Texila International Journal

Studies have demonstrated that individuals living with severe and chronic illnesses, such as HIV, experience heightened vulnerability to mental health issues, specifically depression and anxiety. This study examined the effect of burnout and resilience as predictors of depression and anxiety among HIV naïve patients in Nigeria. 1022 participants were sampled using a multistage sampling technique from hospitals across the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja where HIV/AIDS care services are provided. Instruments used for data collection were the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD-7), Conor Davison Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 2), and Professional Fulfilment Index (PFI). Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions on SPSS version 26. Results indicated that burnout positively predicted depression R = .677, R2 = .459, [F (3,977) = 274.934, P<.01], and anxiety R = .721, R2 = .520, [F (3,984) = 53.966, P<.01] among participants. Similarly, resilience also predicted depression R =194, R2 = .038, [F (1,996) = 38.774, P<.01], and anxiety R =194, R2 = .038, [F (1,996) = 38.774, P<.01] among study participants.  The study further revealed that burnout and resilience significantly and jointly predicted depression R =.680, R2 = .463, [F (2,977) = 419.748, P<.01], and anxiety R =.697, R2 = .486, [F (2,984) = 464.106, P<.01] among participants. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that there is a need to integrate routine mental health screening and care into all HIV testing and treatment at ART centres to strengthen HIV prevention and care outcomes.

This study investigates the prevalence and severity of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) compared to age-matched controls. MIH, a dental abnormality affecting enamel, is underexplored in the context of CLP. A retrospective analysis was conducted on records of 47 non-syndromic unilateral CLP patients and 25 controls, with MIH assessed via intraoral photographs. Statistical analyses included Pearson chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests. Results indicated higher MIH scores in CLP patients, especially in molars, with no significant differences for mandibular incisors between groups. Within CLP patients, MIH scores were similar between cleft and non-cleft sides except for maxillary lateral and central incisors. The prevalence of MIH was notably higher in the CLP group, corroborating existing literature on the higher incidence of dental anomalies in these patients. These findings emphasize the need for preventive dental measures and refined criteria for MIH diagnosis in CLP patients to ensure accurate assessment and effective oral health management. Further research is recommended to develop comprehensive diagnostic criteria for MIH in individuals with clefts, facilitating better treatment planning.

Cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is among the most common congenital anomalies worldwide. This study investigates the association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) gene polymorphism (rs3918242) and nonsyndromic CL/P in an Indian population. The study involved 120 individuals with nonsyndromic CL/P and 140 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and genotyping for MMP9 polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques with SphI enzymes. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, with significance set at P<0.05. Results indicated a significant association between MMP9 polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P, showing a higher prevalence of the T allele and TT genotype in cases compared to controls. This study suggests a potential link between MMP9 polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P in the Indian population, emphasizing the need for further research with larger and more diverse samples to provide more robust evidence. Expanded studies across different ethnic groups are crucial for a deeper understanding of the genetic factors contributing to CL/P.

The objective of this present study was to evaluate and compare the microleakage underneath metal orthodontic brackets when bonded with conventional and Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-infiltrated orthodontic adhesive. Ten human caries-free premolars were extracted atraumatically for orthodontics purposes and were randomly allotted into two groups, Group 1: Conventional orthodontic adhesive resin-An acid-etching adhesive system: Enlight composite (ORMCO) and Group 2: An Experimental acid-etching orthodontic adhesive system that was infiltered with Titanium dioxide. An orthodontic adhesive containing 1% nanoparticle was prepared. The metal brackets were bonded to the teeth using the adhesive group to which they belonged. All specimens underwent thermocycling in deionized water for 1000 cycles with a dwell time of 30 seconds and a transfer time of 0 seconds after being stored at 37°C for four weeks in distilled water. The next step involved 24 hours of submersion in a 0.5% basic fuchsin solution. With a low-speed diamond saw, four parallel bucco-lingual longitudinal sections were cut through the occlusal surface. Two calibrated researchers who were blindfolded were examined with a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 16x. Every section's incisal and gingival margins were measured between the bracket-adhesive and adhesive-enamel interfaces. The collected data were tabulated, and the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was done. At the enamel adhesive interface and the bracket adhesive interface, brackets bonded with the experimental TiO2 infiltrated orthodontic adhesive resin had higher mean microleakage scores than brackets bonded with conventional composite. However, this difference was only statistically significant at the enamel adhesive interface (p > 0.05).

This in-vitro study aims to assess and compare the physical and mechanical properties of a green synthesized (novel) Titanium dioxide nanoparticle infiltrated orthodontic adhesive with conventional orthodontic adhesive. A total of twenty disk-shaped specimens were fabricated by condensing the composite resin in a stainless-steel metal mold having a circular shape (10 x 2 mm) and polymerizing it using blue light (470nm). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the TiO2 NPs. The results of physical properties such as colour stability, and surface roughness showed no significant mean difference and the microhardness of two orthodontic adhesives showed a significantly greater hardness for conventional adhesives. Conventional orthodontic adhesive showed significantly increased compressive strength and greater tensile strength for novel TiO2-NPs infiltrated orthodontic adhesive (p>0.05). The results also showed improved mechanical properties for both groups.

Depression and anxiety disorders (DAD) have consistently been established as some of the major mental health outcomes in the HIV/AIDS population. In light of previous research attempts to examine its causes and proffer solutions, however, rates of DAD have remained consistently high, especially in HIV populations. This study therefore examined the prevalence of depression, anxiety and coping strategies among HIV naïve patients in Abuja. The research design was a descriptive cross-sectional survey that utilized multistage sampling technique to recruit 1022 HIV naïve patients. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7) and developed instruments for coping were used to assess depression, anxiety and coping strategies respectively. The research instrument was administered to well-consented and eligible participants. Three objectives, which were later transformed into hypotheses, examined the prevalence of depression, anxiety and coping strategies. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, Chi-square and logistic regression. Results indicated that the prevalence of depression was 65.1%, 18.8%, 10.8% and 5.3% for minimal, mild, moderate and severe depression respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of anxiety was 69.5%, 20.6%, 7.6% and 2.3% for minimal, mild, moderate and severe anxiety respectively. Further results revealed that sex is significantly associated with depression and anxiety X 2 = 21.597, df= 4, p<.000; X 2 = 12.480, df= 4, p<.05. There was also a statistically significant difference in coping between patients with mild depression and severe depression (OR. 2.673 to 29.949). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in coping between patients with mild and severe anxiety (OR, 2.673 to 29.949). Governmental and Non-governmental organizations should take cognizance of this prevalence and evolve measure to reduce the rate of these problems among HIV naïve patients in Abuja and beyond.

The study assessed the quality-of-life (QOL) and its relationship with sociodemographic factors and geriatric syndromes among older adults residing in Botswana's Central Mahalapye subdistrict. This was a cross-sectional study. To assess geriatric syndromes, the survey used the brief-assessment-tool-for-comprehensive-geriatric-assessment (BAT for CGA), as well as the World Health Organisation Quality-of-Life-Questionnaire-Short-Version (WHOQOL-BREF) to assess the QOL domains. We used a multivariate linear regression model to find out how external factors, like geriatric syndromes and sociodemographic factors, affect the QOL score across different domains. The study encompassed a grand total of 414 older adult individuals. Except for the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF, senior participants in this study reported a high QOL, as most average scores across multiple domains of the WHOQOL-BREF exceeded 50%. Frailty impacted negatively in self-perception of QOL, self-perception of health, and WHOQOL-BREF social and environmental domains (β=-.124, t=-2.543, p=.011, β=-.258, t=-4.991, p=<.001, β=-.190, t=-4.198, p=<.001, β=-.170, t=-3136, p=.002, and β=-.147, t=-3.129, p=.002, respectively). While osteoporosis impacted negatively on self-perception of QOL, self-perception of health, WHOQOL-BREF psychological, social, and environmental domains (β=-.104, t=-2.426, p=.016, β=-.117, t=-2.378, p=.008, β=-.211, t=-4.916, p=<.001, β=-.137, t=-2.934, p=.004, and β=-.287, t=-6.437, p=<.001, respectively). High education level had a positive impact on self-perception of QOL (β=.165, t=3.566, p<.001), and living with a partner impacted positively on self-perception of QOL (β=.216, t=5.196, p<.001) and self-perception of health (β=.167, t=3.488, p<.001). We suggest that more research be done to make sure that the BAT for CGA tool works correctly in rural Africa.

Burnout among child welfare social workers was a critical issue, manifesting as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, significantly impairing their ability to provide effective support to vulnerable populations. While burnout is a well-explored phenomenon globally, limited attention has been given to its specific manifestations in the Malaysian context. In Penang, the Department of Social Welfare faced the dual challenge of high caseloads and limited resources, which exacerbated the risk of burnout among its social workers. This study aimed to explore the self-care practices and coping strategies employed by child welfare social workers in Penang to mitigate burnout. By identifying effective methods to maintain mental health and professional resilience, this research sought to inform policy and practice, fostering a supportive environment that enhanced the well-being and efficacy of social workers. Through comprehensive analysis and first-hand insights, this study contributed to the growing body of knowledge essential for sustaining a motivated and healthy workforce in the child welfare sector.

Integrating Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) with Public Health Surveillance Systems (PHSS) holds immense promise for bolstering the prompt detection and response to outbreaks of priority zoonoses. This study assesses the readiness for such integration in Cameroon, focusing on the detection of priority zoonoses. We employed a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative data analysis and qualitative surveys with key stakeholders, which was conducted to assess the current state of LIMS, the existing PHSS, and the infrastructural and human resource capabilities. Our findings reveal significant gaps in infrastructure, technical expertise, and the existing policy framework. However, there are promising aspects, such as the existence of robust laboratory networks and a strong commitment from public health authorities to enhance disease surveillance. This readiness assessment is a critical first step toward strengthening Cameroon’s public health infrastructure to manage zoonotic threats effectively. We propose actionable recommendations, such as targeted investments in infrastructure, capacity building, and policy reforms, that can pave the way for a more robust and effective public health surveillance system in Cameroon.

COVID-19 vaccines are vital for curbing the health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet many lowincome earners in Nigeria are hesitant to get vaccinated despite accessibility. Community organizations play a key role in providing essential vaccine information and addressing hesitancy factors to promote acceptance. To understand low-income earners' knowledge, attitudes, and barriers towards COVID-19 vaccines, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Structured questionnaires with closedended questions were used for uniform data collection. Analysis involved Chi-square tests and logistic regression. 651 respondents participated, with the majority from Ejigbo (36.1%), Isolo (33.9%), and Oshodi (30.0%). Most were aged 26-35 (30.0%) or 36-45 (26.6%), and nearly equal gender representation was observed. Respondents' overall perception of COVID-19 vaccines was positive, with Ejigbo showing slightly higher positivity. Trust in scientists likely influenced this perception. Despite a willingness to take the vaccine, distrust in government programs and religious beliefs may hinder vaccination efforts. Targeted education initiatives are crucial, especially in communities where religious beliefs strongly influence decisions. Rebuilding trust with citizens is essential for higher vaccination rates. Addressing geographical, cultural, and socioeconomic factors is vital for widespread vaccine acceptance and achieving community immunity against COVID-19.

The escalating ubiquity of heart abnormality extensively, coupled with a multistorey mortality rate, underscores the crucial need for instantaneous and efficacious characteristic measures. Recognizing the censorious nature of this health concern, there's an increasing ultimatum for procedure and machine techniques that can expeditiously and exactly associate these ailments. The reason is to plan a mechanized technique category irregular beat sound prompt to help the surgeon. To the leading of our information, often primary analysis about that employment a single neural organize show sort of 8 diverse sorts of pulse sound signal. In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the electrical action of the heart is recorded and usually spoken to graphically as an arrangement of waves. The ordinary frequency range for an ECG signal is within the run of 0.05 to 150 Hz. The low-frequency components of the ECG signal (0.05 to 1 Hz) constitute the pattern or the slow-changing components of the heart's electrical action. The high-frequency components (1 to 150 Hz) capture the fast changes related to the depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers. The recommended show is collated with CNN multilayer perceptron (MLP) in diverse execution assessment lattices. Besides, the results of machine learning (ML) models are moreover examined. Scheduled show accomplished increases classification acc. (multiple layers with dropout) acc. 99.35 (single layer with drop) acc. 98.69 (single layer with no drop) acc. 98.18 (multiple layers with no drop) acc. 99.04 dispute collection of data, which is reliably predominant to its contestant approaches. Representation distributes vital advice to the vascular specialist identifying heart spout ailment.

The emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases pose significant threats to public health, animal health, and global health security. In Cameroon (a country situated at the Central and West Africa intersection and known for its rich biodiversity and close interactions between humans and animals), priority zoonoses represent a major public health concern. This paper examines the diagnostic landscape for priority zoonoses in Cameroon, focusing on the challenges and opportunities for disease detection and control. This study assessed the current state of diagnostic capacity for key zoonotic diseases in the country through a comprehensive review of existing literature, national surveillance data, and expert interviews. The analysis highlights several challenges, including limited laboratory infrastructure, inadequate funding, gaps in surveillance systems, and a lack of trained personnel. However, the study also identified promising opportunities for strengthening the diagnostic landscape such as enhanced collaboration between human and animal health sectors, improved access to diagnostic tools, and increased investment in capacity building. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on the available opportunities, Cameroon can better prepare for and respond to priority zoonotic disease outbreaks, ultimately safeguarding the health of both humans and animals in the country.

The pediatric HIV burden is significant, with 46% of 1.7 million affected children lacking treatment in 2020 globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, up to 49% of HIV-infected children remain undiagnosed, contributing to high AIDS-related mortality. In Zambia, early infant diagnosis (EID) coverage for HIV exposed infants (HEI) is suboptimal with 71% receiving timely virologic testing, indicating gaps in case identification. We explored healthcare workers' perceptions on EID, appointment systems and associated challenges. The study utilized a phenomenological research design involving 19 healthcare providers from the mother and child health (MCH) department in Kabwe and Chibombo districts of Central Province of Zambia. All Content and thematic analyses were done using NVivo 10 software. Healthcare providers reported using parallel systems such as paper-based registers and an electronic medical records system, SmartCare, while leveraging routine immunization visits to identify and track HEIs’ appointments from birth to 9 months. Health care providers highlighted challenges with paper cohort-based registers leading to incomplete documentation and difficulties in tracking HEIs’ appointments especially after 9 months due to decreased attendance of post-routine immunizations. Parallel data entry in both SmartCare and paper-based registers added more workload, leading to incomplete records, hindering effective appointment tracking due to lack of critical information. Therefore, streamlining data collection processes, removing parallel systems and reducing modules, providing additional training to healthcare workers on electronic management systems may contribute to improved monitoring and tracking of HEI for better outcomes.

COVID-19 vaccines play a crucial role in reducing illness and death caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite their availability, disparities in vaccine uptake persist among low-income earners in Nigeria. Community organizations are vital in spreading essential vaccine information, understanding reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and promoting vaccine acceptance among the communities they serve. This study aimed to assess perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines among low-income communities in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive cross-sectional study design, data were collected from consenting adults via structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions. A total of 651 respondents participated, with the majority from Ejigbo (36.1%), followed by Isolo (33.9%), and Oshodi (30.0%). Most respondents were aged 18-45 years, and nearly equal numbers of males and females participated. Respondents' perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines were assessed through eight questions. Overall, perceptions were positive, with Ejigbo showing slightly higher perception scores compared to Isolo and Oshodi. Trust in the scientists who developed these vaccines likely contributed to this positive perception. While citizens were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines, distrust in government programs and religious beliefs could hinder vaccination efforts. Targeted educational initiatives are necessary to address misconceptions, particularly in communities where religious beliefs strongly influence health decisions. Rebuilding trust between the government and citizens is crucial for achieving higher vaccination rates against COVID-19.

The risk of depression among Malaysian adolescents has been on the rise in recent years. Families, as the key to preventing depression in adolescents, should pay attention to the mental health of adolescents, improve family functioning, and strengthen emotional and other aspects of support. This research explored the relationship between family emotional support and adolescent depression, focusing on strategies to enhance family emotional support, and the impact of family emotional support. This is a qualitative study where depressed adolescents from the Tzu Chi Life Care Group in Penang were selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve respondents finally the interviews were coded and summarized using thematic analysis. According to research findings, enhancing family emotional support can help increase the resilience of depressed adolescents and families, thereby alleviating adolescent depression and improving mental health. The intervention of social workers through professional methods has helped families respond to the emotional needs of depressed adolescents, respect their personalities, optimize parenting styles, and increase family interactions, which has helped to increase family emotional support for depressed adolescents. Social workers served as a bridge to intervene in family services for depressed adolescents. In the future field of adolescent mental health services in Malaysia, the emphasis on the introduction of social workers and family support may be more conducive to the alleviation of adolescent depression.

The demand for oxygen during the COVID-19 has no equivalent in the past and caused a lot of strain on the hospital infrastructure as well as raised concerns about the ability of oxygen systems to meet the escalating needs of patients. This is a literature review on the demand for oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth evaluation of previous studies on the demand for oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study assesses the current understanding of the topic because of its relevance and influence on the health of different populations around the world. Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Lancet and EBSCO were searched using a series of combinations of the following keywords: oxygen demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, oxygen therapy, COVID-19 pandemic, access to oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic, challenges of oxygen services delivery and medical oxygen. The findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a substantial increase in the demand for oxygen therapy around the world due to the respiratory complications associated with the disease. The average monthly utilization of oxygen has increased due to the persistent increase in demand. Many health systems struggled to deliver oxygen therapy however, their efforts were futile due to the sudden increase in the number of patients that require oxygen therapy; problems related to the medical oxygen supply chain; lack of capacity to deliver oxygen therapy due to limits in infrastructure as well as other challenges.

This study explored healthcare providers' perceptions of the National Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria (NGDTM) in Benue State, Nigeria, focusing on adherence barriers and facilitators. Employing a cross-sectional design, data was collected through a structured survey from a diverse sample of healthcare professionals. Findings revealed a nuanced landscape of attitudes towards NGDTM, with high awareness and positive attitudes but practical challenges hindering consistent adherence. Healthcare workers expressed uncertainty regarding guideline utilization and adherence, citing time constraints, inadequate training, and organizational culture as significant barriers. Despite these challenges, recommendations emerged to enhance guideline implementation and improve patient outcomes. These included prioritizing continuous training and education programs, addressing medication stockouts, and creating supportive work environments. Moving forward, interventions should focus on fostering positive attitudes towards guidelines, addressing systemic barriers, and promoting collaboration between public and private sectors to standardize practices across healthcare facilities. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders can optimize malaria management practices and ultimately improve health outcomes in Benue State.

This paper is based on operational research conducted in Benghazi, eastern Libya. The study assessed the feasibility of a cross-sectoral integrated services delivery strategy for vulnerable children, primarily migrants, refugees, and internally displaced families. These groups are often deprived of their basic rights to health, education, and protection services. Future Makers, a civil society organization in East Libya, implemented the project with support from UNICEF, international NGOs, and technical experts from UNICEF. Libya's political, geographic, and economic context has made it a hub for those escaping conflict and poverty. However, the country faces numerous challenges, including political instability, human rights violations, and inadequate support for migrants and refugees. The Baity Center, meaning "My Home" in Arabic, is a strategic approach to providing services to these vulnerable children under one roof. This approach was implemented for the first time in East Libya. The Future Makers team completed the first year of the project, delivering services to more than 700 children who needed any of these services. They extended their mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) services to families in cases of gender-based violence and mental health issues for parents, particularly mothers, and young siblings. The paper discusses the challenges faced by young migrant children and the restrictive policies in Libya that hinder their access to basic rights and effectiveness of Baity Center to address this. The acceptance of the Baity Center and the high demand for its services were reflected by high levels of utilization and requests for its continuity met by extended donor support.

Pesticides are essential in agriculture and public health, but their use is associated with many adverse health outcomes. The objective of the current study was to review published case reports to elucidate the pattern and health impacts of exposure to various pesticide classes, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, organosulfur, botanicals, and biopesticides. We conducted a review of case reports focusing on the health effects of pesticide exposure across different chemical classes. Searches were performed in major scientific databases, and relevant articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Data extraction and synthesis were carried out to identify common health outcomes associated with each pesticide class. Organochlorines, despite being largely phased out, still pose risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation, with links to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Organophosphates, known for cholinergic overstimulation, can lead to respiratory distress and seizures. Carbamates, affecting cholinesterase activity, may cause respiratory paralysis and coma. Pyrethroids disrupt the nervous system and can induce convulsions and alter consciousness. Organosulfur can induce liver damage and renal dysfunction. Botanical pesticides and biopesticides, while generally considered safer, can also cause severe toxicity, including methemoglobinemia and multiorgan failure, as evidenced by rare cases of poisoning. This review highlights the diverse health impacts of pesticide exposure across different chemical classes. It exposes the need for systematic surveillance, longitudinal studies, and comparative assessments between conventional pesticides and biopesticides. Interdisciplinary collaborations are crucial for comprehensive risk assessment and the development of targeted interventions to mitigate these detrimental effects.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the education sector worldwide, particularly affecting students' access to learning. This study investigated the level of students' access to education during and after the pandemic at St. Martin Primary School, Mulago, Kampala, Uganda. Socio-economic and school-related factors influencing access to education are examined, along with the implications of these challenges on clinical practice. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students at St. Martin Primary School, Mulago, Kampala, Uganda, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods using structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides respectively. Purposive, snowball and systematic random sampling techniques were utilized. Data was collected from 108 students in Primary seven on students' access to education, socio-economic challenges, and school-related factors. Chi-square tests were employed to analyze associations between variables. The study revealed that 88.0% of students reported having access to education during the pandemic, primarily through online classes (93.7%). Socio-economic challenges, including parental education level, household income sources, and loss of family income due to the pandemic, significantly impacted access to education. School-related challenges, such as dissatisfaction with communication from school, lack of clear instructions for online classes, and encountering technical issues, also hindered access. Significant associations between socio-economic factors, school-related challenges, and access to education were identified. There is need for Policy interventions to focus on bridging the digital divide, providing support for vulnerable households.

The Gambia Malaria Strategy Plan 2021-2025 places greater emphasis on strategies for malaria elimination. Hence, North Bank Regions (NBR) have been identified due to the relative low transmission to introduce case-based surveillance as a strategy for malaria elimination. Social Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) is a critical component of the malaria program. SBCC study in NBR would provide evidence essential for malaria elimination. A three-stage cluster sampling design was used, and the NBR were purposely targeted due to their relative low malaria transmission. In total, 167 household heads and 192 caregivers of children under five years were interviewed. The findings showed that over 90% in NBR valued the use of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) in preventing malaria even if it differed in shape and texture from their taste. It is evident that use of health centre/hospital, radio and community health worker can engender wider coverage of messages on malaria in NBR. Malaria treatment was sought and received in a timely manner. Most respondents treated for malaria were tested for malaria prior to the treatment. Overall results are indicative of high levels of knowledge and practice in the prevention, control and treatment of malaria. Despite the existence of few misconceptions and resistance to change that limits the gains made through concerted efforts. The findings are indicative of room for improvement for the achievement of more effective malaria prevention and treatment. Additionally, affordability of LLINs featured prominently, whereas free net distribution could significantly increase access, the issue of sustainability remains pertinent.

Patient satisfaction is a useful measure in assessing the quality of health care service received by patients. Patient satisfaction may influence healthcare utilization and can be a predictor of subsequent health-related behaviour regarding patients' willingness to recommend their healthcare provider(s). This study therefore evaluated patient satisfaction with the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) among accredited private hospitals in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, South West Nigeria, as many earlier studies focused primarily on clients attending government-owned hospitals. A descriptive cross-sectional study among enrollees of NHIS-accredited private hospitals in Ado-Ekiti between July and September 2023 with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out and the level of significance was taken at P<0.05. A total of 316 were included in the study. The majority were married (85.2%), in secondary education (48.1%), and registered on government-organized care (67.1%), female respondents (52.2%) were more than male respondents (47.8%). About 89.9% of respondents were willing to re-use the facility and recommend the health-care scheme to a friend. About 70.6% of respondents scored high (>60%) on patient satisfaction with mean satisfaction score±(SD) of 71.3±16.4. Identified predictors of patient satisfaction include female sex, having tertiary education, and belonging to government-organized care as a type of health insurance. The study concluded that the majority of the registered patients were satisfied with the services at NHIS-accredited private hospitals and were willing to recommend the health facility.

While multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a threat to the global fight for the elimination of Tuberculosis (TB), HIV coinfection with MDR-TB makes TB management even worse. Previous studies have reported poorer outcomes and staggering high mortality rates among persons coinfected with HIV and MDR-TB. This coinfection is said to be the leading cause of many MDR-TBrelated outbreaks. However, there has been a great decline in the mortality rates reported due to the treatment of HIV with antiretroviral drugs and anti-TB drugs for MDR-TB. Coinfection of HIV and MDR-TB has high prevalence rates in certain regions of the world, including Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence of HIV among drug-resistant TB patients attending the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Centre (NTBLTC), Saye, to contribute to knowledge and data repository which is limited in this area. This cross-sectional study involved 135 GeneXpert MTB/RIF-screened patients. Blood samples for HIV testing were collected from patients who consented while sputum samples collected were analysed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Molecular Line Probe Assay. The results of this study showed an overall HIV prevalence rate of 35.6% (p<0.05) among GeneXPert MTB/RIF-positive confirmed TB subjects.HIV incidence rates among different drug-resistant groups were as follows; mono-resistant TB 19(14.1%), MDR-TB 16(11.9%) and Poly-resistance was determined to be 2 (1.5%) respectively.

The development process among adolescents is now increasingly changing in parallel with the development changes in the exposure of technology to that group. This causes changes to the adaptation process among adolescents including moral rehabilitation programs. Cases of drug abuse among adolescents, which are increasing day by day, require an effective moral rehabilitation program for the group to recover from the problem. Addressing drug use among adolescents is a significant concern, as it can have detrimental effects on their physical and mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Adolescents may experiment with drugs for various reasons, including curiosity, peer pressure, coping with stress, or seeking a sense of belonging. This study was carried out to look at the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program with a religious and spiritual concept offered at Tunas Bakti School Teluk Air Tawar, Penang as an effort to rehabilitate adolescents involved in drug abuse and to see the acceptance of the youth towards the moral rehabilitation program with a religious and spiritual concept. Data for this study has been collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire was analysed using the SPSS software. Based on this analysis, the effectiveness of the moral rehabilitation program is high and has a strong relationship with the youth's acceptance of the rehabilitation program carried out. The results of this study can be used to improve and improve moral rehabilitation programs for adolescents' moral rehabilitation institutions in this country.

This significant study aimed to determine Ghanaian nurses' knowledge, perception, and preparedness for a pandemic or another wave of COVID-19. This comprehensive, cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2023. The questionnaire, a crucial tool, was distributed through Facebook, WhatsApp, and other social media links. A total of 1347 responses from the nurses, a substantial number, were collected from all 16 regions of Ghana. The inclusion criteria, a key aspect, are based on the in-service nurses directly linked with hospitals and medical facilities who had direct contact with patients. About twice the number of female nurses (906, 67.3%) responded to the survey compared to 441, 32.7% (males). As the study reveals, Ghanaian nurses were knowledgeable, had a good perception, and were prepared for a pandemic or another wave of Covid-19. There was a strong correlation, a significant finding, between the nurse's years of practice and the risk of perception. Also, female nurses (67.3%) know more about the virus spread and treatment than their male counterparts (32.7%). Unfortunately, the level of preparedness for a pandemic or another wave of COVID-19 was low.

Medication usage during pregnancy is increasing twofold, and it should be considered a public health issue due to increasing complications associated with medication. Data on prescribed and selfprescribed medication among Sudani females is limited. Hence, this study aims to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of drug usage among Sudanese females, including prescribed medication and self-prescribed medication, who are registered in tertiary care facilities. A cross-sectional descriptive study was planned in the hospital setting at Omdurman Maternity Center, Sudan. Data were collected between January 2023 and February 2023 through semi-structured interviews. The sample comprised 878 pregnant females and was divided into two groups: 453 females on medication and 425 females not on medication. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and statistical significance was set at 0.05. The result of this study shows that 51.1% of females were on medication, of which 14.1% were on self-medication. The maximum drugs taken were antibiotics, followed by diabetic and hypertensive medication. Data showed a statistically significant relationship between medicine usage and chronic medical conditions (p<0.001). However, no significant association was reported between medicine usage, body mass index, gravidity, maternal age, and education. The prevalence of medicine usage among Sudani women is high. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing the initiatives undertaken by healthcare professionals, particularly in the prenatal setting, to ensure the appropriate management of medication usage during pregnancy, thereby reducing the risk of potential complications for both the mother and the fetus.

Tuberculosis (TB) has afflicted humans for millennia and continues to pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. The World Health Organization classified TB as one of the top 10 causes of death globally, with approximately 10 million new cases and 1.4 million TB associated deaths in 2019 alone. Tuberculosis has high prevalence rates in certain regions, including Nigeria. Traditional diagnostic methods for TB and drug resistance diagnosis have limitations in accuracy and speed, highlighting the need for continuous studies on advanced molecular techniques. The study assessed the prevalence of tuberculosis and drug resistance among patients attending the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Centre (NTBLTC), Saye Zaria using molecular techniques, with the aim of contributing to the improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies for tuberculosis. The cross-sectional study involved 342 suspected TB patients. Samples collected were analysed by microscopy, GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Line probe Assays. The results of this study showed an overall prevalence rate of 39.5% (p<0.05) of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis determined from GeneXPert MTB/RIF positive confirmed cases. further assay using Line Probe Assay (LPA) revealed an MDR-TB prevalence rate of 18(5.3%). Poly-resistance was also detected in 2 (0.58%). However, no Pre-Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (Pre-XDR-TB) and Extensively Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) were found. The overall results showed a slight but comparable rise in the prevalence of MTB against reviewed studies while the MDR-TB prevalence was lower. The study underscores the need for early diagnosis and treatment of TB to stall the occurrence of MDR-TB and other forms of severe TB infections.

The purpose of this study was to explore the perception regarding cold chain service delivery about the service delivery of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. An exploratory survey approach was used and entailed the collection of quantitative data from forty-five (45) healthcare workers selected from forty-five health centres in fifteen (15) study districts. The findings reveal that a greater number of the respondents have a good knowledge of the usefulness of cold chain practices in managing the logistics system and cold chain supply from the beginning to the end of the process. The respondents perceived efficient cold chain delivery practices to have a significant impact on COVID-19 service delivery hence if strengthened will in turn lead to the availability of high-quality vaccines. A greater number of the respondents perceived inadequate storage facilities or cold chain capacity; transportation delays; absence of other sources of power and lack of dependable transportation as the greatest challenges that affect the cold chain provision of COVID-19 vaccines. Nigeria should sustain its vaccination efforts as an effective way to eliminate the burden of COVID-19 infection by strengthening its supply chain system using evidence-based interventions aimed at revamping and upgrading the cold stores' infrastructures; ensuring regular power supply/providing backup power supply to maintain the quality of vaccines during storage; strengthening inventory management system at the state and local government areas and training/retraining of key officers on supply chain management of COVID-19 vaccine.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can result in short-term and lasting health problems for the pregnant mother and the developing foetus. Instead of a sudden inflammatory response, GDM might trigger a chronic, low-level inflammation called "meta-inflammation." This persistent inflammation could play a role in the future development of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular issues for both the mother and child. Given this, the present study is an attempt to investigate the association between GDM and inflammation by evaluating the levels of interleukins. The study involved a total of 50 individuals, 25 pregnant women in gestational age 24 to 28 weeks as calculated by LMP and dating scan with gestational diabetes and 25 healthy pregnant women. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 levels were estimated by ELISA analysis. The plasma level of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 was significantly lower in the GDM group than in the healthy subjects group. Concomitantly the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were found to be markedly increased in the GDM subjects in comparison to that of healthy subjects. Enhanced inflammatory response has been observed in GDM, suggesting that inflammatory markers could serve as predictive indicators for GDM. Delayed diagnosis could result in significant consequences for both the mother and the child, both in the short and long term. Hence, there is a pressing requirement for early markers of GDM to facilitate timely intervention and treatment. Exploring these inflammatory signals in greater detail presents an opportunity to enhance maternal health outcomes by creating focused and efficient therapeutic approaches

Viral hepatitis encompasses liver inflammation caused by hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The global prevalence of hepatitis B infection surpasses 300 million people. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to this infection, which significantly impacts maternal and child health. Limited knowledge and inadequate surveillance programs in Nigeria contribute to underestimating the prevalence rate. This study aims to assess the prevalence and knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collection involved self-administered semi-structured questionnaires, and analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Findings revealed that approximately 69.9% of the study respondents possessed good knowledge regarding hepatitis B infection. The prevalence of hepatitis B infection among respondents was 9.6%. Notable associations were observed between occupation, religion, parity, history of multiple sexual partners, knowledge, and the prevalence of hepatitis B infection. While most respondents exhibited commendable knowledge and surprisingly low prevalence rates within the facility, the government must enhance knowledge dissemination and increase accessibility to vaccinations. The occurrence of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are most time linked to Hepatitis B infection, however, most individuals are not aware of this. This study will help increase awareness of the causes and benefits of early diagnosis and treatment of the infection in other to prevent the life-threatening complications associated with it. It will help reduce the infection through policy and implementation of preventive strategies.

The word atherosclerosis consists of two parts: atherosis (accumulation of fats accompanied by several macrophages) and sclerosis (fibrosis layer comprising smooth muscle cells. The presence of hyperlipaemia is the major risk issue factor for coronary artery disease. In 2016 advances in atherosclerosis research were focused on the discovery and validation of newly targeted genetics and mechanistic connection to atherothrombotic heart diseases. The Survey on awareness about the risk factors and complications of liver cirrhosis among college students was conducted using a Google form link. We have distributed our survey among 100 college students. Pie charts and Bar diagrams were used to represent output variables. Results showed that the knowledge of cardiovascular 54.00 % said No and 46.00 % said yes. Stroke caused due to lack of blood supply to 44.00 % said heart, 50.00 % said brain, and 6.00 % said I don't know. These findings conclude that the majority of the population is unaware of the risk factors such as obesity, LDL, and family history, which lead to the development of atherosclerosis, but only a few populations are aware of stress, smoking, coronary heart attack, cholesterol, sleep apnea, HDL, work pressure, physical activity, heart disease, and coronary disease that leads to atherosclerosis.

The current research endeavors to assess the biological reactions induced by two newly formulated tooth creams from Cocos nucifera. Freshly harvested coconut from the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu underwent processing to create two distinct formulations: one utilizing coconut milk and the other lyophilized coconut extract. Tooth cream samples were prepared and tested against commercial tooth cream following ISO 10993-5 recommendations. Human gingival fibroblast cells were isolated and cultured according to approved protocols, and cytotoxicity evaluations were conducted through MTT assay and live/dead staining. Results indicated high cell viability in both coconut-based formulations, comparable to the commercial tooth cream. Live/dead staining revealed predominantly live cells with minimal cytotoxic effects. Novel coconut-derived tooth creams exhibit comparable biocompatibility to commercial formulations, showing high cell viability and minimal cytotoxicity with human gingival fibroblasts. This suggests coconut-based tooth creams as safe alternatives for oral care, advocating further investigation into their efficacy and tissue safety. Overall, our findings endorse natural compound utilization in dental care formulations.

Natural resources, ranging from herbs like neem and clove to minerals like fluoride, are harnessed for their antimicrobial properties in oral care products. These resources provide sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals, offering effective yet eco-friendly solutions against oral microorganisms. The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of two toothpaste formulations derived from the extracts of Cocos nucifera. Two toothpaste preparations were made from the pulp extracts of Cocos nucifera. Group 1 was prepared from milk extracted from freshly ground coconut pulp. The second extract was obtained by the lyophilization process. Both toothpaste formulations were then analyzed for their antimicrobial efficacy by assessing the zone of inhibition for the following oral pathogens; Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Candida albicans by agar well diffusion assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. It was found that the toothpaste derived from the extracts of coconut milk had antimicrobial efficacy against S.mutans, S.aureus and C.albicans in the various dilutions tested and the toothpaste made from the lyophilized extract exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against P.aeruginosa in various dilutions. Toothpaste derived from the coconut milk extract demonstrated significant efficacy against tested oral pathogens, suggesting its suitability for incorporation into oral care products. Its antimicrobial properties highlight its potential for combating oral infections and enhancing oral hygiene routines. Further research and development could optimize its utilization in various dental formulations.

Illicium Verum commonly called star anise, which is indigenous to northeast Vietnam and Southwest China. Illicium verum is one of the vital ingredients of Chinese medicinal herbs. Principal component (Trans-anethol) exhibits antimicrobial activity such as antiviral, anti-bacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. Cholesterol, a waxy or fat like substance which is found in each and every cell of our body. Cholesterol helps our metabolism work efficiently, but if our body has too much cholesterol in blood, it causes several harmful effects. Anti-cholesterol drugs are useful in reducing the blood cholesterol level. Ethanolic extract of Illicium verum was found to be rich in phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The ethanolic extract of illicium verum exhibited a significant antioxidant potential (Ic50 = 300 µg/ml) and anti-cholesterol potential (Ic50 = 400 µg/ml) as compared to standard drugs.

Glyphosate, a commonly used herbicide in agricultural and residential settings, has sparked concerns regarding its potential health impacts. Despite numerous studies exploring potential associations between glyphosate exposure and diabetes, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) are implicated in insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, playing crucial roles in diabetes pathogenesis, especially Type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effect of glyphosate on TNF-α and IGF-1 expression in male Wistar rats. The results revealed a dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in TNF-α and IGF-1 expression in adipose tissue following glyphosate exposure compared to the control group. These findings suggest that glyphosate exposure may contribute to the development of diabetes by altering the expression of IGF-1 and TNF-α.

Glyphosate is used as an herbicide in agriculture. At sub-agriculture concentrations, glyphosatebased herbicide inhibits cell proliferation. Glyphosate is a chelating agent that interferes with the metabolic activities in plants thereby adversely affecting its metabolism. The study aimed to determine the glyphosate-induced detrimental changes in SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA expression in adipose tissue of adult male rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Group I served as normal control rats; Group II-IV consisted of rats exposed to glyphosate at different concentrations (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg body weight respectively) orally for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and adipose tissue was dissected out for the assessment of SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA by real-time PCR using gene-specific down-regulated primers. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. The results showed a significant dose-dependent increase (P <0.05) in the expression of SREBP-1c in all the glyphosate-exposed rats compared to control rats and PPAR-γ mRNA expression was found to be significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05) compared to normal control animals. The current findings for the first time report that glyphosate had detrimental changes in the expression of transcription factors such as SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA in adipose tissue and thereby glyphosate may lead to the development of type-2 diabetes or insulin resistance.

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, has gained popularity due to its broad-spectrum effects and use in genetically modified, glyphosate-resistant crops. Recent data, however, points to possible adverse effects of glyphosate and herbicides based on glyphosate, such as genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, elevated stress levels, disturbance of the hormones such as estrogen pathway and possible associations with specific cancer types. This has raised concerns about the widespread use of glyphosate and its impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine whether antioxidants vitamin C and E could shield experimental rats' livers from the damaging effects of glyphosate. Animals were grouped as Group I-control, 30 days of oral glyphosatetreated rats as Group II, and Rats that received simultaneous glyphosate treatment and oral administration of vitamins C and E were for 30 days as Group III. We used the user's manual to figure out the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, the histomorphology of liver tissue using H&E staining, and the liver and kidney function tests using Diatek Greiner kits. The study revealed that prolonged exposure to glyphosate can alter the SREBPI and HNF1 pathways, leading to diabetes. As an herbicide, glyphosate can cause harmful changes in vital organs, leading to diabetes and other disorders.

Lupeol has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-protozoal, anti-proliferative, anti-invasion, antiangiogenic and cholesterol-lowering properties. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of lupeol on neuroinflammatory signalling molecules have not yet been identified. The study was designed to study the effect of lupeol on the expression of inflammatory signalling molecules in brain tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-fed type-2 diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar 150-180 days old with 180-200 g body weight (b.wt) were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group I: Control (vehicle-treated): Group II: High fat diet-induced type-2 diabetic rats; Group III: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with lupeol (25 mg/kg b.wt/day) orally for 30 days and Group IV: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with metformin (50 mg/kg, b.wt/day orally for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the animals were anaesthetized, and brain tissue was dissected and used for the assessment of mRNA expression analysis. Type-2 diabetic animals showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels in brain tissue in high-fat diet-induced type-2 diabetic animals. However, lupeol treatment, effectively reduced (p<0.05) the neuroinflammatory signaling molecules (TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA) showing that lupeol has significant role over the control of neuroinflammatory signaling. Our present findings clearly show that lupeol has a significant role in reducing neuroinflammation via the downregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in brain tissues and hence, lupeol can be a potential natural drug for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Myristica fragrans (mace) and Cinnamomum verum are traditional medicinal plants which are used as spices in flavouring of food. They exhibit various medicinal properties. Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood sugar levels. Anti-diabetic drugs are used to stabilize and control blood glucose levels. From the study, it was evident that the methanolic extract of Myristica fragrans (mace) exhibited significantly increased antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential when compared to that of Cinnamomum verum.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Type 2 diabetics are insulin resistant. Insulin acts on AKT signaling molecules which then act on GLUT 4 which increases glucose uptake and glucose in the case of diabetic patients this pathway is absent to indicate that the pathway piperine is used. This study aims to evaluate the effect of piperine on Ir/ IRS-1/AKT signalling molecules in highfat diet and sucrose-fed type 2 diabetic rats. Healthy adult male albino rats of Wister strain weighing 180 to 200 g were used for the evaluation of the effect of piperine. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels are decreased with piperine administration. From this study, it is proved that piperine activates the insulin signaling pathway thus proving the potential anti-diabetic role.

Myristica fragrans is commonly named as nutmeg or mace. It is native to Moluccas of Indonesia. It is used in folk medicine. Phytochemicals present in the plant are responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Antioxidants neutralise the free radicals that are produced in our body due to various biochemical reactions .Gout is a clinical condition caused due to accumulation of Uric acid crystals in one or more joints leading to inflammation. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of the extract helps in preventing excess production of uric acid. The extract was found to be rich in phytochemicals such as saponin, alkaloid, terpenoids and flavonoids. The IC50 for the antioxidant potential of the extract was 280µg/ml and the IC 50 for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of the extract was 320 µg/ml.