José Eloy Hortal Muñoz
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Artes y Humanidades, Faculty Member
- Government, Spanish Monarchy, Flanders, Court history, History, Philosophy, and 32 moreHistory of International Relations, Diplomatic History, Habsburg Studies, Seventeenth Century, Military Orders, Habsburg, History of the Spanish-Habsburg Netherlands, Order of the Golden Fleece, International Relations, Architecture, Art History, Military History, Early Modern History, Renaissance Studies, Political History, Spanish History, Elites, Early Modern Europe, 15th Century Burgundy, Court Studies, Aristocracy, Courts and Elites (History), European Royal Households, Courts, History of the Low Countries, Ceremonial and Symbolic Representations of Sovereignty In Early Modern Europe, Monarquía Hispánica, Early Modern Intellectual History and the History of Ideas, Early modern Spain, Cultural Studies, Queenship in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, and Germanyedit
- José Eloy Hortal Muñoz (Madrid, 1974), was graduated in Early Modern and Modern History (1997) and History of Art (19... moreJosé Eloy Hortal Muñoz (Madrid, 1974), was graduated in Early Modern and Modern History (1997) and History of Art (1999) at the UAM. After one year of Ph´D studies at the Rijkuniversiteit Groningen (Netherlands), he defended his Ph´D, El manejo de los asuntos de Flandes, 1585-1598, in early modern history at the UAM in september 2004 with the highest mark. He also obtained a master degree in Archivistic at the UNED.
His main research interests are the political history of the Netherlands at the XVIth century, the Courts of Brussels and Madrid at that century and the royal guards of the Spanish Habsburgs.
He has realized numerous academic visits (both teaching and research) in Belgium, the Netherlands, USA, England, Portugal, Vaticano, France and Switzerland, and participated in some international congresses in England, Belgium, Italy, France, USA, Germany, Sweden and Spain and research projects at the UAM, URJC and UGent.
He works as professor and researcher at the URJC since september 2009, where he is adviser of innovational education of the online studies, and is Reference Researcher at the Instituto Universitario “La Corte en Europa” (IULCE, UAM), being as well associate professor at the Escuela Universitaria de Artes y Espectáculos TAI in the years 2012-2013.edit
The relevance of religious and political practices at the Royal Sites of the different kingdoms that composed the Spanish Monarchy, in the consolidation of the image and power of the Spanish kings. Institutions under royal control... more
The relevance of religious and political practices at the Royal Sites of the different kingdoms that composed the Spanish Monarchy, in the consolidation of the image and power of the Spanish kings.
Institutions under royal control included not only the king’s royal residences and the royal chapels attached to them, but also magnificent convent-palaces and individual monasteries belonging to specific religious orders with close affiliations to the Spanish Crown. These Spanish Royal Sites, a diverse global network that helped to shape the Spanish Monarchy politically and socially in the seventeenth century, extended across the different kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula and beyond to other territories in Europe, America and Asia under Spanish rule. The religious practices that occurred there were an essential aspect of studying the justification of power, the pre-eminence of (ecclesiastical and temporal) institutions and, in the case of the Spanish Monarchy, its relations with the Holy See.
This volume brings together scholars from various humanities disciplines, opening up novel avenues of research for studying the organization of royal institutions in the different kingdoms of the Habsburg Spanish Monarchy, especially in questions related to religion and royal piety. Particular attention is paid to the under-researched area of Royal Sites in Catalonia, Valencia, Portugal, Sardinia and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Institutions under royal control included not only the king’s royal residences and the royal chapels attached to them, but also magnificent convent-palaces and individual monasteries belonging to specific religious orders with close affiliations to the Spanish Crown. These Spanish Royal Sites, a diverse global network that helped to shape the Spanish Monarchy politically and socially in the seventeenth century, extended across the different kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula and beyond to other territories in Europe, America and Asia under Spanish rule. The religious practices that occurred there were an essential aspect of studying the justification of power, the pre-eminence of (ecclesiastical and temporal) institutions and, in the case of the Spanish Monarchy, its relations with the Holy See.
This volume brings together scholars from various humanities disciplines, opening up novel avenues of research for studying the organization of royal institutions in the different kingdoms of the Habsburg Spanish Monarchy, especially in questions related to religion and royal piety. Particular attention is paid to the under-researched area of Royal Sites in Catalonia, Valencia, Portugal, Sardinia and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
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Publisher: Editorial Académica Española
Publication Date: 2011
Publication Date: 2011
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Publisher: Polifemo
Date: 2015
Date: 2015
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Introducción al monográfico El origen de los Sitios Reales en las Coronas Ibéricas (s. XIV-XVI): de espacios cortesanos a redes de poder
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Resumen: La organización del espacio fue fundamental en la configuración de las monarquías europeas de la Edad Moderna, incluida la Hispánica. En este proceso, los Validos tuvieron gran relevancia, ya que aglutinaron en sus manos tres... more
Resumen: La organización del espacio fue fundamental en la configuración de las monarquías europeas de la Edad Moderna, incluida la Hispánica. En este proceso, los Validos tuvieron gran relevancia, ya que aglutinaron en sus manos tres oficios clave para articular dicho espacio: las alcaidías de los sitios reales; el de sumiller de Corps y camarero mayor para dominar la cámara real; y el de caballerizo mayor, con el fin de controlar el espacio cuando el rey salía de palacio. En este artículo se analiza este proceso, el cual, una vez finalizado, representó la culminación del sistema cortesano de la Monarquía Hispánica.
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Since the first appearance of monarchies, the presence of the king determined a graded hierarchy of the surrounding space. At the same time, the position of the different courtiers in that ‘created’ space showed their rank in the palatial... more
Since the first appearance of monarchies, the presence of the king determined a graded hierarchy of the surrounding space. At the same time, the position of the different courtiers in that ‘created’ space showed their rank in the palatial world and, therefore, in the whole of the court, determining the degree of access to the royal person. The admission to the Royal Household of the monarch, especially to the Royal Chamber, favoured this closeness to the ruler. This contribution aims to study the evolution of the shape of the palatine space that took place in the seventeenth-century Spanish Monarchy, especially the changes related to the Royal Chamber that regulated access to the most private spaces of the king. Indeed, in the daily practice of government during the reigns
of Philip III and Philip IV, the validos, or minister-favourites like Lerma and Olivares, confirmed that the royal palaces were political spaces, and they strove to submit these spaces to their control.
Within this context, the Instruction of 1637 and other subsequent regulatory documents focused on restricting the access to the royal apartments, with the Chamber at their heart, influencing the relation between private and public at court.
of Philip III and Philip IV, the validos, or minister-favourites like Lerma and Olivares, confirmed that the royal palaces were political spaces, and they strove to submit these spaces to their control.
Within this context, the Instruction of 1637 and other subsequent regulatory documents focused on restricting the access to the royal apartments, with the Chamber at their heart, influencing the relation between private and public at court.
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A great deal of research has been published on royal sites, although up until now studies have focused primarily on their artistic heritage. This article brings a more holistic approach to the study of these sites in order to reconsider... more
A great deal of research has been published on royal sites, although up until now studies have focused primarily on their artistic heritage. This article brings a more holistic approach to the study of these sites in order to reconsider their role in the construction of European identities in the early modern period, drawing mainly from the field of court studies. This article examines the social role played by royal sites in terms of integrating the population of the Castilian kingdom from the reign of Philip IV (1621-1665) onwards. During his rule the bonds between the royal possessions and the central court were tightened more than ever before, and, as a result, the material resources of these royal sites were used to provide those servants with retirement deals, creating a system of social welfare for those directly or indirectly related to the royal households and royal sites, especially at the middle and lower levels of society.
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All over history, european Royal Sites have been deeply studied from different approaches. Nonetheless, those studies not always had taken into account every elements that composed these Royal Sites at Early Modern Times, as they mainly... more
All over history, european Royal Sites have been deeply studied from different approaches. Nonetheless, those studies not always had taken into account every elements that composed these Royal Sites at
Early Modern Times, as they mainly focused on buildings, artistic collections and heritage, paying some attention to royal hunt or urbanism. In this sense, numerous and crucial elements of these Royal Sites have been neglected, while we know that these places must be studied from a holistic point of view for its better comprenhension. Thanks to the methodological improvements that social sciences have been doing in lasts years, lately studies with new perspectives are appearing, which allows us to better comprenhend the true meaning of the Royal Sites during the period. This article intends to bring an approach on the advances we have nowadays over the study of the Royal Sites, as well as the role they played in the shape of the early modern european monarchies.
A lo largo del tiempo, los Sitios Reales europeos han sido profusamente estudiados desde varios puntos de vista. Sin embargo, dichos estudios no siempre han tenido en cuenta los diversos elementos que componían los Sitios Reales en la Edad Moderna, pues mayoritariamente se han centrado en los edificios y en sus colecciones artísticas y patrimonio, prestando en ocasiones algo de atención a la caza o el urbanismo. Esto ha provocado que numerosos y cruciales componentes de los Sitios Reales hayan sido olvidados, y no se haya tenido en cuenta que dichos lugares deben estudiarse desde un punto de vista global para su correcta comprensión. Gracias a los avances metodológicos de los últimos años, están apareciendo trabajos sobre dichos lugares desde nuevas perspectivas que nos ayudan a comprender mejor su verdadero significado durante el periodo. El presente artículo pretende ofrecer una aproximación sobre los avances que nos encontramos en la actualidad sobre el estudio de los Sitios Reales, así como el papel que jugaron en la configuración de las monarquías europeas de la Edad Moderna.
Early Modern Times, as they mainly focused on buildings, artistic collections and heritage, paying some attention to royal hunt or urbanism. In this sense, numerous and crucial elements of these Royal Sites have been neglected, while we know that these places must be studied from a holistic point of view for its better comprenhension. Thanks to the methodological improvements that social sciences have been doing in lasts years, lately studies with new perspectives are appearing, which allows us to better comprenhend the true meaning of the Royal Sites during the period. This article intends to bring an approach on the advances we have nowadays over the study of the Royal Sites, as well as the role they played in the shape of the early modern european monarchies.
A lo largo del tiempo, los Sitios Reales europeos han sido profusamente estudiados desde varios puntos de vista. Sin embargo, dichos estudios no siempre han tenido en cuenta los diversos elementos que componían los Sitios Reales en la Edad Moderna, pues mayoritariamente se han centrado en los edificios y en sus colecciones artísticas y patrimonio, prestando en ocasiones algo de atención a la caza o el urbanismo. Esto ha provocado que numerosos y cruciales componentes de los Sitios Reales hayan sido olvidados, y no se haya tenido en cuenta que dichos lugares deben estudiarse desde un punto de vista global para su correcta comprensión. Gracias a los avances metodológicos de los últimos años, están apareciendo trabajos sobre dichos lugares desde nuevas perspectivas que nos ayudan a comprender mejor su verdadero significado durante el periodo. El presente artículo pretende ofrecer una aproximación sobre los avances que nos encontramos en la actualidad sobre el estudio de los Sitios Reales, así como el papel que jugaron en la configuración de las monarquías europeas de la Edad Moderna.
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Today, royal sites in Europe are often seen as the extravagant residences of royal families who lived isolated from society, an image created by historians and writers in the nineteenth century. Therefore, although there have been many... more
Today, royal sites in Europe are often seen as the extravagant residences of royal families who
lived isolated from society, an image created by historians and writers in the nineteenth
century. Therefore, although there have been many excellent studies of the buildings with
some attention to the tradition of royal hunts and urbanism, other spaces that developed
around them that were also crucial components of early modern royal sites have so far
been neglected. This article takes a more holistic approach to the study of these sites in
order to reconsider their role in the evolution of power and the construction of European
identities in the early modern period. By doing so, it brings a new approach to the study
of royal sites. In particular, this article examines the programme developed by the
Archdukes Albert and Isabella for the royal sites of the Habsburg Netherlands (modern
Belgium) and the ways in which they used them to give structure and cohesion to their
territories.
lived isolated from society, an image created by historians and writers in the nineteenth
century. Therefore, although there have been many excellent studies of the buildings with
some attention to the tradition of royal hunts and urbanism, other spaces that developed
around them that were also crucial components of early modern royal sites have so far
been neglected. This article takes a more holistic approach to the study of these sites in
order to reconsider their role in the evolution of power and the construction of European
identities in the early modern period. By doing so, it brings a new approach to the study
of royal sites. In particular, this article examines the programme developed by the
Archdukes Albert and Isabella for the royal sites of the Habsburg Netherlands (modern
Belgium) and the ways in which they used them to give structure and cohesion to their
territories.
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Resumen: El sistema político cortesano alcanzaría su plenitud durante el siglo XVII, mediante la fijación institucional de sus diversos componentes, al tiempo que se potenciaba la vinculación entre los diversos elementos que componían el... more
Resumen: El sistema político cortesano alcanzaría su plenitud durante el siglo XVII, mediante la fijación institucional de sus diversos componentes, al tiempo que se potenciaba la vinculación entre los diversos elementos que componían el mismo (Casa Real, Consejos y
Tribunales, Cortesanos y Sitios Reales) y se configuraba de un modo más efectivo el espacio cortesano.
Este fue el caso de la Monarquía Hispana, en especial tras la quiebra del sistema generado por Carlos V, el cual estaba basado en que la Casa Real ejerciera como principal elemento integrador de las élites de los diversos reinos. Debido a ello, el reinado de Felipe IV se convirtió
en un desesperado intento por reconfigurar la Monarquía mediante el uso de diversas herramientas. Una de las principales fueron los Sitios Reales, ya que se incentivó la vinculación entre los mismos y el resto de la Corte, en especial con la Casa Real, pues diversos personajes
detentaron a partir de este momento, y al mismo tiempo, oficios en la Casa Real y en los Sitios Reales. Especialmente fructífera fue la relación entre la Guarda Real y los Sitios Reales, tal y como estudiamos en el presente artículo en dos de los principales territorios de la Monarquía,
como fueron Castilla y los Países Bajos.
Abstract: The court political system reached its peak during the seventeenth century, when its different elements (Royal Household, Councils, Courtiers and Royal Sites) were institutionally fixed, while the relation between these elements was increased, and the court space was fixed in a more effective way.
This was the case of the Spanish monarchy, especially after the breakdown of the system created by Charles V, which was based at the Royal Household as the main element destined to integrate the elites of the different kingdoms that composed the Monarchy. Due to this, Philip
IV´s reign consisted in a desperate search of how to recon figurate the Monarchy, through several tools. One of them were the Royal Sites, since the bonds between them and the rest of the Court were increased, especially with the Royal Household. Several courtiers had, after this
moment, and at the same time, offices at both the Royal Household and the Royal Sites.
Especially fruitful was the relation between the Royal Guard and the Royal Sites, as we study in this article in two of the main territories of the Monarchy, as were Castile and the Habsburg Netherlands.
Palabras clave: Espacio cortesano, Monarquía Hispana, Corte, Casa Real, Guardas Reales, Sitios Reales
Key words: Court space, Spanish monarchy, Court, Royal Household, Royal Guards, Royal Sites
Tribunales, Cortesanos y Sitios Reales) y se configuraba de un modo más efectivo el espacio cortesano.
Este fue el caso de la Monarquía Hispana, en especial tras la quiebra del sistema generado por Carlos V, el cual estaba basado en que la Casa Real ejerciera como principal elemento integrador de las élites de los diversos reinos. Debido a ello, el reinado de Felipe IV se convirtió
en un desesperado intento por reconfigurar la Monarquía mediante el uso de diversas herramientas. Una de las principales fueron los Sitios Reales, ya que se incentivó la vinculación entre los mismos y el resto de la Corte, en especial con la Casa Real, pues diversos personajes
detentaron a partir de este momento, y al mismo tiempo, oficios en la Casa Real y en los Sitios Reales. Especialmente fructífera fue la relación entre la Guarda Real y los Sitios Reales, tal y como estudiamos en el presente artículo en dos de los principales territorios de la Monarquía,
como fueron Castilla y los Países Bajos.
Abstract: The court political system reached its peak during the seventeenth century, when its different elements (Royal Household, Councils, Courtiers and Royal Sites) were institutionally fixed, while the relation between these elements was increased, and the court space was fixed in a more effective way.
This was the case of the Spanish monarchy, especially after the breakdown of the system created by Charles V, which was based at the Royal Household as the main element destined to integrate the elites of the different kingdoms that composed the Monarchy. Due to this, Philip
IV´s reign consisted in a desperate search of how to recon figurate the Monarchy, through several tools. One of them were the Royal Sites, since the bonds between them and the rest of the Court were increased, especially with the Royal Household. Several courtiers had, after this
moment, and at the same time, offices at both the Royal Household and the Royal Sites.
Especially fruitful was the relation between the Royal Guard and the Royal Sites, as we study in this article in two of the main territories of the Monarchy, as were Castile and the Habsburg Netherlands.
Palabras clave: Espacio cortesano, Monarquía Hispana, Corte, Casa Real, Guardas Reales, Sitios Reales
Key words: Court space, Spanish monarchy, Court, Royal Household, Royal Guards, Royal Sites
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The Royal Guards of the Spanish Habsburg kings played a fundamental role in the complex arrangements involved in managing the monarch’s public appearances, both within the court environment and outside it. Although the Stables were the... more
The Royal Guards of the Spanish Habsburg kings played a fundamental role in the complex arrangements involved in managing the monarch’s public appearances, both within the court environment and outside it. Although the Stables were the section of the Household most concerned with the prince’s exterior appearance and his image in the public sphere, the Royal Guard occupied a privileged position in such appearances. These appearances, moreover, were fundamental in the projection of the royal image because most of the Royal Household Protocol and ceremonies in which the monarch intervened took place inside the palace and therefore out of sight of the subjects. This function became increasingly important to every monarchy in the course of the Modern Age, not least to one of the most powerful in the world. Within the protocol, proximity to the king determined the importance of each corps in the Royal Household and therefore in the kingdom. This premise established the hierarchy of the different guard units, especially of their captains and lieutenants, so that the worst disputes arose from attempts to be as close to the monarch as possible, as will be examined in this article.
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The process of Confessionalization followed by Philip II was limited to the control of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in his kingdoms and the justification of its politics for religious reasons. This attitude forced the papacy to follow... more
The process of Confessionalization followed by Philip II was limited to the control of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in his kingdoms and the justification of its politics for religious reasons. This attitude forced the papacy to follow the political and religious interests of the Spanish monarchy during the second half of the XVIth century, albeit against its will. This politic was supported at the Spanish Court by the “castellanist” faction, headed by the IIId duke of Alba, which imposed its ideas over the contrary “ebolist” one around 1565. Due to this, Philip II decided that the “Gran Duque” was the adequate person to appease the complicated situation of the Habsburg Netherlands, imposing at those lands the ideas related with the Confessionalization that he supported and that Granvelle had started to apply. To achieve the objective, Alba used different tools, like the shape of the new bishoprics created by the Super Universas bull of 1559, the Conseils des Troubles, the imposition of the alcabala, the application of the tridentine decrees, the concesion of rewards or the Perdón General. Nonetheless, as we know, this politic was a fiasco, because Alba was not able to obtain enough supports neither at the Brussels Court nor at the Madrid one.
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Los Reales Sitios españoles, hasta la fecha, han sido estudiados únicamente desde un punto de vista artístico y en su función de descanso y divertimento de los monarcas y de su familia. Sin embargo, desde la metodología de los estudios de... more
Los Reales Sitios españoles, hasta la fecha, han sido estudiados únicamente desde un punto de vista artístico y en su función de descanso y divertimento de los monarcas y de su familia. Sin embargo, desde la metodología de los estudios de la Corte, tales lugares cobran un significado mucho más relevante y se sitúan en el contexto de la formación y evolución de la organización política de la Monarquía Hispana.
El presente artículo pretende profundizar en dicha línea mediante el estudio de uno de los principales oficios de dichos Sitios Reales, como era el de los capellanes, en especial por el papel que dichos lugares jugaron desde época de Felipe II en el Confesionalismo que el “Rey Prudente” pretendió implantar en la Monarquía Hispana. Sin duda, los capellanes de los Sitios Reales tuvieron un notable papel en este aspecto, al acercar a los habitantes de dichos lugares la ideología que se pretendía implantar desde la Capilla Real. Para ello, debían tener un perfil y una carrera determinados, recibiendo diversas prebendas si cumplían a satisfacción las misiones que se les encomendaban, aspectos todos ellos que se abordan en este estudio para el reinado de Felipe IV.
El presente artículo pretende profundizar en dicha línea mediante el estudio de uno de los principales oficios de dichos Sitios Reales, como era el de los capellanes, en especial por el papel que dichos lugares jugaron desde época de Felipe II en el Confesionalismo que el “Rey Prudente” pretendió implantar en la Monarquía Hispana. Sin duda, los capellanes de los Sitios Reales tuvieron un notable papel en este aspecto, al acercar a los habitantes de dichos lugares la ideología que se pretendía implantar desde la Capilla Real. Para ello, debían tener un perfil y una carrera determinados, recibiendo diversas prebendas si cumplían a satisfacción las misiones que se les encomendaban, aspectos todos ellos que se abordan en este estudio para el reinado de Felipe IV.
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Comparative Review Dries Raeymaekers, One foot in the palace. The Habsburg court of Brussels and the politics of access in the reign of Albert and Isabella, 1598-1621 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2013, xviii + pp. 366, ill., index);... more
Comparative Review Dries Raeymaekers, One foot in the palace. The Habsburg court of Brussels and the politics of access in the reign of Albert and Isabella, 1598-1621 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2013, xviii + pp. 366, ill., index); Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben, ed., The politics of female households. Ladies-in-waiting across early modern Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2013, xx + 421, index).
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El autor nos adentra en los diferentes Cuerpos de Guarda encargados de custodiar a los Soberanos desde la Antigüedad hasta el reinado de Felipe V, Monarca que unificó estos cuerpos (Monteros de Espinosa, Guarda tudesca y Guarda española,... more
El autor nos adentra en los diferentes Cuerpos de Guarda encargados de custodiar a los Soberanos desde la Antigüedad hasta el reinado de Felipe V, Monarca que unificó estos cuerpos (Monteros de Espinosa, Guarda tudesca y Guarda española, entre otras Unidades) para convertirlos en verdaderas tropas de élite: la Unidad de Alabarderos y el Real Cuerpo de Guardias de Corps.
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As the classical bibliography has told us, during Philip IV reign started the decline of the Spanish Monarchy, specially after the second half of that reign, due to several reasons: economical, political,... One of the fields where we... more
As the classical bibliography has told us, during Philip IV reign started the decline of the Spanish Monarchy, specially after the second half of that reign, due to several reasons: economical, political,... One of the fields where we could prove this idea, although it has not been actually well studied until recently, was the royal household. There, we could realize how the main function that it has had until that moment, the integration of the territorial elites, had broken up, provoking that lots of relevant people of the different territories that composed the Monarchy were dissatisfied.
I will focuse my contribution in the religious members of the Royal Chapel of Philip IV, one of the most important sections of its household, specially because there was the place where the spirituality of the Spanish Monarchy was defined. Subsequently, in my study I will try to answer the following questions: which offices composed it, which people ocuppied those offices and, basically, which changes happened during Philip IV reign and if they obbeyed to that concept of decadence.
I will focuse my contribution in the religious members of the Royal Chapel of Philip IV, one of the most important sections of its household, specially because there was the place where the spirituality of the Spanish Monarchy was defined. Subsequently, in my study I will try to answer the following questions: which offices composed it, which people ocuppied those offices and, basically, which changes happened during Philip IV reign and if they obbeyed to that concept of decadence.
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Las residencias reales castellanas de la Edad Moderna resultaron fundamentales para mantener la presencia del soberano en el territorio. Por lo tanto, dichos lugares necesitaban de un personal que debía encargarse de que, durante las... more
Las residencias reales castellanas de la Edad Moderna resultaron fundamentales para mantener la presencia del soberano en el territorio. Por lo tanto, dichos lugares necesitaban de un personal que debía encargarse de que, durante las ausencias del rey, hubiera un adecuado estado de conservación de las residencias, así como de que estuvieran en condiciones de que cuando el soberano acudiera pudiera alojarse con su séquito con las comodidades requeridas. Dentro de estos oficios, los principales serían los de conserje y casero que, como bien indica la frase del título tomada del nombramiento de conserje de El Pardo de Carlos Valduique en 1622, debían residir siempre en esas residencias y tener a su cargo las llaves de las mismas. A través del análisis de las fuentes documentales conservadas en los Archivos Generales de Simancas y del Palacio Real de Madrid, el presente trabajo es un estudio de dichos oficios en las principales residencias del reino de Castilla desde la Baja Edad Media hasta finales de la Edad Moderna, identificando tanto sus funciones como la evolución en su condición social de los individuos que ocuparon dichos cargos, al albur de los cambios de significado que dichas residencias iban a sufrir durante estos siglos en el conjunto de la Monarquía Hispánica.
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Los Sitios Reales de la Monarquía Hispana han sido principalmente estudiados desde un punto de vista artístico, prestando especial atención a los palacios y olvidando en numerosas ocasiones el resto de elementos que los componían. Por lo... more
Los Sitios Reales de la Monarquía Hispana han sido principalmente estudiados desde un punto de vista artístico, prestando especial atención a los palacios y olvidando en numerosas ocasiones el resto de elementos que los componían. Por lo tanto, aunque hay excelentes estudios sobre los edificios que los componían y se ha prestado alguna atención a la caza, la organización del territorio y al urbanismo de dichos lugares, numerosos componentes de estos espacios singulares han quedado en el olvido y no han sido estudiados en profundidad. Por lo tanto, apenas se han llevado a cabo trabajos sobre estos lugares desde un punto de vista holístico, algo que esta contribución pretende llevar a cabo mediante el estudio del Sitio Real de El Pardo.
A través del análisis de las fuentes documentales contenidas en los Archivos Generales de Simancas y del Palacio Real de Madrid, llevaremos a cabo un estudio de dicho lugar, identificando las funciones que cumplió en su conjunto dentro del sistema de Sitios Reales de la Monarquía Hispana durante los siglos XVI y XVII, así como en la articulación del territorio y en la extensión del poder real.
A través del análisis de las fuentes documentales contenidas en los Archivos Generales de Simancas y del Palacio Real de Madrid, llevaremos a cabo un estudio de dicho lugar, identificando las funciones que cumplió en su conjunto dentro del sistema de Sitios Reales de la Monarquía Hispana durante los siglos XVI y XVII, así como en la articulación del territorio y en la extensión del poder real.
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Evolución de los diferentes tipos de guarda durante el reinado de Felipe IV
Research Interests: Military History, Early Modern History, História Moderna, Monarquía Hispánica, Historia Militar, and 5 moreSpanish Monarchy, Historia Moderna, Historia Moderna De España, European Royal Households, and Casa Real De Castilla. Corte Real Bajomedieval. Oficiales Regios. Vida Y Cultura Curial. Cancillería Real. Prosopografía. Fuentes Documentales.
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En J. MARTÍNEZ MILLÁN, M. RIVERO RODRÍGUEZ y G. VERSTEEGEN (Coords.), La Corte en Europa: Política y Religión (s. XVI-XVIII), Madrid, Polifemo, 2012, pp. 257-304
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Programa del Congreso Internacional Una Europa de Palacios (s. XVI-XVIII) que se celebrará en el Palacio Real de Valladolid del 13 al 14 de noviembre de 2023. Inscripción:... more
Programa del Congreso Internacional Una Europa de Palacios (s. XVI-XVIII) que se celebrará en el Palacio Real de Valladolid del 13 al 14 de noviembre de 2023.
Inscripción: https://eventos.urjc.es/105225/detail/congreso-internacional-una-europa-de-palacios-siglos-xvi-xviii.html
Inscripción: https://eventos.urjc.es/105225/detail/congreso-internacional-una-europa-de-palacios-siglos-xvi-xviii.html
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Deffinitive program of the International Conference that will take place at Aranjuez from 25th-27th October 2023 During the fifteenth century, the Dukes of Burgundy maintained numerous ties and staged frequent encounters with... more
Deffinitive program of the International Conference that will take place at Aranjuez from 25th-27th October 2023
During the fifteenth century, the Dukes of Burgundy maintained numerous ties and staged frequent encounters with representatives of the Hispanic kingdoms across a range of cultural and political contexts. As a result a reciprocal cultural bond evolved between the court cultures of these two geographical areas. This initial phase of contact was enabled by the rise to power of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I of Habsburg in the Netherlands: it was stipulated that their heirs should marry those of the kings of Castile and Aragon. As a result, the marriage of Mary and Maximilian led to the emergence of a powerful composite monarchy during the second decade of the sixteenth century, one that comprised a set of distinct administrative and legal systems. It was overlaid with a coherent court ritual, combining aspects derived from both the Netherlands and Iberia, as well as the other territories that made up the Spanish Monarchy. As a result, throughout the sixteenth century the Low Countries became one of the principal cultural centres within this monarchy, and there were frequent cultural exchanges between the Netherlandish court—firstly in Mechelen, and then in Brussels—and the monarchy’s central court.
The aim of this conference is to analyse the cultural relationships between the evolved between Iberian and the Netherlandish courts during the late fifteenth century and on throughout the sixteenth century, in order to develop a deeper understanding of the diverse forms of cultural impact that resulted, and their consequences for interaction between these regions. By taking an interdisciplinary methodological focus, embracing the latest research by historians, art historians and architectural historians, this scholarly event seeks to engage with the recent academic debate and research on the social phenomenon of cultural reciprocity. For this purpose, the conference seeks to analyse issues related to ceremonial, ritual, court structures, diplomacy, the visual arts and social relations, and likewise offer a deeper understanding of the mechanics of court culture, and the deployment of visual culture to promote Habsburg universalism across a range of European territories.
During the fifteenth century, the Dukes of Burgundy maintained numerous ties and staged frequent encounters with representatives of the Hispanic kingdoms across a range of cultural and political contexts. As a result a reciprocal cultural bond evolved between the court cultures of these two geographical areas. This initial phase of contact was enabled by the rise to power of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I of Habsburg in the Netherlands: it was stipulated that their heirs should marry those of the kings of Castile and Aragon. As a result, the marriage of Mary and Maximilian led to the emergence of a powerful composite monarchy during the second decade of the sixteenth century, one that comprised a set of distinct administrative and legal systems. It was overlaid with a coherent court ritual, combining aspects derived from both the Netherlands and Iberia, as well as the other territories that made up the Spanish Monarchy. As a result, throughout the sixteenth century the Low Countries became one of the principal cultural centres within this monarchy, and there were frequent cultural exchanges between the Netherlandish court—firstly in Mechelen, and then in Brussels—and the monarchy’s central court.
The aim of this conference is to analyse the cultural relationships between the evolved between Iberian and the Netherlandish courts during the late fifteenth century and on throughout the sixteenth century, in order to develop a deeper understanding of the diverse forms of cultural impact that resulted, and their consequences for interaction between these regions. By taking an interdisciplinary methodological focus, embracing the latest research by historians, art historians and architectural historians, this scholarly event seeks to engage with the recent academic debate and research on the social phenomenon of cultural reciprocity. For this purpose, the conference seeks to analyse issues related to ceremonial, ritual, court structures, diplomacy, the visual arts and social relations, and likewise offer a deeper understanding of the mechanics of court culture, and the deployment of visual culture to promote Habsburg universalism across a range of European territories.
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Venue: Rey Juan Carlos University, Aranjuez Campus, 24-26 May 2023 Female succession to a royal throne came in many forms across the span of European history. It could quite literally change the course of history. The most well-known form... more
Venue: Rey Juan Carlos University, Aranjuez Campus, 24-26 May 2023
Female succession to a royal throne came in many forms across the span of European history. It could quite literally change the course of history. The most well-known form is direct succession: Mary or Elizabeth of England to the throne of their father Henry VIII; Isabel of Castile succeeding her brother Enrique IV; or Maria Theresa of Austria succeeding her father Charles VI as queen of Hungary and Bohemia. But even these were usually restricted by their elite subjects—by law or by custom—to rule in tandem with a husband or a son. Other women did not rule but were conduits through which a royal succession passed, such as Elizabeth Stuart (the ‘Winter Queen’) transmitting the English and Scottish thrones from the house of Stuart to that of Hanover; or Marie-Thérèse of Austria, transmitting the Spanish succession from the Habsburgs to the Bourbons. Still others were heirs to thrones until superseded by younger brothers, like the Infanta Isabel Luisa of Portugal, heiress for twenty years until displaced by her brother João V. And still others represented claims that were no longer viable, such as Christina of Denmark, whose claims to her Catholic father’s throne were pushed aside by a Protestant uncle. Some royal women were specifically chosen by their parent to become a sovereign, like Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Low Countries. Some were rulers with quite complex power-sharing arrangements with sons and other male relatives, like Margaret of Denmark or Anna Jagiellonka
of Poland-Lithuania. Some were symbolic heirs only, like Marie-Thérèse of France (‘Madame Royale’), the daughter of Louis XVI, who was married to the male Bourbon heir to ensure his legitimacy and support for the restoration. And perhaps the most rare were the women who were not heirs to thrones at all, but seized power from a husband or son, like Catherine the Great in Russia. In a few situations challenges arose not simply from competing male claims, but from other women (such as Juana la Beltraneja in Castile or Anna Leopoldovna in Russia). There
are so many variations. Decisions made to allow or prevent a succession could result in the construction of huge empires—notably the Habsburg-Burgundian-Iberian conglomerate—or direct the flow of religious change, or lead to major international conflict.
It is clear that regulations and expectations for hereditary succession in pre-modern Europe did not always match up. While many kingdoms and principalities in theory allowed for female succession, in practice it was usually something to be avoided if at all possible, for a variety of theoretical or practical reasons. When faced with this question in France in the 1320s, Valois legal experts solidified that Kingdom’s thus far vague commitment to a ‘males-only’ policy (‘Salic Law’) and transformed it into a ‘fundamental law’—something that French Catholics later regretted when it foisted the Protestant Henry of Navarre onto the throne in 1589. When faced with similar questions in England, monarchs from Henry I to Henry VIII made attempts to control the succession such that the throne could pass through, but not necessarily to, a woman—for example the expected succession through Lady Jane Grey to an as-yet-unborn son.
But direct female succession did in fact happen all across Europe, from Portugal to Poland, and although the Salic Law sticks in the minds of many historians of Europe, it was in fact the exception to the rule. This conference—based in Spain where female succession was perhaps the
most ‘normal’ in comparison to other monarchical systems—aims to bring together a discussion of these different varieties of female succession in pre-modern Europe, the barriers sometimes placed to avoid them, and the manoeuverings to get around such barriers.
This international symposium aims to bring together experts from different historiographical fields (history, art history, literature and political thought), with the objective of developing a comparative analysis on the way female royal succession was approached and managed from a
transnational and diachronic perspective. By bringing together case studies from across a long time period (1400 to 1800) and from across Europe, this symposium hopes to understand the greatest breadth of experiences of this topic so crucial to the early development of women’s
access to political power in our history.
This symposium is organised by the Society for Court Studies and the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid (URJC), with support from Purdue University (Indiana), and will be held across three days in May 2023, on the campus of URJC near the Palace of Aranjuez—a favourite residence for some of Spain’s early modern queens.
Female succession to a royal throne came in many forms across the span of European history. It could quite literally change the course of history. The most well-known form is direct succession: Mary or Elizabeth of England to the throne of their father Henry VIII; Isabel of Castile succeeding her brother Enrique IV; or Maria Theresa of Austria succeeding her father Charles VI as queen of Hungary and Bohemia. But even these were usually restricted by their elite subjects—by law or by custom—to rule in tandem with a husband or a son. Other women did not rule but were conduits through which a royal succession passed, such as Elizabeth Stuart (the ‘Winter Queen’) transmitting the English and Scottish thrones from the house of Stuart to that of Hanover; or Marie-Thérèse of Austria, transmitting the Spanish succession from the Habsburgs to the Bourbons. Still others were heirs to thrones until superseded by younger brothers, like the Infanta Isabel Luisa of Portugal, heiress for twenty years until displaced by her brother João V. And still others represented claims that were no longer viable, such as Christina of Denmark, whose claims to her Catholic father’s throne were pushed aside by a Protestant uncle. Some royal women were specifically chosen by their parent to become a sovereign, like Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Low Countries. Some were rulers with quite complex power-sharing arrangements with sons and other male relatives, like Margaret of Denmark or Anna Jagiellonka
of Poland-Lithuania. Some were symbolic heirs only, like Marie-Thérèse of France (‘Madame Royale’), the daughter of Louis XVI, who was married to the male Bourbon heir to ensure his legitimacy and support for the restoration. And perhaps the most rare were the women who were not heirs to thrones at all, but seized power from a husband or son, like Catherine the Great in Russia. In a few situations challenges arose not simply from competing male claims, but from other women (such as Juana la Beltraneja in Castile or Anna Leopoldovna in Russia). There
are so many variations. Decisions made to allow or prevent a succession could result in the construction of huge empires—notably the Habsburg-Burgundian-Iberian conglomerate—or direct the flow of religious change, or lead to major international conflict.
It is clear that regulations and expectations for hereditary succession in pre-modern Europe did not always match up. While many kingdoms and principalities in theory allowed for female succession, in practice it was usually something to be avoided if at all possible, for a variety of theoretical or practical reasons. When faced with this question in France in the 1320s, Valois legal experts solidified that Kingdom’s thus far vague commitment to a ‘males-only’ policy (‘Salic Law’) and transformed it into a ‘fundamental law’—something that French Catholics later regretted when it foisted the Protestant Henry of Navarre onto the throne in 1589. When faced with similar questions in England, monarchs from Henry I to Henry VIII made attempts to control the succession such that the throne could pass through, but not necessarily to, a woman—for example the expected succession through Lady Jane Grey to an as-yet-unborn son.
But direct female succession did in fact happen all across Europe, from Portugal to Poland, and although the Salic Law sticks in the minds of many historians of Europe, it was in fact the exception to the rule. This conference—based in Spain where female succession was perhaps the
most ‘normal’ in comparison to other monarchical systems—aims to bring together a discussion of these different varieties of female succession in pre-modern Europe, the barriers sometimes placed to avoid them, and the manoeuverings to get around such barriers.
This international symposium aims to bring together experts from different historiographical fields (history, art history, literature and political thought), with the objective of developing a comparative analysis on the way female royal succession was approached and managed from a
transnational and diachronic perspective. By bringing together case studies from across a long time period (1400 to 1800) and from across Europe, this symposium hopes to understand the greatest breadth of experiences of this topic so crucial to the early development of women’s
access to political power in our history.
This symposium is organised by the Society for Court Studies and the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid (URJC), with support from Purdue University (Indiana), and will be held across three days in May 2023, on the campus of URJC near the Palace of Aranjuez—a favourite residence for some of Spain’s early modern queens.
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Nowadays the rulers’ residences and convents (Royal Sites) are often seen by the general public as the curious dwellings of royal families, who lived isolated from society. However, such places were not only built for pleasure, but they... more
Nowadays the rulers’ residences and convents (Royal Sites) are often seen by the general public as the curious dwellings of royal families, who lived isolated from society. However, such places were not only built for pleasure, but they belonged to a larger network of buildings and estates that together played an important role in the ruler’s administration. Apart from palaces, these domains often comprised forests, agricultural lands, watercourses and ponds, as well as defence works and industrial
and commercial buildings such as mills, tollhouses, and factories. From the Middle Ages onwards, these networks of sites became increasingly important for the consolidation of the sovereign’s power, playing a key role in the promotion of their rule. To improve control over their domanial buildings and to ensure their upkeep,
rulers set up permanent administrative bodies entrusted with their management. In principle, the centralization of their building management was a financial reform, however this reform should also be considered within the context of the expansion of the sovereign’s presence throughout the realm.
These building administrations have not been yet compared systematically, and it remains unclear to what extent such centralized bodies developed autonomously, responding to local conditions and requirements, or were part of international developments facilitated by the close networks of the European courts.
This symposium brings together scholars from various disciplines as a first attempt to compare these institutions on a pan-European scale from the late Middle Ages up to the end of the 17th century. It aims to investigate the relationships between the local idiosyncrasies of these organisations and their shared European characteristics. It addresses from a multidisciplinary perspective questions concerning the nature of such administrations, their purpose, organisational structure, and judicial
status, as well as their role in the formation of the state.
and commercial buildings such as mills, tollhouses, and factories. From the Middle Ages onwards, these networks of sites became increasingly important for the consolidation of the sovereign’s power, playing a key role in the promotion of their rule. To improve control over their domanial buildings and to ensure their upkeep,
rulers set up permanent administrative bodies entrusted with their management. In principle, the centralization of their building management was a financial reform, however this reform should also be considered within the context of the expansion of the sovereign’s presence throughout the realm.
These building administrations have not been yet compared systematically, and it remains unclear to what extent such centralized bodies developed autonomously, responding to local conditions and requirements, or were part of international developments facilitated by the close networks of the European courts.
This symposium brings together scholars from various disciplines as a first attempt to compare these institutions on a pan-European scale from the late Middle Ages up to the end of the 17th century. It aims to investigate the relationships between the local idiosyncrasies of these organisations and their shared European characteristics. It addresses from a multidisciplinary perspective questions concerning the nature of such administrations, their purpose, organisational structure, and judicial
status, as well as their role in the formation of the state.
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Spanish royal sites were a diverse and global network in early modern World making royal power visible and effectual. They expanded to other territory intermittently under Spanish rule beyond the Iberian Peninsula such as the Duchy of... more
Spanish royal sites were a diverse and global network in early modern World making royal power visible and effectual. They expanded to other territory intermittently under Spanish rule beyond the Iberian Peninsula such as the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, the ten southernmost provinces of the Netherlands and the viceroyalties in America. They consisted of royal palaces and their affiliated landscapes such as forests, gardens, rural and urban centres, farms and factories. They were not only centres of administration, but also centres of innovation in culture, taste and technology. In this way, they were points for the transfer of knowledge, people and goods affording expansion and growth of the market place.
This symposium will investigate these centres as international geographies. The term ‘geography’ manifests our interest in the way the physicality of spaces and landscapes was acted upon and produced through cultural practices. This interlacing of physical and human agency is naturally wide-ranking and encompasses image-making, architectural, agricultural and administrative processes. Moreover, the religious geographies in Habsburg territories were particularly complex given that courtly forms of piety were coloured by local customs and traditions.
How were these royal geographies imagined and described? In what way do they activate histories and memories thus constructing loci of myth? How do they challenge existing interpretations of the boundaries between confessional identities and political solidarities? How do they help us to re-think the divisions between centres and peripheries of Habsburg power as kinetic and embodied spaces? For example, royal geographies beyond the kingdom of Castille within the Iberian Peninsula were ever more tightly interlinked with Madrid under Philip III and Philip IV when their respective favourites, the First Duke of Lerma and the Count-Duke of Olivares, were appointed as governors of the royal palaces in Castille and Andalusia and assumed authority over the Junta de Obras y Bosques, a committee set up by Philip II to manage the construction program of royal residences and palaces.
This workshop aims to reunite experts in this field, all from different disciplines (History of Art, History, History of Architecture, and Political Thought), with the objective of developing a comparative perspective on the complexities of royal geographies in a trans-national context. This symposium is a collaboration of the History of Art Department and CREMS (Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies) at the University of York, the University of Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid (URJC), and the University Institute ‘La Corte en Europa’ (IULCE ) of the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM).
This symposium will investigate these centres as international geographies. The term ‘geography’ manifests our interest in the way the physicality of spaces and landscapes was acted upon and produced through cultural practices. This interlacing of physical and human agency is naturally wide-ranking and encompasses image-making, architectural, agricultural and administrative processes. Moreover, the religious geographies in Habsburg territories were particularly complex given that courtly forms of piety were coloured by local customs and traditions.
How were these royal geographies imagined and described? In what way do they activate histories and memories thus constructing loci of myth? How do they challenge existing interpretations of the boundaries between confessional identities and political solidarities? How do they help us to re-think the divisions between centres and peripheries of Habsburg power as kinetic and embodied spaces? For example, royal geographies beyond the kingdom of Castille within the Iberian Peninsula were ever more tightly interlinked with Madrid under Philip III and Philip IV when their respective favourites, the First Duke of Lerma and the Count-Duke of Olivares, were appointed as governors of the royal palaces in Castille and Andalusia and assumed authority over the Junta de Obras y Bosques, a committee set up by Philip II to manage the construction program of royal residences and palaces.
This workshop aims to reunite experts in this field, all from different disciplines (History of Art, History, History of Architecture, and Political Thought), with the objective of developing a comparative perspective on the complexities of royal geographies in a trans-national context. This symposium is a collaboration of the History of Art Department and CREMS (Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies) at the University of York, the University of Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid (URJC), and the University Institute ‘La Corte en Europa’ (IULCE ) of the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM).
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Program of the Congress / Programa del Congreso
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This public report provides an overview of the problems raised by the management of heritage buildings and sites (HBs/sites) in their surroundings. A multidisciplinary team comprising conservation professionals, art historians,... more
This public report provides an overview of the problems raised by the management of heritage buildings and sites (HBs/sites) in their surroundings. A multidisciplinary team comprising conservation professionals, art historians, archaeologists, architects, biologists, civil engineers and information technology experts have joined forces within the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action TD1406 - i2MHB (Innovation in Intelligent Management of Heritage Buildings) to provide their expertise and experience on the risks to which HBs/sites are exposed (urban development, infrastructure works, demographical changes, natural and technological hazards, bio-deterioration, lack of cultural heritage education and technical knowledge and skills, etc.). Traditional and new approaches to manage the principal risks are then developed. Nine representative European HBs/sites are used to illustrate the different problems raised and to offer possible solutions. The report ...
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A Constellation of Courts. The Habsburg Courts and Households in Europe (1555-1665), 3 november 2006