Fonetiki

Fonetiki (kutoka Kiingereza "Phonetics") ni tawi la sayansi ya isimu. Inashughulikia uchunguzi wa sauti za lugha za binadamu, pamoja na utamkaji na usikiaji wake. Kwa ujumla, fonetiki ni tawi la isimu linalochunguza jinsi sauti zinavyozalishwa, zinavyosafirishwa na zinavyomfikia msikilizaji.

Etimolojia ya neno fonetiki imebeba dhana mbili: foni na etiki. Foni humaanisha sauti, ilihali etiki ni dhana pana kidogo.

Vitamkwa huandikwa kwa kutumia alfabeti ya kifonetiki ya kimataifa (au kifupi cha jina lake kwa Kiingereza, International Phonetic Alphabet).

Fonetiki inagawanyika katika:

• fonetiki akustika
• fonetiki maabara (au fonetiki majaribio)
• fonetiki masikizi
• fonetiki matamshi
• fonetiki tibamatamshi

Marejeo

Ya Kiswahili

• TUKI 1990, "Kamusi Sanifu ya Isimu na Lugha", Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam
• Massamba, David 2004, "Kamusi ya Isimu na Falsafa ya Lugha", Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam

Mengineyo

• Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Catford, J. C. (2001). A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (toleo la 2nd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924635-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Halle, Morris (1983). "On Distinctive Features and their articulatory implementation". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 1 (1): 91–105. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jakobson, Roman; Fant, Gunnar; Halle, Morris (1976). Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and their Correlates. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-60001-3.
• Jones, Daniel (1948). "The London school of phonetics". Zeitschrift für Phonetik. 11 (3/4): 127–135. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (Reprinted in Jones, W. E.; Laver, J., whr. (1973). Phonetics in Linguistics. Longman. ku. 180–186.)
• Kingston, John (2007). "The Phonetics-Phonology Interface". Katika DeLacy, Paul (mhr.). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84879-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005). A Course in Phonetics (toleo la 5th). Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 1-413-00688-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
• O'Connor, J.D. (1973). Phonetics. Pelican. ku. 16–17. ISBN 978-0140215601. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• O'Grady, William (2005). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (toleo la 5th). Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-41936-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stearns, Peter; Adas, Michael; Schwartz, Stuart; Gilbert, Marc Jason (2001). World Civilizations (toleo la 3rd). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-321-04479-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Trask, R.L. (1996). A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11261-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Viungo vya nje

• the Web Site of the Phonetic Sciences Laboratory of the Université de Montréal. Archived 23 Februari 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
• The International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS)
• A little encyclopedia of phonetics, Peter Roach. (pdf)
• The sounds and sound patterns of language U Penn
• Official IPA chart (International Phonetic Association)
• Real-time MRI videos of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group Archived 2 Aprili 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
• Extensive collection of phonetics resources on the Web Archived 25 Agosti 2018 at the Wayback Machine. (University of North Carolina)
• Phonetics and Phonology Archived 20 Mei 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (University of Osnabrück)
• A note on practical phonetic training

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya lugha bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Fonetiki kama historia yake, uenezi au maendeleo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.