Joanna Szerszunowicz

The focal issue of the paper is how symptoms of anger are expressed in Polish and Italian phraseological units. Expressing anger is discussed as a culture-specific phenomenon, which is reflected in language. The analysis of units excerpted from mono- and bilingual phraseographic works aims to determine differences and similarities in the conceptualization of symptoms of anger in both languages. The units excerpted are divided into three groups: the first group of units is composed of idioms motivated by physiological changes occurring due to anger; the second contains units motivated by expressive symptoms of anger, while the third one is composed by units motivated by the observations of typical behaviour caused by anger. As a result of the analysis the following groups of equivalents are distinguished: full equivalents, more precisely called quasi-equivalents, partial equivalents (further subdivided into units of pictorial congruence and the units whose imagery differs), non-phras...

Confrontative analyses show that some phraseological units have full equivalents, i.e. the units are similar in terms of form, semantics and stylistics, also called total equivalents. In fact, if a multi-aspectual confrontative analysis is conducted, it is it is hardly possible to find two units in the source language and the target language which are identical in all respects. They are bound to differ, for instance in frequency or gender restrictions. The paper presents the typology of quasi-equivalents, i.e. equivalents of phraseological units tra- ditionally called full or total equivalents, between which subtle differences are determined in a multi-aspectual analysis covering a number of criteria. As to the cross-linguistic differences, they manifest themselves in semantics, stylistics, variations, connotations and collocability of the phraseological units at issue. Another problem discussed is the phraseographic description of such units in bilingual dictionaries. Translation o...

The focal issue of the chapter is the linguo-cultural specificity of recent English phraseological loans in the Polish language. The emphasis is put on the role of the transformation of 1989 in the process of borrowing multiword constructions. The majority of loan phrasemes are observed in the following spheres: economy and working environment, politics, social life and communication, technology, ecology and fashion. The borrowing of the vast majority of units is culturally conditioned, with significantly fewer linguistically motivated expressions, like the ones borrowed because of their stylistc value.

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Problematik der interlingualen Äquivalenz von Phraseologismen. Das dazu hier untersuchte Sprachmaterial sind feste Mehrwortverbindungen im Englischen, die chrematonymische Komponenten (Eigennamen von Waren, Firmen, Institutionen usw.) aufweisen. Sie wurden aus lexikographischen Bearbeitungen exzerpiert und anhand einer Klassifikation nach vier Typisierungen (Voll-, Teil-, Parallel- und Nulläquivalenz) auf Äquivalenz im Polnischen untersucht. Aus der Analyse des gesammelten Materials ergeben sich die Nulläquivalente als umfangreichste Gruppe, wogegen sich parallele, partielle oder absolute Äquivalente in etwa 25 Prozent der betrachteten Mehrwortverbindungen feststellen ließen.


Szerszunowicz J. 2018. Chrematonymische Komponenten phraseologischer Verbindungen im kontrastiven Vergleich am Beispiel sprachlicher Einheiten im Englischen und ihrer Äquivalente im Polnischen, [w:] Einblicke und Rückblicke: Beiträge zur deutschen Phraseologie und Parömiologie aus intra- und interlingualer Sicht, Bd. 1, Hrsg. Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Joanna Szczęk,  Schneider Verlag, 283-298.
The focal issue of the paper is the cross-linguistic equivalence of phraseological units containing chrematonyms, i.e. the names of products, firms, institutions etc. The study is based on English fixed expressions with chrematonymic constituents excerpted from lexicographic sources and their Polish equivalents. On the basis of the analysis of collected phrases, phraseological units and their counterparts were divided into fours groups of equivalents (absolute, partial, parallel, zero). Zero equivalents constitute the biggest group, while other equivalents, i.e. absolute, partial, parallel, account for approximately 25% of the research corpus of phraseological units.

The aim of the paper is to discuss interpersonal idioms from the perspective of foreign language teaching. Attention is paid to their linguistic specifics and stylistic properties. It is recommended that teaching interpersonal idioms should be conducted by showing how they function in typical contexts.

Celem pracy jest omówienie wprowadzania elementów kulturowych w powiązaniu z nauczaniem frazeologii w procesie nauczania języka obcego. Przedstawiono trzy rodzaje uwarunkowań kulturowych stałych połączeń wyrazowych, tj. ich przynależność do wspólnego dziedzictwa kulturowego, osadzenie w kulturze narodowej oraz motywację kolorytem lokalnym.

Celem artykułu jest zanalizowanie komponentu kulturowego w przekładzie sfrazeologiowanych porównań doprzymiotnikowych i doczasownikowych. Wskazano cztery rodzaje relacji na poziomie ekwiwalencji systemowej i odniesiono zaproponowany podział do ekwiwalencji translatorycznej, wskazując techniki, które mogą być wykorzystane w procesie przekładu. Materiał ilustracyjny stanowią w przeważającej części polskie i angielskie związki o charakterze porównawczym mające poświadczenie leksykograficzne.

In the paper, phraseological units conveying imagery are analyzed in a cross-lingu­istic perspective with a special focus on imagery congruence of the units compared. Several kinds of imagery congruence relations are discussed and exemplified, which renders it possible to develop a typology of equivalents. The classification proposed allows for a slightly different division of interlingual counterparts, since the dominant is their imagery. Thus, a target language one-word metaphors employing the same imagery as the source language multiword expression are viewed as a special group of close equivalents, rather than belonging to the class of zero equivalents, to which they were traditionally allocated due to formal differences.

The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of Polish and Italian faunal invectives, i.e. zooinvectives which are animal names used with reference to man as insults. The material consists of one-word animal names having a conventional figurative meaning which is a term of abuse, registered in Polish and Italian lexicographic works. The zooinvectives excerpted from various dictionaries, both mono- and bilingual, are discussed from a linguo-cultural perspective.

The focal issue of the chapter is the pragmatic function of animal names used figuratively with a view to referring to man in the spoken variety of modern Polish. The analysis is based on a corpus of lexically attested animal terms performing various pramatic functions. The names are classified according to their function, with a special focus on the emotional values of the analyzed terms.

The aim of the paper is to analyze cross-linguistic equivalents of onomastic phraseological units which express emotions. The analysis is based on three corpora compiled for the purpose of the present study: Polish, English and Italian. The multiword contructions in question excerpted from lexicographic sources contain proper names, i.e. culture-bound constituents of universal, national and local character. The interlingual correspondence of the units is analyzed in order to classify them to one of the following classes of cross-linguistic counterparts: absolute, partial, paralel or zero.

The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of the connotations of the lexeme HONEY in phraseological units from selected European languages. The units were excerpted from various lexicographic works. The cultural significance of honey is discussed briefly to shed light on its function in the Mediterranean cultures. The connotation of the name are divided into three categories: I – based on objective features, II – resulting from objective characteristics, mostly sweetness, III – further associations. The phraseological units are analyzed within the framework of this division, so that it could be determined which connotations are employed in particular languages.

The focal issue of the present paper is the conventional periphrasis as an object of contrastive research. Such expressions may have different cross-linguistic equivalents, including full, partial, parallel and zero counterparts. The present paper aims to discuss Polish periphrastic expressions and their Croatian equivalents in order to determine and analyze the relations between the units in question. The Polish units (165) are lexicographically attested, while their Croatian counterparts have been determined on the basis of dictionaries, corpora and interviews with native speakers of the Croatian language. The conventional periphrasis have not been researched from this perspective and the results may be useful for Polish-Croatian lexicography. The study shows that zero equivalents constitute the biggest group (91), followed by full equivalents (61) with significantly less numerous groups of partial and parallel counterparts (respectively: 5 and 8).

The present text aims to discuss the problems related to culture-boundness of the connotations of proper names. The general objectives of the present paper are twofold: first, to discuss proper names as carriers of connotations developed in a particular culture; second, to analyze which aspects related to their character are most problematic in the process of translation and which techniques to use to compensate for the translation loss. The specific aim is to illustrate this issue by presenting a case study of the Polish culture-bound name "Katyń" – a name of great importance in the history of Poland. Several texts containing this proper name will be discussed from a translational perspective to give an insight into the complex character of connotative potential of the onym in question. The texts were chosen from those available in the Polish national corpus and the ones retrieved by means of the WebCorp tool. The case studies bridge discourse analysis with translation studies, with a focal issue on cross-cultural approach.

The general aim of the paper is to discuss the linguo-cultural picture of wine in Polish phraseological stock. The research material is excerpted from various monolingual dictionaries of the Polish language. The specific objectives of the present research study are threefold: first, to compile a corpus of Polish fixed expressions constituting the picture of wine; second, to divide the collected units into categories reflecting the cognition of wine by native users of Polish language; third, to propose a cognitive definition of wine, based on the results of the analysis and to confront it with the one included in the lexicographic sources.

From a translational perspective, complex culture-specific notions pose special problems, since they do not have cross-cultural and cross-linguistic equivalents. Due to their complexity and cultural significance, they tend to be important elements of the source texts, which creates a linguo-cultural lacuna in the translation. The focal issue of the paper is to discuss how to deal with such expressions in the process of rendering a text containing them into another language. A case study of two Polish figurative language units, Polska A *Poland A “a more developed part of Poland” and Polska B *Poland B “a less developed part of Poland”, is presented to give an insight into the problem of transferring culture-specific notions into another language and culture.
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The Poles' observations regarding the reality of the last decades motivated the creation of certain meme characters deeply set in the Polish culture and reflecting the new social phenomena which have come into existence recently. The examples of such persons include the characters named Janusz, Grazyna, Seba and Karyna. Previously, the names had no connotative potential and they were not used as components of idiomatic expressions. In the modern Polish, the names function as labels evoking many features (personality, given intellectual potential, appearance, stereotypical behaviour etc.). For instance, Janusz is a man in his fifties, with a beer belly and reddish face, unattractive, with very limited knowledge in a field in which he himself considers to be an expert, complaining and stressing that life was much better in communist times, wearing unfashionable clothes, putting on sandals and white socks. It is worth adding that because of the connotations, the name is used in the expression typowy Janusz/janusz and in the construction Janusze/janusze + a discipline/area of activity, e.g. janusze biznesu. Both in informal communication and in the journalese discourse, their belonging to labels is of importance - the names evoke complex pictures. As culture-bound items, such units are interesting from a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective. They will be analyzed and compared with the character of the English-language Bad Luck Brian memes.

Broadly speaking, the term cultureme refers to extra-linguistic cultural symbols which motivate various expressions in language. Culturemes are part of the collective memory of a given ethnic community, therefore, they play an important role in the process of communication. The units motivated by culturemes include both single words and fixed multiword combinations, such as restricted collocations, idioms, proverbs, sayings, commonplaces and winged words which accumulate and store a significant amount of cultural knowledge. From a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective, culturemes are of great importance in the research on reproducible language units. The cultural component tends to be included in studies of fixed expressions, yet, the weak methodological background is still being criticized. Therefore, it can be assumed that the notion of cultureme may be implemented in paremiological studies as one of the options of conducting the linguo-cultural analyses in a more systematic way. Key words: cultureme, culture, modification, proverb, schema
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Illustrative material constitutes an important part of a lexicographic entry. It offers dictionary users the possibility to learn how the units are used, enabling them to develop a better understanding of the word or phrase presented in a lexicographic work. On the basis of the prior literature, this paper aims to offer new insights into the selection and presentation of illustrative material in phraseological dictionaries. Since dictionaries show a range of approaches, different stands on exemplification are presented. The illustrations are discussed according to particular types of lexicographic works. Another aspect taken into consideration is the lexicographers’ attitude to translating examples in bilingual dictionaries. On the basis of a review of the prior literature, recommendations are made for the quantitative and qualitative extension of illustrations. A model for presentation of extended illustrative examples is proposed: the model allows for providing dictionary users with different categories of illustrations, for instance, examples in which the canonic form is used and those which employ modification of it; or illustrations which come from various sources, grouped in sections like press, literature etc. Since one of the problems related to exemplification is insufficient cultural context, the model includes a selection of links to the cultural references to the phraseological unit described in the entry. An evaluation of the proposed model is also presented.

The aim of the paper is to discuss the Polish unit "skazany na sukces' (lit. sentenced to success) from a linguo-cultural perspective, with a focus on its semantics, stylistic value and culture-boundness. Moreover, taking into consideration the properties of the phraseme, one will analyze the unit as a candidate for a widespread idiom, offering a preliminary study of the status of corresponding expressions in English and Italian.

From a linguo-cultural perspective, proverbial expressions constitute an important part of the lexicon of a language. Proverbs and other fixed expressions, expressing widely accepted truths, belong to the collective memory of a given language community, shaped over centuries in a given culture. The widespreadness and familiarity of proverbs among language users determine their persuasive potential. One area in which it can be employed is the brand image building. An illustrative example of such practice is the use of proverbs and other fixed expressions in the brand image of the Polish beer Żubr (lit. bison). The fixed language units are set in a new context: the brand hero of the commercials is the bison shown in a beautiful forest. The animal is reliable, patient and well-wishing towards other animals, which makes it a positive character, with which receivers may identify themselves. The brand hero, the location and witty use of the proverbs and other fixed expressions enhance the persuasive potential of the commercials and advertisements. The creative adaptation of proverbial expressions allows for introducing humour into the text and perform a ludic function, since many of them are based on word play which is attractive for receivers. Moreover, such use of fixed expressions facilitates memorizing slogans, since they are based on well known phrases. In many of them either the name Żubr appears, or there is a reference to the animal. The consistency of proverb use is also an important element of building the image of this brand.

The focal issue of the paper is the stylistic parameter of phraseological units discussed from a cross-linguistic perspective. The aim of the paper is to discuss the stylistic value of fixed expression in terms of interlingual equivalence. The problem will be discussed on the example of selected expressions.

The food terms typical of a given culture constitute an important group of culturally determined lexis. Many of them belong to lacunary units, i.e. they zero equivalents, which means that they do not have counterparts in the target language. They manifest cultural significance and have bog connotative potential. The aim of the paper is to analyse their specifics in a contrastive perspective. The analysis will be conducted on the example of Polish and Georgian names. The equivalence of such expressions will be discussed at two levels: systematic and
translational.

The aim of the paper is to analyse slogans of the Żubr brand in a linguocultural perspective. The focal issues of the study are the following aspects: creating the connotative potential of the names żubr (‘bison’, the name of the animal) and Żubr (the beer brand name), using nature as a topos as well as referring to the local color of the region of Podlasie. The cultural dissonance implementation and the ritualization references are also discussed. The linguistic aspects of the analysis comprise the use of lexis and fixed expressions, both in their standard and modified forms. Moreover, the intertextuality of the slogans
is analyzed. The research study shows that thanks to the development of the advertising conception, the slogans of this brand play an important role in the creation of the brand on the market and the enhancement of its position.

Many fixed phrases of various kind belong to widespread units, shared by several ethnic communities. Apart from full equivalents, given meanings can be expressed by parallel equivalents, i.e. units which differ in the imagery. However, certain source language idioms and proverbs verbalizing culture-bound meanings, which show great resemblance to the corresponding target language ones, differ significantly due to a number of reasons. The aim of the paper is to shed light on the phenomenon of culturally salient expressions and their apparently similar interlingual equivalents. The problem will be discussed on the example of the Polish saying Chłop wyjdzie ze wsi, a wieś z chłopa nigdy [lit. A peasant will leave a village, but the village will never leave the peasant], meaning 'You can take the man out of the village, but you can't take the village out of the man' and a set of related phrases.

The aim of the paper is to present a multiaspectual analysis of culture specifics in Polish phraseology. The theoretical introduction contains a brief presentation of cultural character of phraseology and related phenomena within the scope of cultural phraseology. One type of culture specifics is constituents of units, such as names of material culture phenomena or proper names. The meaning expressed by some phraseological units is unique to Polish and so is the evaluation conveyed by some idioms. Intertextuality and cultural scripts are also of great importance in the cultural analysis of Polish phraseological units. The analysis shows that many Polish phraseological units are not only carriers of meaning, but also of culture, which is of great importance in terms not only of theory of phraseology, but also in terms of practical applications, for instance, in bilingual phraseography, translation studies and teaching Polish as a foreign language.

A number of proverbs contain onomastic constituents, i.e. proper names. Many of the components at issue are anthroponyms, i.e. names of persons, which reflects the anthropocentric viewpoint of language users. It should be emphasized that anthroponyms are used in a given culture and many of them develop connotations, in some cases specific to a given culture, in others present in more than one language, e.g. due to the common cultural heritage, as it is the case with the languages belonging to the European league, for which especially Antiquity and Christianity were of great importance. Therefore, the units containing anthroponymic constituents are particularly interesting in a contrastive perspective. To illustrate the problems in question Italian and Polish proverbs, are analyzed with a view to determining the repertoire of anthroponyms in proverbs in both languages. The anthroponymic constituents are classified and compared, so that similarities and differences in the two repertoires could be discussed. The functions of the anthroponymic constituents are analyzed and exemplified, which allows for comparing them.

The aim of the paper is to analyze whether, and, if yes, how the cultural component is presented in bilingual dictionaries of idioms, both Polish-English and English-Polish. The central argument is that the cultural component has been neglected in bilingual phraseographic works and deserves more attention. The analysis aims to provide grounds for making a model of the presentation of cultural information in the bilingual dictionaries of idioms. Modern bilingual dictionaries, both Polish-English and English-Polish, published in the period between 1990 and 2010, are analyzed with a view to determining whether the cultural component is present. Providing that the cultural information
is included in the entries, it is analyzed what kind of information can be found and which units tend to be accompanied with the cultural information.

The aim of the paper is to discuss Italian proverbs referring to the inhabitants of places in Italy, e.g. regions, cities, towns etc. with a view to analyzing them in terms of their linguistic characteristics and cultural peculiarities. Many of the units in question are not only carriers of meaning, but also stylistic markedenss, connotations and evaluation. The proverbs constituting the corpus for the analysis are excerpted from the dictionary of proverbs titled Dizionario dei proverbi italiani by Carlo Lapucci (2006) as well as other lexicographic sources. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the proverbs is conducted, which gives an insight into the linguo-cultural character of the units in question. As culture-bound units, mostly specific to Italian folklore, such proverbs can be considered potentially lacunary in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective, which means the vast majority of them is likely to have zero equivalents in other languages.

In the present paper, it is undertaken to discuss phraseological terminology and to present selected classifications of phraseological units developed in the Polish and Anglo-American traditions. Furthermore, this article seeks to outline the research done on Polish-English contrastive phraseology as well as to suggest some directions and topics of contrastive studies of Polish-English phraseology to be done in the future.

English as a modern lingua franca is a donor not only of words, but also of fixed expressions incorporated by other languages. One of them is Polish, in which many anglicisms, including phraseological borrowings, have been attested recently. An example of a new multiword loan unit is "wyglądać jak milion dolarów", a calque of the English idiom "to look like a million dollars", commonly used, especially in the spoken variety of Polish and on the Internet. In the Polish language many phraseological units express similar meanings; however, they come from different domains. It means that the calque in question employs a completely different imagery, which contributes to its attractiveness in the Polish language. As the borrowing is recent, the unit is not included in any lexicographic sources, even the Wikisłownik (Wiktionary) does not register it. The question arises how to determine its status and characteristics. In order to provide a comprehensive monolingual lexicographic description, the information on the properties of the Polish phrase has to be collected. The aim of the paper is to show how various sources can be used in order to create a linguo-cultural presentation of the phrase at issue. The first source of information is Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [the National Corpus of Polish], another is the World Wide Web. Moreover, one will analyse the implementation of a questionnaire aimed at eliciting information on the unit from Polish native speakers. The information gathered from these three sources will be the basis of a proposal of a monolingual entry for the phrase "wyglądać jak milion dolarów".

The research on phraseology can be placed within various frameworks, however, the majority of current studies regard culture as an important part of research. The aim of the paper is to discuss the phraseological units used to realize the scenario of receiving guests in Polish. The Polish units used while having guests, for instance, the phrases for welcoming guests, inviting them to eat and drink etc., are presented. The analysis of the units is conducted from the linguo-cultural point of view. A typology of the units collected by means of questionnaires is also proposed. The group chosen for the analysis is composed of units realizing the hospitality scenario. It should be emphasized that hospitality is one of central elements of Polish culture. Poles’ perception of hospitality was originally connected with religion and has a long tradition. The importance of the phenomenon in the Polish culture is reflected in language, e.g. in many fixed units, especially idioms (polska gościnność lit. Polish hospitality) and proverbs (Bóg w dom, gość w dom lit. The guest in the house, God in the house; Polska cnota każdemu otworzyć wrota lit. The Polish virtue is to open the door to everybody) as well as in various texts of culture from different periods. The units, part of ritual phraseology, are of pragmatic character and tend to be excluded from the majority of bilingual dictionaries. The description of the units is very important from the point of view of linguo-cultural studies, phraseography, translation and teaching Polish as a foreign language. Some examples of problems connected with cross-linguistic equivalence of the units are also discussed.As to the theoretical background, a crucial notion for the present study is the one of stereotypes. According to Walter Lippmann, they are pictures in our head, generalization which cannot be verified. Stereotypes constitute the identity of a given ethnic community, integrate its members and thus facilitate communication in the ethnic group. It should be stressed that differences in stereotypes developed in particular cultures may cause difficulty in communication between representatives of various ethnic groups, who use different language and cultural codes constituting their communicative skills. There are stereotypized images of many elements of cultural reality, e.g. objects, social roles, behaviours. The stereotypes of the last element listed, i.e. behaviours, the images of what people do in given situations, are fossilized in the form of scenarios, composed of strings of repeated actions in a particular situation. Realizing a given scenario, like the one analyzed in the present study, tends to require the use of given phraseological units of pragmatic character. Moreover, the idea of cultural scripts developed by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues is useful for the research in question. The theory renders it possible to describe cultural norms, e.g. connected with hospitality, in various languages by means of words representing universal human concepts. The patterns and values reflected in words, phrases and grammatical structures may differ greatly from culture to culture.

The paper discusses the autostereotype refelected in phraseological units from a translation perspective. It contains a case study on the expression "Polak potrafi" (lit. a Pole can). The unit can be used both to express positive and negative evaluation. It is analyzed how the translation contextual meaning may be related to the presence or absence of the stereotype in the target language.

In the case of many phraseological units core components evoke connotations, which are of great importance in terms of the combined meaning of a given unit. There are some phraseological schemata, which contain a variable constituent, often rich in connotations. Among the variable components there are onomastic constituents, mostly personal names (anthroponyms) and place names (toponyms). Due to their cultural load such units are of great interest in a contrastive perspective, since numerous cross-linguistic differences are bound to occur. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the meaning, origins and use of a Polish unit druga Japonia, which employs a schemata and contains an onomastic component evoking connotations in Polish native speakers. It is undertaken to present the analysis of its description in Polish lexico-and phraseographic works as well as to propose a bilingual entry for the unit discussed, which reflects its cultural character.

Artykuł poświęcony jest specyfice językowej pogranicza kultur, którą analizuje się w perspektywie translatorycznej. Z powodu uwarunkowań kulturowych obszar pogranicza kulturowego stanowi miejsce szczególne, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w języku, na przykład w fonetyce, leksyce i frazeologii oraz składni. Pojawia się więc problem przekładu tej specyfiki, polegający na oddaniu charakteru języka danej społeczności kulturowej.

Niniejszy artykuł zawiera omówienie wyników analizy konstrastywnej pozornie ekwiwalentnych skonwencjonalizowanych znaczeń przenośnych polskich i włoskich faunizmów (nazw zwierząt), mających poświadczenia leksykograficzne. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy zaproponowano klasyfikację pozornych ekwiwalentów, która obejmuje dwa podstawowe rodzaje odpowiedników, tj. właściwe i pozorne. W obrębie tych obu typów wyróżniono podgrupy ekwiwalentów.

Artykuł poświęcono zjawisku reinterpretacji komponentów onomastycznych, które wchodzą w skład stałych połączeń wyrazowych. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono antroponimom i toponimom, czyli tym nazwom własnym, które najczęściej występują w wyrażeniach idiomatycznych. Zwrócono uwagę na funkcje omawianych jednostek: zazwyczaj są one nośnikami humoru lub eufemizacji. Następnie omówiono specyfikę przekładu związków frazeologicznych zawierających reinterpretowane nazwy własne.

Urbanonyms, such as street names, square names and names of other places in the city, can carry cultural connotations, which is of great importance in a contrastive perspective. Some urbanonyms have connotations of universal character, while the connotations of others are of national or local character. The typology of cross-
-linguistic equivalents of urbanonyms carrying cultural connotations is presented and discussed. The knowledge of connotations of proper names including urbanonyms is part of being bilingual and bicultural. The connotative potential of urbanonyms requires a proper lexicographic description which is vital in foreign language teaching and translation.

The paper discusses the phenomenon of a culture-related periodic growth of phrasemes, i.e. an intensive increase of their number, occurring within a definite period of time, and caused by some extralinguistic factors. It differs from the absolute growth of the number of phrasemes, connected with the realization of natural nomination needs, constant and not so intensive. A periodic growth is triggered by an important event in the history of a particular culture and it may be assumed that the culture-bound character of the units in question influences their cross-linguistic equivalence. The paper discusses the case of the periodic growth of Polish phrasemes coined after the political transformation of
1989. The periodic increase following this event was chosen for the analysis, since the change of the system influenced greatly all spheres of life in Poland, such as politics, economy, culture. The study aims to present the most important areas of
their occurrence, to describe their linguistic properties, to discuss culture-related aspects of their coinage and use as well as to propose the English equivalents of the phrasemes from two fields: politics and economy, which allows for determining
the periodic growth influence on cross-linguistic correspondence of this group of units.

The paper discusses Italian idioms which contain allusive place names. The analysed units were excerpted from various dictionaries. The vast majority of the toponyms, which are the idioms constituents, are names of Italian cities, town and villages. Foreign names are also observed in the analysed idioms, but they are less frequent. Moreover, the idioms also include some ficticious place names. Their allusive character is mostly based on the word structure. Such units are stylistically marked: they employ word play, therefore, they tend to be jocular. Moreover, some fixed expressions are euphemistic. Many of the analysed units carry evaluation and the negative load is dominant in the researched material.

The focal issue of the paper is the phenomenon of phraseological false friends, i.e. source language fixed expressions whose external similarity to the units in the target language is misleading, since they differ significantly in terms of certain parameters. The group of units chosen for discussion is the one composed of the phraseological units containing proper names. Onymic constituents tend to be culture-bound in various ways: for instance, some units originate from the common European heritage,  which results in their widespreadness. The target language users tend to attribute the same connotative potential to onyms, which in some cases leads to their wrong decoding of a particular unit. The phenomenon is complex, since there are various relations between the source and taget language units. Apart from false friends proper, one can distinguish units which show subtle differences, which can be determined after a multiaspectual analysis of a pairs of given phraseological units.

Reproducibility, which belongs to key terms in phraseological studies, is the focal issue of the conference, which will aim at offering an insight into this quality from a phraseological perspective by trying to provide answers to the following questions: What does the term reproducibility – of which several definitions exist – really mean in phraseological studies? How can reproducible language units be detected and analysed in corpora? How should they be described in mono-and bilingual dictionaries? What is their importance from the translational point of view? How to view them from a didactic perspective? How to discuss them in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural context? The list is not exhaustive and all proposals related to the notions of fixedness and phraseology are most welcome. The conference is not limited to the main subject and proposals of section presentations and posters on other phraseological issues are also planned. Persons who would like to organize special topic section and/or workshops are encouraged to send their proposals (one has to send the section or workshop abstract, the name of the chairperson and the names of participants along with the titles of their presentations).

The third volume of the “Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology” series is a continuation of the project, which was inspired by the symposium "Phraseology 2009" organised by Professor Katsumasa Yagi at Kwansei Gakuin University in Nishinomiya, Japan. Thanks to the participation of scholars from Europe and Asia, the symposium enabled an intercontinental exchange of views on phraseology. The present volume is a result of a two-year cooperation of phraseologists from Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The volume starts with the section titled "Dialogue on Phraseology", which contains two papers by eminent phraseologists: Elisabeth Piirainen and Włodzimierz Wysoczański. Elisabeth Piirainen is an internationally recognised specialist in the field of phraseology, focussing on widespread idiomatic expressions, which are also discussed in her paper “Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: New insights into figurative language". Włodzimierz Wysoczański does research on idiomatic stock of Slavic languages, who takes a special interest in cross-linguistic studies on similes. His paper, "Integralność we współczesnych badaniach frazeologicznych", deals with problems of contemporary analyses of phraseology. The section is followed by five parts, containing topically arranged papers. The first part, "Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology", contains five papers. Kaoru Akasu’s contribution, "On the Three Editions of the Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English Collocations: A Comparative Analysis", contains a discussion on different editions of Kenkyusha dictionary of English collocations. The paper "Japanese idioms in corpus data and in dictionaries " by Priscilla Ishida offers an analysis of Japanese idioms in corpora and dictionaries. Outi Lauhakangas in her paper "On M. Kuusi’s database, type system and its challenges" presents Matti Kuusi database. Two papers deal with problems of lexicographic description: Alenka Vrbinc focuses on the inclusion of the dictionary presentation of meanings of fixed expressions in her paper titled "Phraseological units and the meaning: How is semantic information included in online dictionaries?", while Joanna Szerszunowicz, in her contribution "Cultural connotations of winged words in bilingual dictionaries", reflects on the place of cultural connotation in bilingual dictionaries. The second part, "General Linguistics & Phraseology", is composed of eight papers. In the paper “Wikipedia at its best – phraseological neologisms in Wikipedia discussions", Sabine Fiedler focuses on neologisms observed in Wikipedia discussions. The paper by Sergiusz Griniewicz, titled "Терминологические аспекты фразеологии", discusses the terminology. Elise Lopez dwells on an important problem occurring in a contrastive perspective: faux amis in phraseology. Her paper titled "A Study of Emic Proportions: Contextualising Phraseological False Friends" discusses the phenomenon in the emic perspective. Munzhedzi James Mafela’s contribution, "On the Phraseology of Tshiven da Idioms", contains a presentation of various aspects of idiomatic expressions used in the Tshivenda language. The paper by Ewa Młynarczyk, "Nazwy narzędzi jako podstawa metonimicznego obrazowania w przysłowiach i w swobodnych połączeniach wyrazowych", discusses the names of tools as a basis of metonymic imagery in proverbs and loose word combinations. Irina Naumova’s interest in the English Influence on Russian is reflected in her paper, titled "English Influence on Russian Phraseology (in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries)", which contains an analysis of its selected examples of this impact. Magdalena Olejarnik analyses fixedness in mixed languages: her paper "Does phraseology exist in mixed languages? – A comparative study of verbal idioms in Standard Swahili and Sheng (a Swahili-English intertwined language)" contributes to the studies on the specifics of their phraseology. Makoto Sumiyoshi offers a in-depth analysis of the phrase Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me in his paper titled "Phrases, grammatical non-compositionality and functions in use: An analysis of Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me!”. The third part, "Ethnolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics & Phraseology", contains eight papers. In the paper "Traffic Metaphors in the Slovenian Language" Sasa Babić discusses how traffic-related issues are reflected in language, especially in fixed expressions. In her contribution "Woman in Estonian phraseology", Anneli Baran analyses how the woman is presented in the phraseological units of the Estonian language. Paola Capponi’s paper, "Forms of Threatening: Variants and Invariants", focuses on the threat as a linguistic phenomena. Elena V. Carter’s article “With An Open Heart: Somatic Idioms In Nikita Khrushchev’s Political Discourse In America" deals with somatic phraseology in N. Khruschev’s speeches delivered during his stay in the USA. The paper by Renata Dźwigoł, titled "Types of laughter – based on the analysis of Polish phraseological units and proverbs", contains a discussion of Polish fixed expression with a view to determining how different kinds of laughter are depicted. In the paper titled "Better working hard than yelling aloud: proverbs, metaphors and slogans in Chinese political discourse", Mariarosaria Gianninoto discusses Chinese formulaic language. Karolina Makowska’s article, titled "Analiza modyfikacji stałych połączeń wyrazowych w wypowiedziach Violetty Kubasińskiej z serialu BrzydUla", contains an analysis of the idiolect of a sitcom character who uses many modifications of fixed expressions. The phraseology of modern media are discussed by Jadwiga Tarsa who analyses Russian phraseological units in her paper titled "Фразеологизмы в Интернете – смесь традиции и современности". Four papers are included in the fourth part titled "The Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology". The one by Edyta Koncewicz-Dziduch, "Deskryptywno-wartościujący charakter związków frazeologicznych z nazwami roślin w języku polskim, chorwackim, serbskim", aims to analyse the descriptive and evaluative character of phraseological units containing plant names in three languages: Polish, Croatian and Serbian. A contrastive analysis of a group of idiomatic expression is also presented by Laura Pinnavaia. In her paper "We are what we eat: Analyzing food and drink idioms in English, French, German, and Spanish", she discusses food and drink idioms in four languages. Sunil Sharma’s contribution also offers an insight into a problem of contrastive phraseology. His article "Kontrastive Untersuchung der Phraseologismen mit Gesichtsteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und Hindi" contains an analysis of somatic phraseological units two languages: German and Hindi. Elena Zinovieva and Aleksiej Alyoshin focus on fixed comparisons in Russian and Swedish languages. Their paper titled "Русские и шведские устойчивые сравнения, характеризующие манеру речи человека" contains the analysis of the ones characterizing a person’s speech manner. The fifth part, "Cultural Studies, Language Teaching/Acquisition & Phraseology", comprises five papers. In the first article titled "Proverbial expressions and cultural context in archive materials" Liisa Granbom-Herranen shares her observations and remarks on using data for paremiography, especially in linguo-cultural analyses of proverbs. Three papers deal with problems from the sphere of language teaching and acquisition. In her paper "Phraseology and foreign language learning", Erla Hallsteinsdóttir offers a discussion on the role and place of phraseology in foreign language learning. Shin’ichiro Ishikawa’s paper analyses the use of phraseological units in oral and written texts produced by Asian students who learn English as a foreign language. The article by Krystyna Nikołajczuk "Najwyższy czas na frazeologię. Nauczanie polskich frazeologizmów o znaczeniu temporalnym w środowisku ukraińskojęzycznym", is devoted to teaching phraseology to learners of Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine. In his paper titled "Realia Nusantary w świetle indonezyjskiej frazeologii", Przemysław Wiatrowski discusses how the realia of a given ethnic community – in this case the Indonesian one – are reflected in phraseological stock.

The second volume of the IDP series contains papers by phraseologists from five continents: Europe, Australia, North America, South America and Asia, which were written within the framework of the project Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology, prepared and coordinated by Joanna Szerszunowicz, conducted by the University of Bialystok in cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan. The book consists of the following parts: Dialogue on Phraseology, General and Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology, Lexicography & Phraseology, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology, Literature, Cultural Studies, Education & Phraseology. Dialogue contains two papers written by widely recognised phraseologists: professor Anita Naciscione from Latvia and professor Irine Goshkheteliani.

The volume contains papers by phraseologists from Europe and Asia, which were written within the framework of the project Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology conducted by the University of Bialystok in cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan (2009-2011). The book consists of the following parts: Dialogue on Phraseology, Corpus Linguistics, Lexicography and Phraseology, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation and Phraseology, Cultural Studies, Education and Phraseology.

Cel monografii stanowi kompleksowe opracowanie wielowyrazowych jednostek lakunarnych, czyli związków nieposiadających odpowiedników w zasobie frazeologicznym danego języka obcego. Opracowanie składa się z trzech części: w pierwszej przedstawiono jednostki lakunarne w ujęciu definicyjno-klasyfikacyjnym i rozwojowym. W drugiej przedstawiono je jako przedmiot analizy kontrastywnej i zaproponowano model badania, który może być wykorzystany w analizie pól semantycznych, zegzemplifikowany analizą pola WIEK CZŁOWIEKA (trzy języki: polski, angielski, włoski). Część trzecia poświęcona jest aspektom frazeograficznym: przybliżono specyfikę jednostek lakunarnych w opisie słownikowym oraz zaproponowano model opisu tychże jednostek w opracowaniach dwujęzycznych, który został zilustrowany przykładowymi hasłami.

The book is devoted to Polish, English and Italian units with animal names as their components. The aim is to compare the units excerpted from mono- and bilingual dictionaries, so that the differences and similarities between the pictures in particular languages could be discussed. The units chosen for the analysis are single-word faunal metaphors and phraseological units with the exclusion of proverbs. The book is composed of three chapters. Chapter one titled Faunal phraseology as the object of contrastive research contains the presentation of basic terms used in Polish, English and Italian studies. Selected contrastive studies on faunal phraseology are also discussed. Chapter two Faunal phraseology in a contrastive perspective: selected theoretical issues contains four subchapters. The first of them is devoted to the imagery of faunal units, while the focal issue of the second is the cultural character of the units analyzed. The symbolic value and evaluative connotations of faunal units are discussed. They are also presented as part of the linguistic picture of the world. In the third subchapter the origins of faunal units are outlined, with the emphasis on the international, national and local character of the units at issue. The last subchapter is devoted to their linguistic features. The third chapter, The picture of a man in faunal phraseology, contains a brief presentation of the description of a man in thematical dictionaries. The anthropocentric character of faunal units is also discussed. The picture of a man reflected in faunal units is composed of several fields. The first of them is the appearance of a man, which covers general description of height and weight as well the description of particular body parts. The evaluation of human appearance is also presented as well as the description of outfit worn by a man. Another field encompasses sensory activities and activities received by human senses. The next field is the one of movement. It encompasses the notions of speed, various kinds of movement, such as jumping, climbing, swimming etc., agility and awkwardness. The physical charateristics of a man constitutes the next field, i.e. age, sleep, strength and weakness, illness, death, eating, addictions, sexual life. Another field, a man perceived as a social being, contains human relations (family, good relations, bad relations), education, business, art and entertainment, crime and situations (poverty / richness, safety / freedom, freedom / captivity). The intelectual potential of a man constitutes the next field, covering stupidity, intelligence, memory and concentration. Two more fields comprise the characteristics of a man (meekness, faithfulness, patience, shyness, cowardice, courage, meanness, generosity, reserve, cleverness, vanity, stubornness) and emotions (love, happiness, anger, fear, shame). The last one, the human world, comprises its selected elements, such as the number / amount, places, weather, colours and time. The conclusion of the analysis is that the majority of fields are covered by faunal units in a similar way in three languages compared, but it should be stressed that significant differences are also observed. Some faunal units convey very specific meanings, not found in faunal lexis and phraseology in the two other languages.