This article illumination on Pakistan-US relations and various aspects of their common history. T... more This article illumination on Pakistan-US relations and various aspects of their common history. There have been many vicissitudes throughout history, which have led to the phenomena of trust and mistrust as well as perceptions and misperceptions. An outline of this research has been prepared with regard to the relations between convergence and divergence of interests. Due to numerous and complex factors, the history of relations between Pakistan and the US has often moved in a roller coaster pattern. The two state’s bilateral relations affected by this multifaceted relationship, which has two distinct co-dependency and trust deficit methods. This article aims to highlight the issues of miscellaneous opinions and policies between Pakistan and the US over the distinctive national and international contexts that directly link the interests of the two parties and outline causes of interaction between them to survive during essential times of vicissitudes. This article described the conv...
Women's empowerment is promoting women's sagacity of self-worth, capability to decide the... more Women's empowerment is promoting women's sagacity of self-worth, capability to decide their personal choices, and right to sway societal change for themselves. Empowering women is equipping them with utensils they want to have influence and power over their personal lives. Political parties during elections campaigns promise gender equality and women empowerment but these promises remained unfulfilled. It is a pragmatic issue in Pakistan as it ranked approximately at bottom of the Gender Gap Index – 151st out of 153 countries. The 1973 Constitution protects women's rights under various Articles. The study aims to examine women's empowerment in Pakistan from slogans to practices. It will also examine the political manifestos of parties during election campaigns and after occupying political power. The qualitative method with an exploratory approach was adopted to find out the answers to the research questions. No country can develop until half of the population active...
Student union is a "student-run group" that offers its time and energies to give the student comm... more Student union is a "student-run group" that offers its time and energies to give the student community in educational institutes opportunities and voice. The student unions provide a platform for chipping in the youth in practical politics across the World. The strength of these unions can be measured that it can establish and destroy any political or undemocratic government in a State. Universities can play a significant role but unfortunately, in Pakistan context, student unions involved in institutional political violence and currently are facing a bar on unions' practices. The study has aim to find out that to what extent the student unions are a mode of youth participation in politics and opinion of youth in Punjab? The study is based on descriptive and analytical method about activeness of student unions in Pakistan especially in Punjab. A semi-structured questionnaire and interview based survey conducted from the youth of Punjab collect data about their opinions on student unions. It was find out that students are in the favor of unions for resolving their educational and on campus issues but reluctant to protect the political regimes .It is recommended that an appropriate procedure to promote the youth in the State politics is the reunification by the student unions in Pakistan.
Women empowerment is the freedom of women from the vicious grips of various social, political, ec... more Women empowerment is the freedom of women from the vicious grips of various social, political, economic, and cultural discriminations. Empowering women refers to capacity building to manage a more rewarding and enriched life on their own behalf. The current article has focused on political empowerment of women with the specific reference of Pakistan. Political empowerment was taken as independent variable which is measured by women's representation in national, provincial and local legislative bodies while using the following indicators; Women's representational ratio in parliament, women's representational ratio in presidency and premiership, women's representational ratio in ministership at national as well as at provincial level, and the women's representational ratio in local governance. In Pakistan, the women representation in the electoral and legislative process has been very marginal since its inception. In recent general elections of 2018, election commission of Pakistan in election Act 2017, made it mandatory to allocate at least 5% tickets to the women candidates of all the political parties as well as 10% women votes in every constituency for the validation of election. This should be appreciated; however, women representation in its true and complete sense is still lacked behind.
This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and antigovernment Syrians groups in Saudi and I... more This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and antigovernment Syrians groups in Saudi and Iranian press. It is hypothesized that Arab news and Tehran times portrayed pro and anti-government Syrians groups differently. It is also hypothesized that press of both countries framed pro and antigovernment groups differently. The theoretical framework for this research was based on framing theory. The research follows the quantitative research design content analysis strategy. The times frame was selected from 1 st January to 31 December 2013 and researcher designed a coding sheet by selecting two frames, pro-government and anti-government frame. The data was analyzed through SPSS and Chi-Square test was applied on data .The findings of the study revealed that there is significant difference in portrayal and framing of both newspapers. Both hypotheses were accepted.
Healthy and strong political culture represents political participation of masses but recurrent a... more Healthy and strong political culture represents political participation of masses but recurrent authoritarianism has the sapped the vitality of democratic culture in Pakistan. Conversely, in a condition where the political institutions fail to deliver stability in the country, military acquires ascendancy and Pakistan is test case of this conundrum. This study critically reviews the genesis of the civil-military grasp on the state apparatus in Pakistan which ultimately narrowed down the space for aboveboard political activities. This paper attempts to analyze the attitude of military establishment toward the political activities during the two martial laws of 1958 and 1969.
The Saraiki, one of the significant ethnic groups in Pakistan is identified on the language basis... more The Saraiki, one of the significant ethnic groups in Pakistan is identified on the language basis. In Pakistan, the vast majority of the ethnic groups find its original base in lingual identity. The Saraiki nationalists have developed a remarkable narrative solid account supporting a different identity for Saraiki language and culture, backed by social and economic entrepreneurship on the one side and endeavors in institutionalization of Saraiki language on the other side. The current study will highlight the growth of Saraiki political awareness, the nature of the internal problems, and the origin of disputes with the state.
During the Cold War, Pakistan and India supported opposing blocs, with India firmly placing itsel... more During the Cold War, Pakistan and India supported opposing blocs, with India firmly placing itself with the Soviets and Pakistan allying itself with the Western powers. (Gillani, 2021) (Ali, 2020). The break-up of the Soviet Union gave a chance to China for it to emerge as a challenger to US superiority. China's growing economy gave a direction to US policy towards the South Asian region and especially on India. India was also trying to be a hegemonic power in its region and a common enemy of Pakistan and China. The United States could only find India as an ally in South Asia to counter China's growing influence, as other countries in the region such as Pakistan already had security and economic ties with China. Another factor could be Washington's ambitions to expand its network of alliances in Asia, and the opportunity being provided by India to shelter US interests. There is a chain of events which change the multidimensional interests of big powers time to time. There is no permanent friend or enemy in International Relations can be seen practically in the case of USA, China, India and Pakistan. Indo-US Nuclear, economic and defensive deals started a competition and arms race in the region of South Asia especially between nuclear arch rivals India and Pakistan. Although China is an all-weather friend of Pakistan and Pakistan always enjoys favors from China, Pakistan also needs strong ties with the United States to level this disequilibrium. Similarly Pakistan is demanding same deals from USA to deter Indian Influence in South Asian region.
Pakistan and India were in opposing camps during the cold war while Pakistan was in the West camp... more Pakistan and India were in opposing camps during the cold war while Pakistan was in the West camp and India in Soviet camp. (Gillani, 2021) (Ali, 2020). The demise of Soviet Union gave a chance to China to emerge itself as a challenger to the USA superiority. China's growing economy gave a direction to US policy towards the South Asian region and especially focused on India. India was also trying to be a hegemonic power in its region and common enemy of Pakistan and China. The US knew that there was only India in the south Asian region that will be helpful to combat china because Pakistan was already economically tied with china. There was another important point that America was intentionally focusing on Asia because it need allies in Asia like the EU and the Middle East. So it needs an important ally like India that can shelter the interests of the USA.
The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and conti... more The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and continued verily as a guardian, a praetorian, or ruler on various occasions. Its disengagement, after the direct intervention, remained usually slow and gradual. Hence, it took a long time for disengagement and created a power-sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. The pattern of civilianization adopted by the Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq was also adopted by the Musharraf regime with few changes. In his early days, though, General Pervaiz Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power, and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals and took some steps towards that direction but he abruptly reversed those steps when he sensed a threat to his dominating position in a self-created system. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the process of civilianization during the period under consideration based on the theoretic...
The decade of 1970 witnessed a landmark change in Sindh's political spectrum as the centripet... more The decade of 1970 witnessed a landmark change in Sindh's political spectrum as the centripetal elements started to flourish while putting centrifugal politics into the background. Why did the political mosaic of Sindh alter? And how did it alter? These key questions are investigated in this study. Since this alteration owed the fundamental structural and ideological transformation of Pakistan's politics. Pakistan People's Party (PPP)) headed by a leader from rural Sindh formed a central government as well as the provincial government of Sindh. Various measures taken by the PPP government got appreciations of Sindhi masses and became a cause to promote greater attachment with the Pakistani state, which appeared estranged erstwhile. Hence, the hypothesis gets approved that the popularity of a mainstream political party in a peripheral region can strengthen the process of national integration and evaporate sub-nationalist separatist tendencies. This study is based on deduc...
This article illumination on Pakistan-US relations and various aspects of their common history. T... more This article illumination on Pakistan-US relations and various aspects of their common history. There have been many vicissitudes throughout history, which have led to the phenomena of trust and mistrust as well as perceptions and misperceptions. An outline of this research has been prepared with regard to the relations between convergence and divergence of interests. Due to numerous and complex factors, the history of relations between Pakistan and the US has often moved in a roller coaster pattern. The two state’s bilateral relations affected by this multifaceted relationship, which has two distinct co-dependency and trust deficit methods. This article aims to highlight the issues of miscellaneous opinions and policies between Pakistan and the US over the distinctive national and international contexts that directly link the interests of the two parties and outline causes of interaction between them to survive during essential times of vicissitudes. This article described the conv...
Women's empowerment is promoting women's sagacity of self-worth, capability to decide the... more Women's empowerment is promoting women's sagacity of self-worth, capability to decide their personal choices, and right to sway societal change for themselves. Empowering women is equipping them with utensils they want to have influence and power over their personal lives. Political parties during elections campaigns promise gender equality and women empowerment but these promises remained unfulfilled. It is a pragmatic issue in Pakistan as it ranked approximately at bottom of the Gender Gap Index – 151st out of 153 countries. The 1973 Constitution protects women's rights under various Articles. The study aims to examine women's empowerment in Pakistan from slogans to practices. It will also examine the political manifestos of parties during election campaigns and after occupying political power. The qualitative method with an exploratory approach was adopted to find out the answers to the research questions. No country can develop until half of the population active...
Student union is a "student-run group" that offers its time and energies to give the student comm... more Student union is a "student-run group" that offers its time and energies to give the student community in educational institutes opportunities and voice. The student unions provide a platform for chipping in the youth in practical politics across the World. The strength of these unions can be measured that it can establish and destroy any political or undemocratic government in a State. Universities can play a significant role but unfortunately, in Pakistan context, student unions involved in institutional political violence and currently are facing a bar on unions' practices. The study has aim to find out that to what extent the student unions are a mode of youth participation in politics and opinion of youth in Punjab? The study is based on descriptive and analytical method about activeness of student unions in Pakistan especially in Punjab. A semi-structured questionnaire and interview based survey conducted from the youth of Punjab collect data about their opinions on student unions. It was find out that students are in the favor of unions for resolving their educational and on campus issues but reluctant to protect the political regimes .It is recommended that an appropriate procedure to promote the youth in the State politics is the reunification by the student unions in Pakistan.
Women empowerment is the freedom of women from the vicious grips of various social, political, ec... more Women empowerment is the freedom of women from the vicious grips of various social, political, economic, and cultural discriminations. Empowering women refers to capacity building to manage a more rewarding and enriched life on their own behalf. The current article has focused on political empowerment of women with the specific reference of Pakistan. Political empowerment was taken as independent variable which is measured by women's representation in national, provincial and local legislative bodies while using the following indicators; Women's representational ratio in parliament, women's representational ratio in presidency and premiership, women's representational ratio in ministership at national as well as at provincial level, and the women's representational ratio in local governance. In Pakistan, the women representation in the electoral and legislative process has been very marginal since its inception. In recent general elections of 2018, election commission of Pakistan in election Act 2017, made it mandatory to allocate at least 5% tickets to the women candidates of all the political parties as well as 10% women votes in every constituency for the validation of election. This should be appreciated; however, women representation in its true and complete sense is still lacked behind.
This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and antigovernment Syrians groups in Saudi and I... more This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and antigovernment Syrians groups in Saudi and Iranian press. It is hypothesized that Arab news and Tehran times portrayed pro and anti-government Syrians groups differently. It is also hypothesized that press of both countries framed pro and antigovernment groups differently. The theoretical framework for this research was based on framing theory. The research follows the quantitative research design content analysis strategy. The times frame was selected from 1 st January to 31 December 2013 and researcher designed a coding sheet by selecting two frames, pro-government and anti-government frame. The data was analyzed through SPSS and Chi-Square test was applied on data .The findings of the study revealed that there is significant difference in portrayal and framing of both newspapers. Both hypotheses were accepted.
Healthy and strong political culture represents political participation of masses but recurrent a... more Healthy and strong political culture represents political participation of masses but recurrent authoritarianism has the sapped the vitality of democratic culture in Pakistan. Conversely, in a condition where the political institutions fail to deliver stability in the country, military acquires ascendancy and Pakistan is test case of this conundrum. This study critically reviews the genesis of the civil-military grasp on the state apparatus in Pakistan which ultimately narrowed down the space for aboveboard political activities. This paper attempts to analyze the attitude of military establishment toward the political activities during the two martial laws of 1958 and 1969.
The Saraiki, one of the significant ethnic groups in Pakistan is identified on the language basis... more The Saraiki, one of the significant ethnic groups in Pakistan is identified on the language basis. In Pakistan, the vast majority of the ethnic groups find its original base in lingual identity. The Saraiki nationalists have developed a remarkable narrative solid account supporting a different identity for Saraiki language and culture, backed by social and economic entrepreneurship on the one side and endeavors in institutionalization of Saraiki language on the other side. The current study will highlight the growth of Saraiki political awareness, the nature of the internal problems, and the origin of disputes with the state.
During the Cold War, Pakistan and India supported opposing blocs, with India firmly placing itsel... more During the Cold War, Pakistan and India supported opposing blocs, with India firmly placing itself with the Soviets and Pakistan allying itself with the Western powers. (Gillani, 2021) (Ali, 2020). The break-up of the Soviet Union gave a chance to China for it to emerge as a challenger to US superiority. China's growing economy gave a direction to US policy towards the South Asian region and especially on India. India was also trying to be a hegemonic power in its region and a common enemy of Pakistan and China. The United States could only find India as an ally in South Asia to counter China's growing influence, as other countries in the region such as Pakistan already had security and economic ties with China. Another factor could be Washington's ambitions to expand its network of alliances in Asia, and the opportunity being provided by India to shelter US interests. There is a chain of events which change the multidimensional interests of big powers time to time. There is no permanent friend or enemy in International Relations can be seen practically in the case of USA, China, India and Pakistan. Indo-US Nuclear, economic and defensive deals started a competition and arms race in the region of South Asia especially between nuclear arch rivals India and Pakistan. Although China is an all-weather friend of Pakistan and Pakistan always enjoys favors from China, Pakistan also needs strong ties with the United States to level this disequilibrium. Similarly Pakistan is demanding same deals from USA to deter Indian Influence in South Asian region.
Pakistan and India were in opposing camps during the cold war while Pakistan was in the West camp... more Pakistan and India were in opposing camps during the cold war while Pakistan was in the West camp and India in Soviet camp. (Gillani, 2021) (Ali, 2020). The demise of Soviet Union gave a chance to China to emerge itself as a challenger to the USA superiority. China's growing economy gave a direction to US policy towards the South Asian region and especially focused on India. India was also trying to be a hegemonic power in its region and common enemy of Pakistan and China. The US knew that there was only India in the south Asian region that will be helpful to combat china because Pakistan was already economically tied with china. There was another important point that America was intentionally focusing on Asia because it need allies in Asia like the EU and the Middle East. So it needs an important ally like India that can shelter the interests of the USA.
The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and conti... more The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and continued verily as a guardian, a praetorian, or ruler on various occasions. Its disengagement, after the direct intervention, remained usually slow and gradual. Hence, it took a long time for disengagement and created a power-sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. The pattern of civilianization adopted by the Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq was also adopted by the Musharraf regime with few changes. In his early days, though, General Pervaiz Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power, and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals and took some steps towards that direction but he abruptly reversed those steps when he sensed a threat to his dominating position in a self-created system. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the process of civilianization during the period under consideration based on the theoretic...
The decade of 1970 witnessed a landmark change in Sindh's political spectrum as the centripet... more The decade of 1970 witnessed a landmark change in Sindh's political spectrum as the centripetal elements started to flourish while putting centrifugal politics into the background. Why did the political mosaic of Sindh alter? And how did it alter? These key questions are investigated in this study. Since this alteration owed the fundamental structural and ideological transformation of Pakistan's politics. Pakistan People's Party (PPP)) headed by a leader from rural Sindh formed a central government as well as the provincial government of Sindh. Various measures taken by the PPP government got appreciations of Sindhi masses and became a cause to promote greater attachment with the Pakistani state, which appeared estranged erstwhile. Hence, the hypothesis gets approved that the popularity of a mainstream political party in a peripheral region can strengthen the process of national integration and evaporate sub-nationalist separatist tendencies. This study is based on deduc...
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