Papers by Reza Kiani Movahed
Journal for the History of Science, 2022
ʾAnbūba is a simple instrument that has been in use during the medieval Islamic age. The Arabic t... more ʾAnbūba is a simple instrument that has been in use during the medieval Islamic age. The Arabic term ʾAnbūba literally means the tube. The instrument was a tube devised in a particular way to determine the relative height between two lands for water transportation with the purpose of irrigating the farms and gardens. In the classic Islamic age, the description and instruction of such instruments were not generally registered in a textual format, regarding that they were a component of agricultural know-how. However, the information about ʾAnbūba has reached us in four independent treatises. This article introduces the instrument ʾAnbūba, discussing its construction and application. The article also includes the edition and translation of a fifteenth-century Persian treatise written exclusively about this instrument.
Journal for the History of Science, 2020
The stick method is a common and easy way to estimate the object size or its distance to an obser... more The stick method is a common and easy way to estimate the object size or its distance to an observer. Today, painters, scouts, artillery observers, woodchoppers, etc. use this method when they have no special rangefinder instrument. We don't know the exact origin of this method but Euclid has described a similar way in proposition 22 of his optics. Great astronomer of the 12-century, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī, has explained the stick method in his treatise named about the marvelous instruments (fī Ālāt al-ʿAjība). He dedicated his treatise to explain observatory instruments and amplified how to use these instruments and the information gathered by them. Al-Khāzinī described 7 instruments used for observing the stars in 7 independent books and added their application as the surveying tools. He presented the geometrical arguments to show us why and how we can use his formulas to gain mathematical information about subjects from data gathered by these instruments. about the stick method with its main Arabic text. Finally, I described his method by modern mathematics symbols and notations and then I tried to rebuild the geometrical arguments according to his previous book about the triquetrum.
scientific heritage of Islam & Iran, 2018
Cryptography and decryption have a long history, but recent historical studies show that Islamic ... more Cryptography and decryption have a long history, but recent historical studies show that Islamic civilization has been the root of the development of organized decryption methods. At the beginning of the Abbasid era, many scientific fields were developed among the Muslims that were effective in developing decoding techniques. The most important fields were arithmetic, algebra, statistics, and linguistics. The advancement of Islamic civilization, such as the creation of a great religious system, the translation of scientific works of other civilizations into the Arabic language, getting the technology of paper production from China, and so on, have accelerated this movement.
By reading al-Kindi's treatise and other books written by Muslims on the subject of cryptography and decryption, we find that Muslims were a few centuries ahead of Europeans in this field. The first methodical European decoding measures date back to the Pascal (1662-1623) and Pierre de Fermat (1665- 1607).
History of sceince magazine, 2019
The astronomers used instruments from the first century BC to observe heavenly bodies. The most o... more The astronomers used instruments from the first century BC to observe heavenly bodies. The most of them were used to determine the angle between the ecliptic and equator circles and to find the moment of the sun's arrival to the equinoxes. Ptolemy mentions some names of the instruments such as the armillary, dioptra and triquetrum. With the biginning of the attention to astronomy in the Islamic era and the new observations for the examination of Ptolemy's reports, we have received reports of the construction of the instruments, although most of the essays written by the Muslims related to the construction and application of Astrolabes.
cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (508-549 AH)’s Fī Ālāt al-cAjība is a small treatise in which al-Khāzinī describes the seven usual observation instruments of his era and the methods of their use and computations on the date which are derived from the observations. Currently, there are four manuscripts of this treatise available at the libraries of Majlis (in Iran), Sepahsalar School (in Iran), Manisa (in Turkey), and Istanbul University (in Turkey). In this article, we will give a brief report on this treatise and its surviving versions and the materials described therein.
Scientific heritage of Islam and Iran, 2019
کندی علامه ای مسلمان بود که کتابهای علمی زیادی در حوزه ی وسیعی از علوم نوشت. او از بصره برخواست و... more کندی علامه ای مسلمان بود که کتابهای علمی زیادی در حوزه ی وسیعی از علوم نوشت. او از بصره برخواست و [بعدتر] به بغداد رفت تا مطالعاتش را تکمیل کند. درآنجا کندی مورد توجه خلیفه مأمون قرار گرفت و [مأمون] او را به ریاست بیت الحکمه برگزید. وی در طی 70 سال بیش از 290 کتاب علمی نوشت که زبانشناسی یکی از موضوعات تکراری مورد مطالعه [او] بود.
به تازگی آشکار شده است که رساله ی او درباره ی رمزگشایی ،به نام رساله در استخراج معما، قدیمی ترین کتاب نوشته شده در این حوزه تا به امروز بوده است. قدیمی ترین شرح تحلیل تواتر برای رمزگشایی پیامها در این دستنوشته یافت شده است. کندی در آغاز یک طبقه بندی از روشهای رمزنگاری که می شناخت ارائه می کند، و سپس راهی روشمند برای حمله به این روشها عرضه می کند که در آنها تحلیل تواتر نقشی برجسته بازی می کند.
در طی بررسی رساله ی کندی، ما، با راهنمایی کندی، تحلیل تواتر را بر روی یک متن رمزنگاری شده بکارخواهیم گرفت تا نشان دهیم که امروزه رساله ی او فقط یک سرگرمی تاریخی نیست بلکه ارزش عملی دارد.
www.wars-and-history.com, 2011
This article is a brief paper about "telecommunication traffic analysis" techniques to help decry... more This article is a brief paper about "telecommunication traffic analysis" techniques to help decrypt encrypted messages in military and intelligence services.
My lecture about Histroy of electricity in Persian.
The true story about flight 007 that shot by Russian jet fighters.
Conference Presentations by Reza Kiani Movahed
How was the situation of the math & geometry in the Islamic Spain?
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Papers by Reza Kiani Movahed
By reading al-Kindi's treatise and other books written by Muslims on the subject of cryptography and decryption, we find that Muslims were a few centuries ahead of Europeans in this field. The first methodical European decoding measures date back to the Pascal (1662-1623) and Pierre de Fermat (1665- 1607).
cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (508-549 AH)’s Fī Ālāt al-cAjība is a small treatise in which al-Khāzinī describes the seven usual observation instruments of his era and the methods of their use and computations on the date which are derived from the observations. Currently, there are four manuscripts of this treatise available at the libraries of Majlis (in Iran), Sepahsalar School (in Iran), Manisa (in Turkey), and Istanbul University (in Turkey). In this article, we will give a brief report on this treatise and its surviving versions and the materials described therein.
به تازگی آشکار شده است که رساله ی او درباره ی رمزگشایی ،به نام رساله در استخراج معما، قدیمی ترین کتاب نوشته شده در این حوزه تا به امروز بوده است. قدیمی ترین شرح تحلیل تواتر برای رمزگشایی پیامها در این دستنوشته یافت شده است. کندی در آغاز یک طبقه بندی از روشهای رمزنگاری که می شناخت ارائه می کند، و سپس راهی روشمند برای حمله به این روشها عرضه می کند که در آنها تحلیل تواتر نقشی برجسته بازی می کند.
در طی بررسی رساله ی کندی، ما، با راهنمایی کندی، تحلیل تواتر را بر روی یک متن رمزنگاری شده بکارخواهیم گرفت تا نشان دهیم که امروزه رساله ی او فقط یک سرگرمی تاریخی نیست بلکه ارزش عملی دارد.
Conference Presentations by Reza Kiani Movahed
By reading al-Kindi's treatise and other books written by Muslims on the subject of cryptography and decryption, we find that Muslims were a few centuries ahead of Europeans in this field. The first methodical European decoding measures date back to the Pascal (1662-1623) and Pierre de Fermat (1665- 1607).
cAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (508-549 AH)’s Fī Ālāt al-cAjība is a small treatise in which al-Khāzinī describes the seven usual observation instruments of his era and the methods of their use and computations on the date which are derived from the observations. Currently, there are four manuscripts of this treatise available at the libraries of Majlis (in Iran), Sepahsalar School (in Iran), Manisa (in Turkey), and Istanbul University (in Turkey). In this article, we will give a brief report on this treatise and its surviving versions and the materials described therein.
به تازگی آشکار شده است که رساله ی او درباره ی رمزگشایی ،به نام رساله در استخراج معما، قدیمی ترین کتاب نوشته شده در این حوزه تا به امروز بوده است. قدیمی ترین شرح تحلیل تواتر برای رمزگشایی پیامها در این دستنوشته یافت شده است. کندی در آغاز یک طبقه بندی از روشهای رمزنگاری که می شناخت ارائه می کند، و سپس راهی روشمند برای حمله به این روشها عرضه می کند که در آنها تحلیل تواتر نقشی برجسته بازی می کند.
در طی بررسی رساله ی کندی، ما، با راهنمایی کندی، تحلیل تواتر را بر روی یک متن رمزنگاری شده بکارخواهیم گرفت تا نشان دهیم که امروزه رساله ی او فقط یک سرگرمی تاریخی نیست بلکه ارزش عملی دارد.