Lengua from Quichua, and yet speakers generally manage to keep the two languages apart in production and are able to unequivocally distinguish the languages in perception tasks. Two main questions drive the research effort. The first, given the very close relationships between Quichua and Media Lengua, is whether each language has a distinct lexicon, or a single lexical repository is shared by the two languages. A second and closely related question is the extent to which language-specific phonotactic patterns aid in language identification, possibly even to the extent of constituting the only robust language-tagging mechanism in a joint lexicon. Using lexical-decision and false-...
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Research Interests: History, Cognitive Science, Geography, Linguistics, Language, and 3 morePanama, Literary studies, and Hispanic
Research Interests: History and Linguistics
ABSTRACTThe present study examines the relative processing efficiency of two typologically diverse configurations of sentential negation: immediately preverbal NEG and unbounded clause-final NEG. In order to effect a head-to-head... more
ABSTRACTThe present study examines the relative processing efficiency of two typologically diverse configurations of sentential negation: immediately preverbal NEG and unbounded clause-final NEG. In order to effect a head-to-head comparison, the data are drawn from a bilingual speech community in the Afro-Colombian village of San Basilio de Palenque, in which two lexically cognate languages are in contact, differing principally in the placement of the sentential negator: Spanish (preverbal NEG) and the Afro-Hispanic creole language Palenquero (clause-final NEG). The results of a series of experiments suggest that preverbal negation is quite robust, while processing of clause-final negation is degraded under increased cognitive demands. Contextual and pragmatic cues ameliorate the processing of likely negative utterances, while unbounded clause-final negation is more vulnerable in ambiguous utterances. The contrasting behavior of Spanish and Palenquero negation highlights the possibl...
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This study investigates the relationship between intra-sentential codeswitching restrictions after subject pronouns, negative elements, and interrogatives and language-specific syntactic structures. Data are presented from two languages... more
This study investigates the relationship between intra-sentential codeswitching restrictions after subject pronouns, negative elements, and interrogatives and language-specific syntactic structures. Data are presented from two languages that have non-cognate lexicons but share identical phrase structure and syntactic mechanisms and exactly thesamegrammatical morphemesexcept forpronouns, negators, and interrogative words. The languages are the Quichua of Imbabura province, Ecuador and Ecuadorian Media Lengua (ML), consisting of Quichua morphosyntax with Spanish-derived lexical roots. Bilingual participants carried out un-timed acceptability judgment and language-identification tasks and concurrent memory-loaded repetition on utterances in Quichua, ML, and various mixtures of Quichua and ML. The acceptability and classification data show a main effect for category of single-word switches (significant differences for lexical vs. interrogative, negative, and for acceptability, pronoun) ...
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Spanish-speaking populations in the United States are more vulnerable in disaster contexts due to inequities, such as language barriers, that prevent them from receiving life-saving information. For the past couple of decades,... more
Spanish-speaking populations in the United States are more vulnerable in disaster contexts due to inequities, such as language barriers, that prevent them from receiving life-saving information. For the past couple of decades, governmental organizations have addressed these issues by translating weather watches, warnings, and advisories into Spanish. Previous studies suggest that these Spanish translations do not communicate the same level of urgency as their English counterparts. To identify whether these translated products result in inequities between English and Spanish speaker reception and comprehension of forecast information, we asked a representative sample of U.S. English (n = 1,550) and Spanish (n = 1,050) speakers to correctly identify the translations of weather watches and warnings and found significant language inequities. Additionally, we asked U.S. Spanish speakers to indicate the urgency they felt when shown different Spanish words used in weather watch and warning...
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Este trabajo pretende trazar el origen y la difusión del habla ritualizada de los congos afropanameños. Después de enumerar los vínculos con otras variedades lingüísticas afrohispanoamericanas, la distorsión deliberada del español se... more
Este trabajo pretende trazar el origen y la difusión del habla ritualizada de los congos afropanameños. Después de enumerar los vínculos con otras variedades lingüísticas afrohispanoamericanas, la distorsión deliberada del español se sitúa dentro del contexto histórico de la subversión realizada por africanos esclavizados en el Panamá colonial. Por medio de un método comparativo basado en elementos léxicos claves, se propone un modelo de difusión intercomunitaria del habla congo.
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Page 1. JOHN LIPSKI Afro-Bolivian Spanish Page 2. Page 3. Th±s On< PQWA-AXT-8ZBJ Page 4. Page 5. John Lipski Afro-Bolivian Spanish Page 6. Lengua y Sociedad en el Mundo Hispanico Language and Society in the Hispanic ...
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espanolLas variedades linguisticas hispano-criollas conocidas colectivamente como chabacano son ampliamente reconocidas como lenguas distintas del espanol, dotadas de estructuras gramaticales propias y sobre todo en el caso del... more
espanolLas variedades linguisticas hispano-criollas conocidas colectivamente como chabacano son ampliamente reconocidas como lenguas distintas del espanol, dotadas de estructuras gramaticales propias y sobre todo en el caso del zamboangueno-de comprension muy limitada de parte de personas hispanoparlantes. A pesar de las diferencias patentes, la reconstruccion historica del chabacano se ve dificultada por las referencias bibliograficas confusas y ambiguas, que pretenden describir la presencia de una u otra de estas lenguas en las Filipinas a lo largo de los ultimos dos siglos y medio. Este trabajo explora las referencias historicas referentes a la existencia de los dialectos chabacanos asi como los entornos sociolinguisticos que produjeron no solo una terminologia ambigua, sino un reconocimiento ambiguo aun entre los mismos hablantes del chabacano. EnglishThe Philippine Creole Spanish dialects known collectively as Chabacano are widely recognized as creole languages that differ from...
Research Interests: Art and Castellano
Due to recent language revitalization efforts the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero is now taught in the community’s schools and many young residents are acquiring Palenquero as a second language. The data for the present study... more
Due to recent language revitalization efforts the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero is now taught in the community’s schools and many young residents are acquiring Palenquero as a second language. The data for the present study come from written assignments produced by L2 learners of Palenquero. These texts exhibit emergent innovations as well as incomplete acquisition of basic morphosyntactic structures, and in their totality provide a glimpse into the possible future of the Palenquero language.
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According to recent Census data, the Hispanic or Latino population represents nearly 1 in 5 Americans today, where 71.1% of these individuals speak Spanish at home. Despite increased efforts among the weather enterprise, establishing... more
According to recent Census data, the Hispanic or Latino population represents nearly 1 in 5 Americans today, where 71.1% of these individuals speak Spanish at home. Despite increased efforts among the weather enterprise, establishing effective risk communication strategies for Spanish-speaking populations has been an uphill battle. No frameworks exist for translating weather information into the Spanish language, nor are there collective solutions that address this problem within the weather world. The objective of this article is threefold. First, the current translation issue in Spanish is highlighted. Through research conducted at the NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center, situations are revealed where regional varieties of Spanish contributed to inconsistent risk messaging across the bilingual weather community. Second, existing resources are featured so that interested readers are aware of ongoing efforts to translate weather information into Spanish. Organizations within the weathe...
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In the extreme northeastern Argentine province of Misiones, vernacular Portuguese is the primary language of many rural communities, in bilingual contact with Spanish. The present study examines data from Misiones Portuguese and Spanish... more
In the extreme northeastern Argentine province of Misiones, vernacular Portuguese is the primary language of many rural communities, in bilingual contact with Spanish. The present study examines data from Misiones Portuguese and Spanish for evidence of morphosyntactic convergence in the absence of formal schooling in either language or sociolinguistic pressures to produce canonical varieties. Data from a corpus of vernacular Misiones Portuguese and the results of a speeded translation task reveal that even in this sociolinguistically permissive environment bilingual speakers maintain distinct morphosyntactic systems for Portuguese and Spanish (exemplified by nominal plural marking and first-person plural verbal inflection). The data also suggest that bilingual contact alone does not yield the degree of convergence required for the hybrid Portuguese-Spanish morphosyntaxis that has been reported, for example, in northern Uruguay.
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thorough review of the relevant work on theories of writing, the main substance of the book consists of a highly personal account of a single experimental first-, second-, and third-grade bilingual reading program in a small southwestern... more
thorough review of the relevant work on theories of writing, the main substance of the book consists of a highly personal account of a single experimental first-, second-, and third-grade bilingual reading program in a small southwestern community. Since the bilingual program, its directors, and perhaps even its external consultants subsequently ran afoul of local political entanglements, the reader of Edelsky's book is distracted by a barrage of whimsical pseudonyms which could have been replaced by simple code numbers or letters. Moreover, the author admits that after initially encouraging results, follow-up observations of the (stu dent) survivors of the program yielded discouraging data, as well as inconclusive findings on proposed theories of bilingual writing acquisition. Despite these inauspicious beginnings, the book contains a wealth of useful information, the credibility of which is increased by the forthright admission of disappointments and deceptions. The students involved in the bilingual program represent marginalized sectors of this na tion's Hispanic population, including children born in Mexico as well as American-born children with limited knowledge of English. The premise of the writing program was that true insights into the nature of (monolingual and bilingual) writing would only be obtained by studying texts freely produced by children. This excluded texts subject to the excessively rigorous and artificial structure of traditional reading programs, including workbook exer cises, assigned compositions, round-robin readings, and in general everything directed toward writing for the teacher. A number of other tentative premises were also advanced, nearly all of which were subsequently revised or rejected. Although the researchers admit in itial uncertainty as to their precise goals and methodology, the study was clearly circum scribed by a sympathetic attitude toward children learning language skills in the midst of nonstandard varieties of Spanish and English, and by the view that such children command linguistic repertoires at least as extensive as those of more "privileged" children in linguistically homogeneous communities. In fact, the chapter concerning myths and the one devoted to debunking the variety of theories, pseudotheories, and outrageous ideas which have arisen about reading and bilin
Research Interests: Psychology and Mythology
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Introduction Among the corpus of bozal Spanish and Portuguese materials, none of the texts show the neat template-like superposition of Romance and African language patterns found among creole languages, perhaps not surprising in view of... more
Introduction Among the corpus of bozal Spanish and Portuguese materials, none of the texts show the neat template-like superposition of Romance and African language patterns found among creole languages, perhaps not surprising in view of the fact that bozal language was re-created spontaneously each time a diverse group of Africans was thrust into a situation where learning Spanish or Portuguese was instantly necessary. Despite the lack of systematic one-to-one correspondences between grammatical structures peculiar to individual African languages and bozal Spanish or Portuguese, there are some recurring traits among major African languages whose traces among Afro-Iberian speech can potentially be separated from the spontaneous effects of imperfect second language acquisition. Among later bozal texts, particularly those from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there is a higher overall degree of linguistic accuracy, and even some attempts at anthropological accounts of Afro-Hispanic language and culture. Available documentation on the demographics of the African population in nineteenth-century Latin America is also more complete, and there are occasional glimpses of substratum influence on bozal Spanish syntax. An assessment of several prominent cross-sections of African grammatical structures is therefore not without merit, even in the absence of stable creoles. The following survey is not intended to be complete, but rather to underscore the type of considerations that might be brought to bear on individual bozal texts in order to fathom the possible effects of African grammatical patterns.
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This chapter will present historical data on the most significant African populations in Latin America, beginning with the areas in which the largest and linguistically most important concentrations were found during colonial times. These... more
This chapter will present historical data on the most significant African populations in Latin America, beginning with the areas in which the largest and linguistically most important concentrations were found during colonial times. These are the regions for which the greatest amount of written descriptions of Africans' speech is available. Africans in colonial Peru African slaves and their descendants were found in Peru from the earliest colonial periods to well into postcolonial independence, but the demographic distribution and geographical location varied across time, as did the interaction with speakers of Spanish. The use of African slaves had already been authorized for other areas of Spanish America, to replace dwindling indigenous workers, and African slaves were carried to the highland mines of Bolivia and Peru. Few demographic traces remain of these first African arrivals for several reasons. Nearly all were adult males, who were deprived of opportunities for procreation. Mortality rates were extremely high; the combination of altitude, cold temperatures, inadequate nourishment and harsh working conditions ravaged the slave population. At the same time, more stable nuclei of Africans began arriving in Cuzco and other developing colonial centers such as La Paz. As in other colonial towns, African slaves worked as domestic servants and artisans' assistants, living patterns which were conducive to learning Spanish, and to leaving some linguistic and cultural legacy.
Research Interests: History, English Creoles, Questions, French, Revolution, and 7 moreChinese, Negation, Fort, S, R, Kingdom, and Creole Language
Research Interests: Art, Word order, Ir, Metathesis, Negation, and 12 moreBantu languages, Particles, Object, Nasal Vowels, Copula, Liquid Consonants, Noun Phrases, S, N, R, Kingdom, and Creole Language
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In Quechua-dominant Spanish interlanguage in the Andean region the gerund is frequently found instead of finite verb forms typical of monolingual Spanish. Using data collected among Quichua-Spanish bilinguals in northern Ecuador, this... more
In Quechua-dominant Spanish interlanguage in the Andean region the gerund is frequently found instead of finite verb forms typical of monolingual Spanish. Using data collected among Quichua-Spanish bilinguals in northern Ecuador, this study challenges claims that direct transfer of the Quichua subordinator-s(h)pa— often called a “gerund” — is the immediate source of the Andean Spanish gerund. Quichua-dominant bilinguals produce Spanish gerunds mostly in subordinate clauses, reflecting the general pattern of Quechua. However, in a Quichua-to-Spanish translation task,-shpawas most frequently translated as a gerund by school children who had received Quichua language classes, and least frequently by traditional Quichua-dominant speakers. An examination of historical documents suggests that the gerund was used in Spanish foreigner talk directed at indigenous speakers. The ultimate source of the-s(h)pa=Spanish gerundequation is traced to 16th and 17th century Quechua grammars written in ...
Research Interests: Sociology and Linguistics
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This book sets out to describe the Spanish language as it is used in the world today, including regional and social variation, pedagogical and political issues, mass media and communication, and language planning. The book is divided into... more
This book sets out to describe the Spanish language as it is used in the world today, including regional and social variation, pedagogical and political issues, mass media and communication, and language planning. The book is divided into nine chapters, a glossary, and a bibliography.