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ABSTRACT Physical size is related to status in many species – including humans – and may affect both real and perceived status. Here, we investigate the relationship between social status and assessments of physical size in humans. We... more
ABSTRACT Physical size is related to status in many species – including humans – and may affect both real and perceived status. Here, we investigate the relationship between social status and assessments of physical size in humans. We distinguish between different aspects of physical size (height and muscularity) and different pathways to obtain status in groups with implications for the association between perceived status and perceived size. Across five(?) studies, we find that perceived height and muscularity are associated with status perception in different ways. Status obtained through coercion (dominance) differently affects size perception than status obtained through voluntary deference (prestige). In general, we find that adults positively associate height with both dominance and prestige, but that muscularity is more strongly related to dominance than prestige (2 studies, n = 76 and 121). Additionally, we find that children aged 6 to 12 (n= 57 and 237) also associate height and muscularity with high status based on dominance. However, the children differ from the adult samples in that they do not positively associate height with prestige. Finally, we find that adults associate perceived height and prestige-based status across several contexts, while muscularity is related to increased prestige only in a conflict situation but not in a peaceful/cooperation context (n = 415). Together these results shed light on how height and muscularity are used as cues to infer dominance and prestige-based status in different contexts, and how such associations develop across the lifespan.
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... 16 Mark van Vugt and Justin H. Park ... in which schoolchildren of different ethnic groups are encouraged to work together on cooperative tasks, and, under the right condi-tions, these activities promote positive intergroup relations... more
... 16 Mark van Vugt and Justin H. Park ... in which schoolchildren of different ethnic groups are encouraged to work together on cooperative tasks, and, under the right condi-tions, these activities promote positive intergroup relations (Aronson, Blaney, Stephan, Sikes, & Snapp, 1978 ...
We describe the service-for-prestige theory of leadership, which proposes that voluntary leader-follower relations evolved in humans via a process of reciprocal exchange that generated adaptive benefits for both leaders and followers. We... more
We describe the service-for-prestige theory of leadership, which proposes that voluntary leader-follower relations evolved in humans via a process of reciprocal exchange that generated adaptive benefits for both leaders and followers. We propose that although leader-follower relations first emerged in the human lineage to solve problems related to information sharing and social coordination, they ultimately evolved into exchange relationships whereby followers could compensate leaders for services which would otherwise have been prohibitively costly for leaders to provide. In this exchange, leaders incur costs to provide followers with public goods, and in return, followers incur costs to provide leaders with prestige (and associated fitness benefits). Because whole groups of followers tend to gain from leader-provided public goods, and because prestige is costly for followers to produce, the provisioning of prestige to leaders requires solutions to the "free rider" proble...
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ABSTRACT A phenomenon of perennial interest to social psychologists is people’s tendency to categorize others on the basis of group membership and to exhibit a preference for members of the ingroup relative to the outgroup. Recent work... more
ABSTRACT A phenomenon of perennial interest to social psychologists is people’s tendency to categorize others on the basis of group membership and to exhibit a preference for members of the ingroup relative to the outgroup. Recent work emphasizing the evolutionary functions of outgroup aggression, exploitation, and avoidance have shed new light on previously observed intergroup phenomena and generated many new empirical findings. We delineate two distinct evolved psychologies of intergroup relations and review recent research pertaining to each. One research line (on the psychology of warfare) focuses on the intergroup competition for resources; as we describe below, such competition – and the associated exploitative psychology – is more amplified among men. The other research line (on the psychology of disease avoidance) focuses on the need to avoid contagious disease. Because the threats posed by competitive versus disease-carrying outgroups are qualitatively distinct, the psychological reactions may also be qualitatively distinct.
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Page 1. Psychology andHealth, 2000, Vol. 15, pp, 357-368 Reprints available directly from the Publisher Photocopying permitted by license only 0 2000 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) NV Published by license under ...
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Research Interests: Marketing, Collective Behavior, Social Change, Psychology, Cognitive Science, and 44 moreEvolutionary Psychology, Gender Studies, Game Theory, Human Evolution, Sex and Gender, Cooperation (Evolutionary Psychology), Cooperation and Conflict, Sociocultural Theory, Meta-Analysis (Statistics), Anthropology of Gender, Gender, Culture, Complex Systems, Gender and Work, Meta-analysis (Social Sciences), Women, Gender Theory, Life course, Social Evolution, Research, Social Dilemmas, Gender Identity, Cooperation, Social behavior, Evolutionary theory, Humans, Sex Difference, Effect size, Social Context, Female, Animals, Male, Men, Interpersonal Relations, Social Environment, Biological evolution, Meta Analysis, Self Organization, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Psychology Social, Social Dilemma, and Meta Analysis and Systematic Review
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ABSTRACT
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While physiological measures are increasingly used to help us understand the workings of interpersonal trust (and related behaviors), we know very little about the effects of such measures on trust. We examined the effects of a classic... more
While physiological measures are increasingly used to help us understand the workings of interpersonal trust (and related behaviors), we know very little about the effects of such measures on trust. We examined the effects of a classic measure, the measurement of heart rate using a standard protocol, on behavioral trust in dyads of women who did not know each other. Behavioral trust was assessed in the trust game, in which the trustor decides how much money from their subject payment to give to a trustee, while knowing that the experimenter triples that amount before giving it to the trustee, after which the trustee decides how much money to return to the trustor. As predicted, we found greater levels of behavioral trust in the trust game, as well as greater returns by the trustees (which were accounted for by trustor's giving), in the heart rate (HR) than in no heart rate (NHR) measurement condition. Parallel findings were observed for self-reported trust. Findings are discussed in terms of the idea that the elusive effects of a protocol for measuring heart rate can cause pronounced effects on subsequent social interactions via enhanced interpersonal trust.
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The current research advances an interdependence analysis of commuting decisions (i.e. commuting by car versus public transportation), delineating the determinants of an individual's outcomes in terms of own decisions, other commuters'... more
The current research advances an interdependence analysis of commuting decisions (i.e. commuting by car versus public transportation), delineating the determinants of an individual's outcomes in terms of own decisions, other commuters' decisions, and the combination or interaction of own and others' decisions (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978). Consistent with hypotheses, findings revealed that a concern with comfort led to a higher overall personal preference for the car, and a lower overall preference would like to thank Arjan Bos for translating the materials into Dutch, Esther Joireman for coding the data, and Roger Zwart for his help with data collection and analysis. We would also like to thank Harold Kelley, Charles McClintock, and a third anonymous reviewer for their very constructive comments on the paper.
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We investigate, experimentally, the effects of leadership in a four player weak-link game. A weak-link game is a coordination game with multiple Pareto-ranked Nash equilibria. Because the more efficient equilibria involve a degree of... more
We investigate, experimentally, the effects of leadership in a four player weak-link game. A weak-link game is a coordination game with multiple Pareto-ranked Nash equilibria. Because the more efficient equilibria involve a degree of strategic uncertainty groups typically find it difficult to coordinate on more efficient equilibria. Previous studies have shown that leadership by example - in the form of
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We analyze a coordination game characterised by varying degrees of conflict of interest, incentive to coordinate and information asymmetry. The primary objective is to question whether endogenous leadership better enables coordination. A... more
We analyze a coordination game characterised by varying degrees of conflict of interest, incentive to coordinate and information asymmetry. The primary objective is to question whether endogenous leadership better enables coordination. A secondary objective is to question whether preference and information asymmetries cue who should lead. Both experimental and theoretical results are provided. We find that in theory leadership should
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We investigate, experimentally, the effects of leadership in a four player weak-link game. A weak-link game is a coordination game with multiple Pareto-ranked Nash equilibria. Because the more efficient equilibria involve a degree of... more
We investigate, experimentally, the effects of leadership in a four player weak-link game. A weak-link game is a coordination game with multiple Pareto-ranked Nash equilibria. Because the more efficient equilibria involve a degree of strategic uncertainty groups typically find it difficult to coordinate on more efficient equilibria. Previous studies have shown that leadership by example - in the form of one player acting publicly before the rest of the group - can lead to increased cooperation in collective action problems and we are interested in finding out whether this result extends to weak-link games. Our results suggest that leadership has no effect on initial behavior; the first time that they play the game participants behave the same with leadership as without. We also observe, however, that leadership can allow groups to raise efficiency over time and therefore overcome inefficiency. There doesn't appear to be a difference between voluntary leaders and leaders that are...