Anton Hrubon
Historian & associate professor in Political Science at the Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica (SVK).
In his research he focuses on historical and contemporary varieties of fascism, political radicalism, nationalism and war studies with special focus on Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, and Central Europe.
An author of 13 books, more than 80 journal articles and conference proceedings (published in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Netherlands, Romania, Serbia, and Belarus).
A former visiting postdoc & research fellow at the Institute of Czech History, Faculty of Arts/Charles University in Prague (CZ), Zentrum für Holocaust-Studien/Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich, Collegium Carolinum - Forschungsinstitut für die Geschichte Tschechiens und der Slowakei (DE), Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte/Universität Wien (AT), and Mémorial de la Shoah Paris (FR).
In his research he focuses on historical and contemporary varieties of fascism, political radicalism, nationalism and war studies with special focus on Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, and Central Europe.
An author of 13 books, more than 80 journal articles and conference proceedings (published in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Netherlands, Romania, Serbia, and Belarus).
A former visiting postdoc & research fellow at the Institute of Czech History, Faculty of Arts/Charles University in Prague (CZ), Zentrum für Holocaust-Studien/Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich, Collegium Carolinum - Forschungsinstitut für die Geschichte Tschechiens und der Slowakei (DE), Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte/Universität Wien (AT), and Mémorial de la Shoah Paris (FR).
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Publikácia nechce byť ďalším z radu životopisov Jozefa Tisa, aspoň nie v štandardnom chápaní. Je predovšetkým históriou predstáv, ktoré sa o ňom vytvorili za uplynulé storočie v rôznych spoločenských podmienkach a režimoch. Tie viedli k sformovaniu mýtov a ich ritualizovanie k vymodelovaniu do dnešných dní pretrvávajúceho Tisovho svetsko-sakrálneho kultu. Rozprávanie historika Antona Hruboňa tak nevyhnutne prekračuje Rubikon prachom zapadnutých dejín a stáva sa aj výpoveďou o súčasnej slovenskej spoločnosti, jej kultúrnych mantrách, konfliktoch a (ne)schopnosti narúšať vlastné archimedovské kruhy...
The biography tells the story of Alexander Mach with emphasis on his political career. The first chapter examines Mach´s childhood and influences which formed his worldview. Second chapter portrays Mach´s political rise from the beginning of the 1920s, his early contacts with fascism and the career of an opposition nationalist journalist and speaker in services of the Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party. Third chapter analyzes Mach´s career peak framed by 1939 – 1945 period. During the World War II Mach was a politician who systematically enforced a radical solution of the Jewish question. It was Mach who, following the infamous Salzburg negotiations with Hitler in July 1940, together with prime minister Vojtech Tuka initiated a series of cruel anti-Jewish laws leading from the restrictions of economic and civil rights to adoption of the racial principle and, finally, to loss of basic human rights and deportations of Jews from Slovakia. Besides that, chapter pays attention mainly to Mach´s position on political scene of the Axis Slovak State, to his share on adopting of the National Socialism in Slovakia and to transformation of his political attitudes after 1943. Fourth chapter focuses on Mach´s postwar destiny as a prisoner of the American army in camps in occupied Germany, on his 1946/1947 trial in front of the National Court in Bratislava as well as on over two decades of his imprisonment. The last fifth chapter briefly sketches Mach´s comeback to ordinary life after May 1968 when he was granted an amnesty by President.
The biography is based on sources from archives and libraries in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Austria and Hungary and completes almost a decade of research (interrupted by several hiatuses) which Anton Hruboň dedicated to researching the life story of Alexander Mach.
Full version available at: https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=440785
a “totalising” heuristic tool on the field of fascist studies. He admits that constructivism has brought fresh air into discussion on generic fascism, yet considers it as too narrowing and distant from the social reality due vague terms that the scholars of this approach tend to favor. Focusing on the modern theory by Roger Griffin, the foremost expert on fascism, as well as Griffin´s critics, the author provides a basic analysis of current
debates, especially in the Anglophone world, which have sparked static debates on general methodological problems concerning fascism much more than German historiography.
Hruboň productively combines theoretical and empirical approaches and provides a well-balanced and readable account on the history of the National Fascist Community (Národná obec fašistická – NOF), the most significant fascist party in interwar Slovakia (as well as Czechoslovakia). Drawing on Griffin´s work, he analyses the NOF´s ideology, but refuses to argue only party´s ideological aspect. Based on an archival research Hruboň notices its minor successes, failures and turbulences in
a wider historical perspective, letting the reader dive into the paradigmas of the Czechoslovak politics and their European milieu.
The NOF was founded in March 1926 as a result of a merger process of minor nationalistic movements. Though it has often been considered to be a “Czech party”, its fascist representatives always emphasized the
party´s nationwide and Slavic character. The party was rooted mainly in the Czech lands, but from the beginning the fascists tried to expand their member base in Slovakia as well. Their initial position was not the best. In the second half of the
1920s right-wing parties like Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party (Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana – HSĽS), the Republican Party of Agricultural and Smallholder People (so-called agrárna strana) or the Slovak National Party (Slovenská národná strana) had a stable number of supporters. The NOF, expressing similar nationalistic values, had been attempting to draw the electorate of these traditional parties to its side. For many years, this effort did not yield success. The Fascists were failing to find
an appropriate program that could reach a notable response within the Slovak society. Fascists´ radical ideas counted on dissolving all political parties and parliament; suppressing German, Hungarian and especially Jewish influence in politics, economy and public life; fundamental reforms of the state administration, etc. The inexplicit ideology of the NOF, lacking the accent on Slovak question, failing to clarify their attitude towards the question of autonomy for Slovakia proved to be one of the main reasons why fascists never gained more support than just little over 2 percent in 1935 general elections.
In the core chapter of the monograph, Hruboň analyses the curve of the NOF´s dynamics in the late 1920s and 1930s and highlights the main determinants of the party´s advances and setbacks. In 1938, after the HSĽS forced the Czechoslovak government to recognize autonomy for Slovakia, the Ľudáks became the mainspring of Slovak politics for the following seven years. Given the circumstances the NOF, after an
agreement of its leaders, was dissolved – or by their words, “willingly merged” with the HSĽS. This act meant the end of an “authentic fascism” in the twentieth century Slovakia.
„sisters“, had a strong influence on Slovak policy likewise the Iron Guard in Romania or the Arrow Cross Party in Hungary. Though the HG was officially subordinated to Hlinka´s Party it often acted like a sovereign political subject. Historians rightly consider the Guard to be a flagship of national socialism in Axis
Slovakia. Monograph focuses on its activities in era of German occupation of Slovakia (1944 – 1945) when HG´s competencies were markedly enhanced and it became a leading force of Slovak collaboration. The aim of book is to analyze the
HG´s role in context of Nazi occupational strategy in the wartime Europe.
Fascist, national socialist and related organizations have stood in focus of author´s interest since he started studying history. The passion gradually developed into his profiling research field. Out of all evolution phases of totalitarian regimes he is fascinated mainly by their ends – by dynamic periods defined by a short outburst and even faster downfall of political ultraradicalism; by periods which radically reshaped human nature and which, for many people, became a lifetime
trauma. History of the HG in last months of the Hlinka´s Slovak People Party´s regime is a „deep well“ of social phenomenons mentioned above.
The monograph is based on a very broad heuristics, especially on primary sources from Slovak, Czech and German archives. Documents were precisely synthesized, particularly with the help of analytical, comparative and analogical method.
Monograph does not seek to reflect history of the HG, „restarted“ after the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising, as a baneberry but as a product of occupational strategy conducted under the auspicies of Berlin which had been tested in other European countries before.
Three main chapters (Politics, Military Deployment, Persecutions) discuss how Germany misused the HG for its own war goals. Thanks to an original framework the book might be useful for comparative purposes of fascist studies, history, politology or other social disciplines too.
Through these heuristic categories the monograph tries to explain domestic and international correlations and to answer the question what actually the HG was, which influences determined its character after transformation in Autumn
1944 and what memento it left in national history. The author reflects the question of collaboration with the Nazi regime, an effort to implement Nazi visions of Neuordnung in Slovakia, the future hypothetical destiny of Slovakia under the Hakenkreuz and the regime of ruling Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party.
An innovative conception, in terms how the book reflects and interprets history of the HG in short period before the end of the WWII, attempts to conceptualize and contextualize the issue of collaboration, contrary to traditional or revisionist approaches which are still dominating in Slovak historiography.
After November 1938 the new regime began to persecute it systematically. Slovaks and Czechs were dismissed from employment. Slovak grammar schools were closed and linguistic rights were intensively repressed. Violent crimes against citizens of non-Hungarian descent committed by security forces including terroristic troops like “szabadcsapatok” serve as an example of brutal methods which do not correspond with democratic regime. The process started up in autumn 1938 led to a total decimation of the Slovak element in Komárno. Those who refused to repatriate had to suffer the consequences or give up their openly declared national consciousness.
The authors also focus on the most dominant features of Komárno´s wartime history in a nutshell – political parties, organizations and activities of illegality (especially communist) and public events organized to strengthen the ghost of nationalism and idea of the Greater Hungary among the citizens. They also analyze persecutions performed by the Hungarian government and civil council against the Jewish minority, which ended in their murdering in concentration camps. In the last subchapter it is described how the situation in Komárno looked like after the German occupation in March 1944 until the liberation in May 1945 when the town became a part of the restored Czechoslovakia again.
Study of relations of Slovakia and Slovaks in transnational historical context has a high importance not only for domestic historiography but for other European historiographies as well since Slovakia and Slovaks were not insignificant factors of 1938 – 1989 development at least in the Central Europe and adjacent regions.
Proceedings are chronologically and thematically divided into three blocks, bringing results of authors´ original research regarding diverse areas of history.
The first block (Politics and society) includes papers as follows: Nation and state in Slovak politics: ideology and conceptions by Štefan Polakovič and Milan Hodža after 1938 (Marta Goňcová), Polish-Slovak negotiations on the issue of borders in autumn 1938 from the perspective of the Czech press reports and press reports of Polish consulate in Moravská Ostrava (Robert Kowalski), Joint Slovak-Hungarian attempts to withdraw from the war, 1943 – 1944 (István Janek), Reactions of the public on the news on J. V. Stalin´s disease and death in situation reports by the State Security (Martin Gabčo), Celebrations of Czechoslovak-Soviet friendship in the 1950s (Zuzana Hasarová) and „Hello, Europe!” March through the Iron Curtain and symbolic comeback of Slovakia to the map of Europe (Peter Jašek).
The second block (Minorities) covers selected aspects of minority studies, mainly concerning the wartime and postwar Jewish question. It includes following papers: Solution of the minority question on the detached territory of Komárno County during Szálasi´s regime (Katarína Ristveyová), An island of hope? Slovakia on the map of transit crossing of foreign Jews in the second half of the 1940s (Juraj Jankech) and Emigration of Jews from Czechoslovakia to Israel in 1948 – 1953 in the context of the Soviet bloc (Martin Šromovský).
The third bloc (Economy) includes papers Occupation of Western Slovakia by Wehrmacht in March 1939 and spoliation of Slovak military storeshouses (Pavel Mičianik), Financing of the arms factories in Považie in 1938 – 1945 (Zdenka Hešterová) and Hungarian-Czechoslovak cooperation on the construction of the aluminum smelters (Tereza Bartošíková).
Editors of the conference proceedings hope that the publication will contribute to a fruitfull discussion on history of Slovakia and Europe in times of non-democratic regimes of the 20th Century and will perhaps give an impetus to other researchers for cooperation on related topics, respectivelly, for further re-search of partial problems raised in the publication.
1945), a vassal state of Hitler‘s Germany. The party‘s relevance redestined it to comment on and participate in the key political events of the 1920s–1940s period and, thanks to the party‘s authority, to actively influence them. Slovakia‘s relationship with its southern neighbour, heavily marked by the shadows of the past, belonged to this spectrum as well. The article provides an overview of the turbulent dynamics of Hlinka‘s Slovak People‘s
Party‘s relations to Hungary and Hungarian politics, identifies the trajectory, and the crucial milestones of Slovak-Hungarian relations as impacted by the party led by the Catholic priests Andrej Hlinka and Jozef Tiso.
between the most extensive war in Europe since the WWII and aggressions in recent decades. This article attempts to identify the key historicisms-using narratives related to the conflict with emphasis on their legitimacy and communication strategies in the context of war propaganda.
authorities’ attitude towards Slovak minority, the article attempts to show to what extent the declared “Slovak-Croatian friendship” during the Second World War mirrored in practice, or to what extent it was only an illusion. In this regard, the article debates the role of Stará Pazova as the centre of Slovaks in the new state as well.
Publikácia nechce byť ďalším z radu životopisov Jozefa Tisa, aspoň nie v štandardnom chápaní. Je predovšetkým históriou predstáv, ktoré sa o ňom vytvorili za uplynulé storočie v rôznych spoločenských podmienkach a režimoch. Tie viedli k sformovaniu mýtov a ich ritualizovanie k vymodelovaniu do dnešných dní pretrvávajúceho Tisovho svetsko-sakrálneho kultu. Rozprávanie historika Antona Hruboňa tak nevyhnutne prekračuje Rubikon prachom zapadnutých dejín a stáva sa aj výpoveďou o súčasnej slovenskej spoločnosti, jej kultúrnych mantrách, konfliktoch a (ne)schopnosti narúšať vlastné archimedovské kruhy...
The biography tells the story of Alexander Mach with emphasis on his political career. The first chapter examines Mach´s childhood and influences which formed his worldview. Second chapter portrays Mach´s political rise from the beginning of the 1920s, his early contacts with fascism and the career of an opposition nationalist journalist and speaker in services of the Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party. Third chapter analyzes Mach´s career peak framed by 1939 – 1945 period. During the World War II Mach was a politician who systematically enforced a radical solution of the Jewish question. It was Mach who, following the infamous Salzburg negotiations with Hitler in July 1940, together with prime minister Vojtech Tuka initiated a series of cruel anti-Jewish laws leading from the restrictions of economic and civil rights to adoption of the racial principle and, finally, to loss of basic human rights and deportations of Jews from Slovakia. Besides that, chapter pays attention mainly to Mach´s position on political scene of the Axis Slovak State, to his share on adopting of the National Socialism in Slovakia and to transformation of his political attitudes after 1943. Fourth chapter focuses on Mach´s postwar destiny as a prisoner of the American army in camps in occupied Germany, on his 1946/1947 trial in front of the National Court in Bratislava as well as on over two decades of his imprisonment. The last fifth chapter briefly sketches Mach´s comeback to ordinary life after May 1968 when he was granted an amnesty by President.
The biography is based on sources from archives and libraries in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Austria and Hungary and completes almost a decade of research (interrupted by several hiatuses) which Anton Hruboň dedicated to researching the life story of Alexander Mach.
Full version available at: https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=440785
a “totalising” heuristic tool on the field of fascist studies. He admits that constructivism has brought fresh air into discussion on generic fascism, yet considers it as too narrowing and distant from the social reality due vague terms that the scholars of this approach tend to favor. Focusing on the modern theory by Roger Griffin, the foremost expert on fascism, as well as Griffin´s critics, the author provides a basic analysis of current
debates, especially in the Anglophone world, which have sparked static debates on general methodological problems concerning fascism much more than German historiography.
Hruboň productively combines theoretical and empirical approaches and provides a well-balanced and readable account on the history of the National Fascist Community (Národná obec fašistická – NOF), the most significant fascist party in interwar Slovakia (as well as Czechoslovakia). Drawing on Griffin´s work, he analyses the NOF´s ideology, but refuses to argue only party´s ideological aspect. Based on an archival research Hruboň notices its minor successes, failures and turbulences in
a wider historical perspective, letting the reader dive into the paradigmas of the Czechoslovak politics and their European milieu.
The NOF was founded in March 1926 as a result of a merger process of minor nationalistic movements. Though it has often been considered to be a “Czech party”, its fascist representatives always emphasized the
party´s nationwide and Slavic character. The party was rooted mainly in the Czech lands, but from the beginning the fascists tried to expand their member base in Slovakia as well. Their initial position was not the best. In the second half of the
1920s right-wing parties like Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party (Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana – HSĽS), the Republican Party of Agricultural and Smallholder People (so-called agrárna strana) or the Slovak National Party (Slovenská národná strana) had a stable number of supporters. The NOF, expressing similar nationalistic values, had been attempting to draw the electorate of these traditional parties to its side. For many years, this effort did not yield success. The Fascists were failing to find
an appropriate program that could reach a notable response within the Slovak society. Fascists´ radical ideas counted on dissolving all political parties and parliament; suppressing German, Hungarian and especially Jewish influence in politics, economy and public life; fundamental reforms of the state administration, etc. The inexplicit ideology of the NOF, lacking the accent on Slovak question, failing to clarify their attitude towards the question of autonomy for Slovakia proved to be one of the main reasons why fascists never gained more support than just little over 2 percent in 1935 general elections.
In the core chapter of the monograph, Hruboň analyses the curve of the NOF´s dynamics in the late 1920s and 1930s and highlights the main determinants of the party´s advances and setbacks. In 1938, after the HSĽS forced the Czechoslovak government to recognize autonomy for Slovakia, the Ľudáks became the mainspring of Slovak politics for the following seven years. Given the circumstances the NOF, after an
agreement of its leaders, was dissolved – or by their words, “willingly merged” with the HSĽS. This act meant the end of an “authentic fascism” in the twentieth century Slovakia.
„sisters“, had a strong influence on Slovak policy likewise the Iron Guard in Romania or the Arrow Cross Party in Hungary. Though the HG was officially subordinated to Hlinka´s Party it often acted like a sovereign political subject. Historians rightly consider the Guard to be a flagship of national socialism in Axis
Slovakia. Monograph focuses on its activities in era of German occupation of Slovakia (1944 – 1945) when HG´s competencies were markedly enhanced and it became a leading force of Slovak collaboration. The aim of book is to analyze the
HG´s role in context of Nazi occupational strategy in the wartime Europe.
Fascist, national socialist and related organizations have stood in focus of author´s interest since he started studying history. The passion gradually developed into his profiling research field. Out of all evolution phases of totalitarian regimes he is fascinated mainly by their ends – by dynamic periods defined by a short outburst and even faster downfall of political ultraradicalism; by periods which radically reshaped human nature and which, for many people, became a lifetime
trauma. History of the HG in last months of the Hlinka´s Slovak People Party´s regime is a „deep well“ of social phenomenons mentioned above.
The monograph is based on a very broad heuristics, especially on primary sources from Slovak, Czech and German archives. Documents were precisely synthesized, particularly with the help of analytical, comparative and analogical method.
Monograph does not seek to reflect history of the HG, „restarted“ after the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising, as a baneberry but as a product of occupational strategy conducted under the auspicies of Berlin which had been tested in other European countries before.
Three main chapters (Politics, Military Deployment, Persecutions) discuss how Germany misused the HG for its own war goals. Thanks to an original framework the book might be useful for comparative purposes of fascist studies, history, politology or other social disciplines too.
Through these heuristic categories the monograph tries to explain domestic and international correlations and to answer the question what actually the HG was, which influences determined its character after transformation in Autumn
1944 and what memento it left in national history. The author reflects the question of collaboration with the Nazi regime, an effort to implement Nazi visions of Neuordnung in Slovakia, the future hypothetical destiny of Slovakia under the Hakenkreuz and the regime of ruling Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party.
An innovative conception, in terms how the book reflects and interprets history of the HG in short period before the end of the WWII, attempts to conceptualize and contextualize the issue of collaboration, contrary to traditional or revisionist approaches which are still dominating in Slovak historiography.
After November 1938 the new regime began to persecute it systematically. Slovaks and Czechs were dismissed from employment. Slovak grammar schools were closed and linguistic rights were intensively repressed. Violent crimes against citizens of non-Hungarian descent committed by security forces including terroristic troops like “szabadcsapatok” serve as an example of brutal methods which do not correspond with democratic regime. The process started up in autumn 1938 led to a total decimation of the Slovak element in Komárno. Those who refused to repatriate had to suffer the consequences or give up their openly declared national consciousness.
The authors also focus on the most dominant features of Komárno´s wartime history in a nutshell – political parties, organizations and activities of illegality (especially communist) and public events organized to strengthen the ghost of nationalism and idea of the Greater Hungary among the citizens. They also analyze persecutions performed by the Hungarian government and civil council against the Jewish minority, which ended in their murdering in concentration camps. In the last subchapter it is described how the situation in Komárno looked like after the German occupation in March 1944 until the liberation in May 1945 when the town became a part of the restored Czechoslovakia again.
Study of relations of Slovakia and Slovaks in transnational historical context has a high importance not only for domestic historiography but for other European historiographies as well since Slovakia and Slovaks were not insignificant factors of 1938 – 1989 development at least in the Central Europe and adjacent regions.
Proceedings are chronologically and thematically divided into three blocks, bringing results of authors´ original research regarding diverse areas of history.
The first block (Politics and society) includes papers as follows: Nation and state in Slovak politics: ideology and conceptions by Štefan Polakovič and Milan Hodža after 1938 (Marta Goňcová), Polish-Slovak negotiations on the issue of borders in autumn 1938 from the perspective of the Czech press reports and press reports of Polish consulate in Moravská Ostrava (Robert Kowalski), Joint Slovak-Hungarian attempts to withdraw from the war, 1943 – 1944 (István Janek), Reactions of the public on the news on J. V. Stalin´s disease and death in situation reports by the State Security (Martin Gabčo), Celebrations of Czechoslovak-Soviet friendship in the 1950s (Zuzana Hasarová) and „Hello, Europe!” March through the Iron Curtain and symbolic comeback of Slovakia to the map of Europe (Peter Jašek).
The second block (Minorities) covers selected aspects of minority studies, mainly concerning the wartime and postwar Jewish question. It includes following papers: Solution of the minority question on the detached territory of Komárno County during Szálasi´s regime (Katarína Ristveyová), An island of hope? Slovakia on the map of transit crossing of foreign Jews in the second half of the 1940s (Juraj Jankech) and Emigration of Jews from Czechoslovakia to Israel in 1948 – 1953 in the context of the Soviet bloc (Martin Šromovský).
The third bloc (Economy) includes papers Occupation of Western Slovakia by Wehrmacht in March 1939 and spoliation of Slovak military storeshouses (Pavel Mičianik), Financing of the arms factories in Považie in 1938 – 1945 (Zdenka Hešterová) and Hungarian-Czechoslovak cooperation on the construction of the aluminum smelters (Tereza Bartošíková).
Editors of the conference proceedings hope that the publication will contribute to a fruitfull discussion on history of Slovakia and Europe in times of non-democratic regimes of the 20th Century and will perhaps give an impetus to other researchers for cooperation on related topics, respectivelly, for further re-search of partial problems raised in the publication.
1945), a vassal state of Hitler‘s Germany. The party‘s relevance redestined it to comment on and participate in the key political events of the 1920s–1940s period and, thanks to the party‘s authority, to actively influence them. Slovakia‘s relationship with its southern neighbour, heavily marked by the shadows of the past, belonged to this spectrum as well. The article provides an overview of the turbulent dynamics of Hlinka‘s Slovak People‘s
Party‘s relations to Hungary and Hungarian politics, identifies the trajectory, and the crucial milestones of Slovak-Hungarian relations as impacted by the party led by the Catholic priests Andrej Hlinka and Jozef Tiso.
between the most extensive war in Europe since the WWII and aggressions in recent decades. This article attempts to identify the key historicisms-using narratives related to the conflict with emphasis on their legitimacy and communication strategies in the context of war propaganda.
authorities’ attitude towards Slovak minority, the article attempts to show to what extent the declared “Slovak-Croatian friendship” during the Second World War mirrored in practice, or to what extent it was only an illusion. In this regard, the article debates the role of Stará Pazova as the centre of Slovaks in the new state as well.
Upper Hungary (today´s Slovakia) still contributes to the multicultural character of regions of contemporary Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Croatia. The paper outlines the main Slovak migration flows within the time framework mentioned above, portrays how the Slovak enclaves and settlements were established in the Lower Land and points out the specifics and consequences of this population mixture in the southern territories of Hungarian Kingdom
not sufficiently adopted newest methodological tools based on international debates on European Fascism, which enable to reflect its national varieties (including the Slovak one) from transnational and comparative perspective. This contribution attempts to steer up the discourse on Fascism in Slovakia as well as in the Central Europe on the background of remarks and critical comments to Jakub Drábik´s groundbreaking monograph Fašizmus. The paper summarizes Slovak historiography´s perception of Fascism in the last decades with emphasis on unsuccessful quests for definition of this term and conceptual framework. After that, an author portrays Drábik´s book as a possibility for a methodological turn within the comparative fascist studies in Slovakia – a subgenre, which still lacks broader audience among Slovak scholars. Last but not least, the contribution explains, why and in which way it is important for History as a discipline to work with the concept of generic fascism as defined by Roger Griffin and the New Consensus/New Wave, and why it is useful for analytical purposes in regard to modern Slovak history and contemporary social practice.
civilian patients. In addition, the study outlines the everyday life of the Military Hospital in Ružomberok in the context of social movements since the end of the 1940’s until the end of 1960’s.
Publication chronologically sketches dominant features of German cultural history from its beginnings up to 1990. The first chapter explains current approaches of human and social sciences to terms used in cultural studies (culture, collective identity, cultural identity, national identity, cultural model, cultural complex, cultural relativism) and elucidates author´s reflection of the term „German culture“. Subsequent chapters present history of German culture and society in ancient times (chapter 2), middle ages (chapter 3), early modern times (chapter 4), in the „long“ 19th Century (chapter 5) and in the „short“ 20th Century (chapter 6).
The textbook does not reduce meaning of culture only to fine arts like public discourse frequently does but reflects it as a complex of spiritual, material, intelectual and emotional products of society formed always in specific socio-political context. Depending on historical period the text pays minor attention to cultural history of nowadays Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein since these countries were part of German cultural world as well.
Textbook´s ambition is to provide the university students a basic overview which would serve them as a „stepping-stone“ in study of foreign cultures. Every chapter is supplemented by a set of questions, tasks and text annexes which invite the reader to think about what he/she has just read and to consolidate the gained knowledge.
At the end the textbook refers to a list of general literature and literature regarding each of its chapters. Thanks to a bibliography the reader has an opportunity to precise his/her knowledge concerning one of the most notable culture of Europe and European civilization.
Prominent Austrian reporter Martin Pollack investigates the brutal actions of his biological father, whom he never knew. The courage to “look into the abyss” is given to Pollack by a sincere desire to restore the face of innocent people whose blood rested on his father’s hands. As the commander of the murderous Sonderkommando 7a, he also operated in Slovakia at the end of the WWII. We follow in the reporter’s footsteps with his Slovak translator, Michal Hvorecký. In the light of today and the approaching 80th anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising, we are uncovering historical connections and discovering the places of senseless ethnic cleansing, behind which was the sick Nazi ideology.
writers: Jakub Julény, Slavomír Sochor, director: Jaro Vojtek, dramaturgy: Mária Ferenčuhová, producer: Barbara Janišová Feglová, co-producer: Zlatica Fulajtárová (RTVS), cinematography: Ivo Miko, editing: Marek Bihuň, hudba: Miroslav Tóth, sound design: Michal Horváth, animácie: Marián Vredík. Cast: Martin Pollack, Michal Hvorecký, Anton Hruboň, Otto Šimko, Kristína Končeková, Ingrid Schemmel, Ružena Šteníčková, Gero Kramer, Peter Kaser.
https://hitchhikercinema.sk/en/projekty/martin-pollack-looking-into-the-abyss/