This research aimed to examine the antioxidant polysaccharide activity (PsPc-3) derived from Pleurotus columbinus (P. columbinus) on oxidative renal injury (ORI) induced by cisplatin (CP). The principal components of crude polysaccharide were assessed. We studied the preventive impact of polysaccharide on cisplatin-induced renal damage in this study. For 21 days, we employed the CP-induced ORI rat model and divided the rats into four groups: control, CP alone, polysaccharide post CP (100 mg/kg) orally, and CP + polysaccharide (pre and post). The chemical characterization of the polysaccharide fraction PsPc-3 stated that protein was not present. PsPc-3 contained 7.2% uronic acid as assessed as 0% sulfate. PsPc-3 hydrolysate structured of Galacturonic:Glucose:Xylose and their molar proportions were 1:4:5, respectively. The average molecular weight (Mw) and molecular mass (Mn) per molecule of PsPc-3 were 5.49 × 10⁴ g/mol and Mn of 4.95 × 10⁴ g/mol respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by the polysaccharide of 65.21-95.51% at 10 mg/ml with IC50 less than 10 mg/ml. CP increased serum urea to 92.0 mg/dl and creatinine up to 1.0 mg/dl, with a concurrent decrease in the levels of total protein to 4.0 mg/dl. Besides, Also, CP-induced ORI raised levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and renal hormones (renin and aldosterone), with a decline in antioxidants compared to control rats. In addition, in the presence of CP, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels increased. PsPc-3 decreased these changes dramatically. PsPc-3 improves pathological renal damage caused by CP and decreases tubular apoptosis measured by DNA ladder formation and cleaved caspase- 3. These findings showed that PsPc-3 isolated from P. columbinus protects and inhibits tubular apoptosis in cisplatin-induced ORI. Furthermore, PsPc-3 has no influence on the anticancer efficacy of CP in rats. Thus, PsPc-3 derived from P. columbinus might provide a novel therapy method for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Diabetes mellitus induces chronic complications such as cardiovascular damage, cataracts and retinopathy, nephropathy, and polyneuropathy. The main aim of the study was to isolate and identify both of bacterial strain and exopolysaccharide to assess the possible efficiency of exopolysaccharide (BSEPS) from Bacillus subtilus sp .suppress on cardiovascular diseases, atherogenic and coronary risk indices in diabetic rats.

The bacterial strain used was isolated from mangrove tree sediment by serial dilution and the spread-plate technique and identified by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and by 16S rRNA analysis. The BSEPS was extracted from the bacterial supernatant by four volumes child ethanol then the functional groups, MW and chemical analysis were detected by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also an antioxidant activity was measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally randomized into four groups: control group supplemented with normal saline (Group I); the second group supplemented with BSEPS (Group II); diabetic group supplemented with normal saline (Group III) and the diabetic group supplemented with BSEPS (Group IV). Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. BSEPS (100 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for four weeks, following STZ induction.

The isolated strain was identified based on 16S rRNA sequence as Bacillus subtilis sp. suppress. A preliminary chemical analysis of BSEPS indicated that the monosaccharides were mannuronic acid, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 1.6:1.5:1.0:2.3:1.4, respectively, with a molecular weight of 1.66 × 10(4) g mol(-1) and a molecular number of 7.64 × 10(3) g mol(-1). BSEPS inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical activity, and BSEPS supplement reduced glucose (p < 0.05) and troponin levels while insulin levels increased (p < 0.05). BSEPS also reduced total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides, and elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL). In parallel, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats were reduced. Moreover, polysaccharides reduced atherogenic and coronary risk indices, which were confirmed by histopathological examination of the heart and aorta.

Our study suggests that BSEPS improves hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease risk in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Damage to normal tissues is a consequence of both therapeutic and accidental exposures to ionizing radiation. A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide called AXEPS, composed of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and glucouronic acid in a molar ratio of nearly 1.0:1.6:0.4:2.3, respectively, was isolated from culture medium of strain Alcaligenes xylosoxidans MSA3 by ethanol precipitation followed by freeze-drying. Chemical analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and chromatographic studies revealed that the molecular weight was 1.6 × 10(4) g mol(-1). This study was designed to investigate the radioprotective and biological effects of AXEPS in alleviating the toxicity of ionizing radiation in female albino rats. A total of 32 female albino rats were divided into four groups. In the control group, rats were administered vehicle by tube for four weeks. The second group was administered AXEPS (100 mg/kg) orally by gavage for four weeks. Animals in the third group were exposed to whole-body γ-rays (5 Gy) and remained for 2 weeks without treatment. The fourth group received AXEPS (100 mg/kg) orally by gavage for two weeks before being exposed to whole-body γ-rays (5 Gy), then 24 h post γ-rays, they received AXEPS (100 mg/kg) in a treatment continuing till the end of the experiment (15 days after the whole-body γ-irradiation). Oral administration of AXEPS (100 mg/kg) significantly reversed the oxidative stress effects of radiation, as evidenced by the decrease in DNA damage in the bone marrow. Assessment of apoptosis and cell proliferation markers revealed that caspase-3 significantly increased in the irradiated group. Moreover, a significant decrease in the hematological constituents of peripheral blood, the chemotactic index and CD8+ T cells were observed in animals in the irradiation-only group, whereas an increase in the lymphocyte index was observed in animals in that group. In contrast, AXEPS treatment prevented these alterations. From our results, we conclude that AXEPS is a potent antioxidant and treatment agent for protection from γ-rays.

The present study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of rats (BM) against toxic effects of lead (Pb) on the male gonads of experimental rats.

The experimental animals were exposed to lead in the form of lead nitrate (LN) one quarter of the LD50. The efficacy of MSCs to reduce gonado-totoxicity induced by lead nitrate at 21, 30 and 60 days, was evaluated experimentally in male rats.

The results showed that testosterone levels and semen quality ameliorated following treatment with MSCs. Also, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase levels were increased 21, 30 and 60 days post treatment of MSCs. Moreover, a decrease in genomic DNA alteration and percentage of fragmented DNA was recorded after MSCs treatment. Lead nitrate caused degeneration, necrosis, interstitial edema, and reduction in spermatogenic activity in some seminiferous tubules. The LN-induced changes in histopathologic findings of testis were partially reversed by treatment with MSCs. Histological examination of testis showed deformities in morphology of testis in test animals with gross damage within the seminiferous tubules in Lead nitrate group. The LN-induced changes in histopathologic findings of testis were partially reversed by treatment of MSCs.

It was concluded that lead is a gonadotoxic with a tendency of suppressing semen characteristics and testosterone levels of animals, the presence of MSCs was found to alleviate the toxic effects of lead. We conclude that MSCs derived from the bone marrow of rats can be an effective therapy of LN induced gonado toxicity, thus can contribute to the treatment of infertility.