Robert Fortenbaugh (1948)
(Out of print.)
Representatives from the 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. The following year the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia's State-House. Baltimore; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; York, Pennsylvania; and College Hall in Philadelphia were also meeting sites for the Second Continental Congress. Under the Articles of Confederation, from 1781 to 1788, Congress convened in Philadelphia; Princeton, New Jersey; Annapolis, Maryland; Trenton, New Jersey; and New York. Since the U.S. Congress was established by the Constitution in 1789, it has convened in three locations: New York, Philadelphia, and its permanent home in Washington, D.C.
Nine Capitals details why the Continental Congress, Congress under the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Congress moved from place to place until a permanent capital was established in Washington, D.C. Each chapter gives historical information on the events surrounding the move to the city, what business occurred there, and why the government moved on. Robert Fortenbaugh provides a rare analysis describing the little-known fact that there were nine capitals of the United States. In November 2000, the U.S. Congress commemorated two centuries of residence in Washington, D.C. Learn more about the numerous chambers the Senate and House of Representatives have occupied in Washington.
Chronological Table of the Capitals
First Continental Congress
September 5, 1774 to October 24, 1774:
Second Continental Congress
May 10, 1775 to December 12, 1776: December 20, 1776 to February 27, 1777: March 4, 1777 to September 18, 1777: September 27, 1777 (one day): September 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778: July 2, 1778 to March 1, 1781:
Congress under the Articles of Confederation
March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1783: June 30, 1783 to November 4, 1783: November 26, 1783 to August 19, 1784: November 1, 1784 to December 24, 1784: January 11, 1785 to Autumn 1788:
Congress under the Constitution
March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790: December 6, 1790 to May 14, 1800: November 17, 1800:
Source: Robert Fortenbaugh, The Nine Capitals of the United States, page 9.
Philadelphia, Carpenter’s Hall
Philadelphia, State House
Baltimore, Henry Fite’s House
Philadelphia, State House
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Court House
York, Pennsylvania, Court House
Philadelphia, College Hall, then State House
Philadelphia, State House
Princeton, New Jersey, “Prospect,” then Nassau Hall
Annapolis, Maryland, State House
Trenton, New Jersey, French Arms Tavern
New York, City Hall, then Fraunce's Tavern
New York, Federal Hall
Philadelphia, Philadelphia County Building–Congress Hall
Washington, U.S. Capitol