- Bogotá, Distrito Especial, Colombia
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Page 1. Las facultades de derecho salen a la calle Gabrielle Lessard Abogada de la Universidad de Wisconsin y asistente de la Corte Suprema del Estado de Madison, EE.UU. Germán Burgos Silva Investigador de ILSA. El ...
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Lactase persistence (LP) is an adaptive trait that certain human populations have acquired in response to lactose consumption in adulthood. The T-13910 variant has been reported as a causal polymorphism in Europeans. The Ecuadorian... more
Lactase persistence (LP) is an adaptive trait that certain human populations have acquired in response to lactose consumption in adulthood. The T-13910 variant has been reported as a causal polymorphism in Europeans. The Ecuadorian population has been described as multicultural and multiethnic, comprised of three main ethnic groups (Mestizo, Native Amerindian, and Afro-Ecuadorian). The aim of the study was to identify the molecular basis of LP in these admixed populations for the first time and determine the association between the T-13910 marker and the European ancestry proportion of each ethnic group. Genotyping was performed in 741 Ecuadorian individuals by sequencing a 576 bp region around the -13910 position upstream of the LCT gene. The ancestry proportions of Mestizo, Afro-Ecuadorian, and Native Amerindians were calculated using Ancestry Informative Markers and were compared with the diversity panel of the Human Genome Diversity Project. LP prevalence calculated from T-13910 allele frequency in Mestizo, Afro-Ecuadorian, and Native Amerindians was 24.4%, 16%, and 12.5%, respectively. The ancestry percentage correlated to the admixture proportion of each ethnic group, and the C/T-13910 genotype frequency was influenced by the European ancestry proportion. The presence of the T-13910 polymorphism in the Ecuadorian population suggested that LP was a trait introduced by European migration and inherited by admixture that occurred during the colonization of South America. This variant was not fixed in a population with a history of admixture, and its allele frequency was proportional to the ancestry proportion of each Ecuadorian ethnic group. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Various strategies for analysing SNP markers and genotyping have been published with the goal of obtaining informative profiles from biological samples that contain only small amounts of template and/or degraded DNA. In this study, a... more
Various strategies for analysing SNP markers and genotyping have been published with the goal of obtaining informative profiles from biological samples that contain only small amounts of template and/or degraded DNA. In this study, a multiplex assay of 52 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to analyse 438 individuals from urban populations from different regions of Colombia, as well as a sample of 50 Native American individuals of the Pastos ethnic group from Nariño. To determine if significant differences in these 52 SNPs exist between the distinct regions of Colombia, genetic distance and admixture analyses were performed based on the available data for 17 different Colombian population groups and for population groups from Africa, Europe and America. The results demonstrate significant differences between the populations from the Southwest Andean, Central-West Andean, Central-East Andean, Orinoquian and northern Colombian Pacific Coast regions. Most of the r...
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ABSTRACT In order to increase the information about Indels, we report allele frequencies and statistical parameters of forensic efficiency obtained typing a sample of 114 unrelated healthy individuals living in San Basilio de Palenque –... more
ABSTRACT In order to increase the information about Indels, we report allele frequencies and statistical parameters of forensic efficiency obtained typing a sample of 114 unrelated healthy individuals living in San Basilio de Palenque – Colombia using a panel of 38 autosomal InDels. No significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were found except in the marker rs10629077 (p = 0.0002). The present database will be useful for forensic and paternity purposes for the region studied. Moreover, these additional markers can help forensic laboratories to solve parentage testing as well as to improve the analysis of degraded DNA samples.
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Various strategies for analysing SNP markers and genotyping have been published with the goal of obtaining informative profiles from biological samples that contain only small amounts of template and/or degraded DNA. In this study, a... more
Various strategies for analysing SNP markers and genotyping have been published with the goal of obtaining informative profiles from biological samples that contain only small amounts of template and/or degraded DNA. In this study, a multiplex assay of 52 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to analyse 438 individuals from urban populations from different regions of Colombia, as well as a sample of 50 Native American individuals of the Pastos ethnic group from Nariño. To determine if significant differences in these 52 SNPs exist between the distinct regions of Colombia, genetic distance and admixture analyses were performed based on the available data for 17 different Colombian population groups and for population groups from Africa, Europe and America. The results demonstrate significant differences between the populations from the Southwest Andean, Central-West Andean, Central-East Andean, Orinoquian and northern Colombian Pacific Coast regions. Most of the regions exhibited a European and Native American admixture. One exception is the population from the region of Chocó (on the northern Pacific Coast), which exhibits a high proportion of African admixture (54 %). From the observed genetic backgrounds, it is possible to conclude that a single reference database for the entire country would not be suitable for forensic purposes. The allele frequencies and the forensically relevant parameters were calculated for all of the markers in each Colombian region with significant values for the combined matching probability (power of discrimination ≥0.99999999999999990) and the combined probability of exclusion (≥0.9990) in trios that were obtained from all of the population groups.
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Page 131. Revista IUSTA 141 El estado de derecho en América Latina: ¿ artífice de la igualdad o factor de desigualdad? GERMÁN BURGOS* Fecha de recibido: enero 24 de 2006 Fecha de aprobación: marzo 24 de 2006 RESUMEN ...
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Este artículo sostiene que la OMC (Organización Mundial del Comercio) ha incorporado y puede incorporar, según su normatividad interna, compromisos en materia de derechos humanos reconocidos tanto en el derecho nacional como... more
Este artículo sostiene que la OMC (Organización Mundial del Comercio) ha incorporado y puede incorporar, según su normatividad interna, compromisos en materia de derechos humanos reconocidos tanto en el derecho nacional como internacional. Respecto de lo ya realizado, esta organización ha permitido, a través del mecanismo de las excepciones especiales, la limitación del comercio libre de diamantes producto de contextos de guerra y la producción nacional y/o obligatoria de medicamentos en situaciones de urgencia para la salud colectiva de un país. Por su parte, el mecanismo de excepciones generales –previsto en algunos artículos del GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade o Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio) y el GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services o Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios) y otros tratados de la OMC– permite invocar el incumplimiento de normas de libre comercio, para defender los derechos humanos. Si bien hasta ahora existen algunos casos emblemáticos al respecto, la forma como el SSD (Sistema de Solución de Diferencias) ha interpretado esta normatividad ha limitado su alcance. Las relaciones existentes entre el derecho del libre comercio administrado por la OMC y el derecho nacional e internacional de los derechos humanos cuestionan de alguna forma la tesis de la fragmentación del derecho internacional público.
This article argues that the WTO, following its internal norms, has been able to incorporate human rights commitments recognized by both national and international law. Until now, through the special exceptions mechanism this organization has allowed limitations on the international free trade of diamonds mined in war zones, as well as the domestic or compulsory production of medicines in breach of ADPIC rules in situations of national health urgency. On the other hand, the general exceptions mechanism established in certain articles of the GATT and GATS permits breaching free trade rules to protect human rights. Although so far there are some emblematic cases about the way the SSD has interpreted this regulation, this has been limited. Thus, I argue that the relationship between international commercial law administered by the WTO and international human rights questions the thesis of the fragmentation of public international law.
This article argues that the WTO, following its internal norms, has been able to incorporate human rights commitments recognized by both national and international law. Until now, through the special exceptions mechanism this organization has allowed limitations on the international free trade of diamonds mined in war zones, as well as the domestic or compulsory production of medicines in breach of ADPIC rules in situations of national health urgency. On the other hand, the general exceptions mechanism established in certain articles of the GATT and GATS permits breaching free trade rules to protect human rights. Although so far there are some emblematic cases about the way the SSD has interpreted this regulation, this has been limited. Thus, I argue that the relationship between international commercial law administered by the WTO and international human rights questions the thesis of the fragmentation of public international law.