Geographic information systems and 3D reconstruction
Reference:
Chernenko D.A., Khitrov D.A. —
General Land Survey Data on Urban Dwelling Area in Russia's North and North-West in the Late 18th Century
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 1 - 11.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31587 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31587
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The article discusses the debating urban dwelling area data as presented by the General Land Survey in the 18th century. The Russian city of that period was not mainly a commercial and industrial but an administrative center. Moreover, military and agricultural spheres played an important role as well. These factors predetermined rather free plans of Russian cities integrated in the landscape. An interesting opportunity for this comparison is given by the materials of the General Land Survey which recorded the state of most of the cities in European Russia before or during the urban planning reform of Catherine II in the 1770s-1780s. The article uses the materials of Economic Notes and city plans for four guberniyas of Russia's North and North-West: Vologodskaya, Novgorodskaya, Olonetskaya and Pskovskaya ones. The authors of these documents attempted to clearly define the boundaries of the urban dwelling area separated from various suburban lands. Thus, the ratio of the land "under a settlement" within urban dachas to a number of households can be an integral indicator describing urban dwelling area. On the basis of statistical analysis and data GIS cartography the authors conclude that the information about urban dwelling areas is better presented for old cities both in statistical and cartographic materials. As far as the cities founded during the gubernial reform of 1775 are concerned, the data are more likely to demonstrate the government's "projects" of the city development.
Keywords:
Vologda province, General surveying’s plans, General surveying, historical geography, socio-economic history, historical urban studies, Novgorod province, Pskov province, Olonets province, administrative reform
References (transliterated):
Golubinskiy A. A., Khitrov D. A., Chernenko D. A. Torgovaya infrastruktura i kupechestvo v dokumentakh planirovki gorodov Orlovskoy i Kurskoy guberniy // Torgovlya, kupechestvo i tamozhennoe delo v Rossii v XVI-XIX vv. Sbornik materialov Tret'ey mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. T. 1. Kolomna, 2014.
Golubinskiy A. A., Khitrov D. A., Chernenko D. A. Mezhevye plany gorodov Voronezhskoy gubernii: K istorii gradostroitel'noy politiki pravitel'stva Ekateriny II // Gosudarstvo i obshchestvo: vzaimodeystvie i protivostoyanie. Materialy Sed'moy regional'noy nauchnoy konferentsii. Voronezh, 4 fevralya 2013 g. Voronezh, 2013. S. 54-57.
Golubinskiy A.A., Khitrov D.A., Chernenko D.A. Itogovye materialy General'nogo mezhevaniya: O vozmozhnostyakh obobshcheniya i analiza // Vestnik MGU. Seriya Istoriya. 2011. ¹ 3. S. 35-51.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie pervoe. Kniga chertezhey i risunkov. Plany gorodov. SPb.: Tipografiya 2 Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. Kantselyarii 1839. 416 s.
Khitrov D. A., Golubinskiy A. A., Chernenko D. A
Databases and search systems
Reference:
Leontyeva N. —
Soviet Citizens – Prisoners of the USSR's NKVD/MVD Special Camps in Germany: Database Analysis
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 12 - 30.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.30356 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30356
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The article characterizes Soviet prisoners of NKVD/MVD special camps located in East Germany in 1945-1950. On the basis of a relational database created the author analyzes gender, age and nationality of Soviet citizens (special camp prisoners) as well as their distribution according to articles of conviction, sentences and places in the camps on the USSR's territory. The sources are documents of the fund of the special camp department stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. First of all, these are the so called echelon lists of convicted prisoners. The main methods of the study are database methods and technologies. They are used to structure the archival information about Soviet special camps prisoners and characterize them. Until now the studies about the history of special camps have somewhat ignored Soviet prisoners who made up a big part of the total number of prisoners since the extensive German historiography mainly have addressed Stalinist repressions against the Germans living in the Soviet zone of Germany occupation. The article concludes that with regard to Soviet prisoners special camps were a place of temporary detention and preservation of labor balance demanded by Gulag economy.
Keywords:
source analysis, archive, USSR, SBZ, SMAG, GULAG, Stalin's repressions, special camps in Germany, database, statistical analysis
References (transliterated):
Sistema ispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerey v SSSR 1923-1960. Spravochnik. / Sost. M. B. Smirnov. M., 1999. URL: http://old.memo.ru/history/nkvd/gulag/ (data obrashcheniya: 05.04.2019);
GA RF. F. R-9409. Op. 1. D. 213;
GA RF. F. R-9409. Op. 1. D. 224;
Spetsial'nye lagerya NKVD/MVD SSSR v Germanii, 1945—1950 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov i statey / pod red. S. V. Mironenko. M, 2001. 376 s.;
GA RF. F. R-9409. Op. 1. D. 143;
Ugolovnyy Kodeks RSFSR. Ofitsial'nyy tekst s izmeneniyami na 1 iyulya 1950 g. i s prilozheniem postateyno-sistematizirovannykh materialov. M., 1950. 256 s.;
Hilger A., Schmeitzer M. Einleitung: Deutschlandpolitik und Strafjustiz. Zur Tätigkeit sowjetischer Militärtribunale in Deutschland 1945-1955 // Sowjetische Militärtribunale / hrsg. von A. Hilger, M. Schmeitzner und U. Schmidt. Köln u.a. 2003. Band 2: Die Verurteilung deutscher Zivilisten 1945-1955. S. 7-33;
GA RF. F. R-9409. Op. 1. D. 437, 715, 733, 738, 793, 798, 824;
GA RF. F. R-9409. Op. 1. D. 43;
GA RF. F. R-9
Quantitative history
Reference:
Kartashova M. —
Home Crafts before the Russian Empire’s Fall (Three Volosts of Nizhegorodskaya Guberniya Data)
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 31 - 42.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31170 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31170
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The article studies home crafts as an element of peasant economy within the framework of their general state before the Russian Empire’s fall in 1917. The author examines two main aspects. These are the number of home crafts in three volosts of Nizhegorodskaya Guberniya in 1889 and 1917 as well as the use of uezd 1917 census data collations to study the state of home crafts. Emphasis is laid on 1917 census data providing for home crafts state analysis on the basis of primary data. The author statistically analyzes the state of home crafts in three volosts (micro analysis) and cartographically analyzes the state of home crafts in the Russian Empire considering uezd 1917 census data collations (macro analysis). The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, by the summer of 1917 not all home crafts but male ones (especially metalwork) had been in depression. Secondly, the uezd 1917 census data are a non-reliable source to study home crafts. The main author’s contribution is the introduction of 1917 census primary data (household cards for three volosts of Nizhegorodskaya Guberniya) into scientific discourse. The research novelty is the comparison of home crafts state within 28 year period from 1889 to 1917 that provided for portraying the state of home crafts in the last year of the Russian Empire.
Keywords:
Balakhna district, First world war, statistical analysis, handicraftsman, handicrafts, All-Russian Agricultural Census, Nizhny Novgorod province, Russian empire, Gorbatov County, lace industry
References (transliterated):
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie 3-e : v 33 t. T. 8: 1888 : Ot ¹ 4933-5685 i Dopolneniya (k 1,3,6,7,8 tt.). ¹ 5080. P.
SPb., 1890.-1173 s. razd. pag., 9 l. il. 2. Vorob'ev N.Ya. Ocherki po istorii promyshlennoy statistiki v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii i v SSSR (metody nablyudeniya i razrabotki). M., 1961. – 132 s.
Tarnovskiy, K. N. Melkaya promyshlennost' Rossii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v. M., 1995. – 267 s.
Arkhipova L.M. Melkaya krest'yanskaya promyshlennost' tsentral'no-nechernozemnogo rayona Rossii v nachale XX veka. M., 1995. – 162 s.
Istoriya Rossii na rubezhe vekov. 1894-1922 gg.: Uchebnoe posobie / izd. 2-e, ispr., dop. i pererab. M., 2017. – 426 s.
Statisticheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii. 13 vypuskov za 1904-1916 gody. SPb.: izdanie TsSK MVD, 1905-1917.
Trudy Tsentral'nogo statisticheskogo upravleniya. T. 5. Vyp. 1: Pogubernskie itogi Vserossiyskoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy i pozemel'noy perepisi 1917 g. po 52 guberniyam i oblastyam. M., 1921.
Trudy Tsentral'nogo statisticheskogo upravleniya. T. 5. Vyp.
Historical process modeling
Reference:
Zhukov D.S., Kanishchev V.V., Lyamin S.K. —
Modeling of Demographic Processes in the Late Soviet Village: 1959-1989
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 43 - 73.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.30639 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30639
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The article presents the results of modeling demographic strategies of 1.5 thousand Tambovskaya Guberniya rural settlements in 1959-1989. The authors consider methodological and tool aspects related to the formation of a fractal model and computer experiments based on it. They have determined the values of governing factors affecting the formation of collective goal-oriented ideas about the expected migration rate and the rate of population's natural increase or decline. The results obtained can arguably be extended to a few similar regions of Russia. This study is sequel to previous works where models for the period from the middle of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century have been set forth. Modeling has demonstrated that there are two groups of settlements: migration donors and migration recipients. During the period understudy the rural population (when setting their life goals) relied mostly on migration which evidently was a depressing agent for natural increase. Nevertheless, the majority of peasant societies were open to a certain natural increase.
.
Keywords:
fertility and mortality, migration, late soviet period, fractal geometry, computer model, Russian peasantry, demographic strategies, historical demography, social simulation, Central Black Earth
References (transliterated):
Sackmann R. How do societies cope with complex demographic challenges? A model // Coping with Demographic Change: A Comparative View on Education and Local Government in Germany and Poland. European Studies of Population, vol 19. Cham: Springer, 2015. P. 25–57.
Morgan D.H.J. Strategies and sociologists: A comment on Crow // Sociology. 1989. Vol. 23. ¹ 1. P. 25–29.
Peña F.M., Azpilicueta M.P.E. Existen estrategias demográficas colectivas? Algunas reflexiones basadas en el modelo demográfico de baja presión de la Navarra cantábrica en los siglos XVIII y XIX // Revista de Demografía Histórica. 2003. Vol. 21. ¹ 2. P. 13–58.
Zhukov D.S., Kanishchev V.V., Lyamin S.K. Fraktal'noe modelirovanie istoriko-demograficheskikh protsessov. M. – Tambov: Ineternum; Izdatel'skiy dom TGU, 2011. 195 s.
Zhukov D.S., Kanishchev V.V., Lyamin S.K. Fraktal'noe modelirovanie demograficheskikh protsessov v rossiyskom agrarnom sotsiume (1926 – 1939 gg.) // Fractal Simulation. 2012. ¹ 1. S. 33–60.
Zhuko
Historical process modeling
Reference:
Kunavin K.S. —
“Only Due to Supreme Consent?”. Promotion in Top Civil Ranks in Russia in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries through the Lens of Self-Organized Criticality Theory
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 74 - 89.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31544 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31544
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The article considers state elite of the Russian Empire in the 19th century consisting of civil servants of the 4th-1st classes. Special attention is paid to its interaction with the system of civil ranks promotion. The author studies the way the Table of Ranks and terms in office system favored inter-elite rivalry for the influence on the emperor. The latter is the main element of the civil ranks promotion system whose formal sanction influenced career dynamics of civil servants in the upper strata. The interactions between the monarch, top civil servants and the formal ranks promotion system formed the dynamics of annual promotion of some contenders to the 4th civil rank. This dynamic row is considered through the lens of self-organized criticality theory. The author hypothesizes that the actions of the state authorities aimed at filling the deficit of mid-ranking civil servants resulted in abundant numbers of civil servants of the 5th and upper classes and low control over the career dynamics of the upper civil servants and the system of top ranks promotion was in the state of criticality. Analysis of the dynamics of annual ranks promotion to the 4th class supports this idea.
Keywords:
theory of self-organized criticality, political modernization, civil service, overproduction of the elite, Table of ranks, nineteenth century, the Russian Empire, officialdom, bureaucracy, mathematical methods
References (transliterated):
Miller A.I. Posle yubileya. Revolyutsiya 1917 goda: istoriya, pamyat', politika // Rossiya v global'noy politike. 2008. ¹1. S. 162-172.
Luk'yanov M.N. Rossiyskaya elita i revolyutsiya 1917 g. // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. 2011. ¹2 (16). S. 154-157.
Skochpol T. Gosudarstva i sotsial'nye revolyutsii: sravnitel'nyy analiz Frantsii, Rossii i Kitaya / per. s angl. S. Moiseeva; nauchnyy redaktor perevoda D. Karasev.-M.: Izd-vo Instituta Gaydara, 2017. 552 s.
Kotsonis Ya. Kak krest'yan delali otstalymi: Sel'skokhozyaystvennye kooperativy i agrarnyy vopros v Rossii 1861-1914 / Avtorizovannyy per. s angliyskogo V. Makarova-M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2006. 320 s.
Goldstoun D. Revolyutsii. Ochen' kratkoe vvedenie / per. s angl. A. Yakovleva-M.: Izd-vo Instituta Gaydara, 2017. 200 s.
Nefedov S.A. Neomal'tuzianstvo v sovremennoy metodologii istorii // Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. 2012. T. 82. ¹ 12. S. 1092-1100.
Turchin P.V. Prichiny revolyutsionnogo krizisa v Rossii 1905-1917 gg. // O prichinakh Russkoy
Geographic information systems and 3D reconstruction
Reference:
Borodkin L.I. —
Virtual Reconstruction of Historical Urban Landscape of Bely Gorod
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 90 - 96.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.30982 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30982
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The article addresses methodological and methodic issues concerning the study of historical urban landscape. The methodological basis of the work is a concept suggested by UNESCO. It is a developing field of contemporary historical urban science. Its methodic and technological basis is digital technologies, primarily 3D-modelling and 3D GIS. The article describes foreign and Russian studies reconstructing historical landscapes with the help of modern technologies. The research subject is a virtual reconstruction of Bely Gorod’s landscape in the 15th-18th centuries – a historical site in Moscow’s center. The author describes the interdisciplinary research project, its source base including different sources as well as technologies of their analysis and synthesis. The sources and methods used provide for the first virtual reconstruction of the landscape and the main objects of Bely Gorod which 3D models are “introduced” into the historical landscape being reconstructed throughout its three centuries of evolution. Additionally, laser scanning and digital aerial survey technologies providing for building 3D models of objects at their later time slices are used in the study.
Keywords:
historical geoinformatics, 3D modeling, virtual reconstruction, digital technologies, historic urban landscape, historical and cultural heritage, history of Moscow, interdisciplinarity, Belyi gorod, laser scanning
References (transliterated):
Zherebyatyev D.I., Malyshev A.A., Moor V.V., . Koroleva S.V. Anthropogenic landscapes of Abrau Peninsula in ancient times In: Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts International Conference, St. Petersburg, June 23rd–24th, 2016. — ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 2016. — P. 95–104.
Borodkin L.I., Zherebyat'ev D.I., Kim O.G., Mishina E.M., Moor V.V., Ostapenko M.Yu. Istochnikovedcheskie i metodologicheskie aspekty virtual'noy rekonstruktsii istoricheskoy zastroyki tsentra Moskvy: Strastnaya ploshchad', 1830-e gg. // Istoricheskaya informatika. 2014, ¹1. S. 40-52.
Konchakov R.B., Kim O.G. Geoinformatsionnye sistemy dlya retrospektivnogo izucheniya istoricheskoy gorodskoy zastroyki (na primere Strastnoy ploshchadi v Moskve) // Istoricheskaya informatika. 2014, ¹ 2-3. S. 36-41.
Nocerino, E., Menna, F., Remondino, F., 2012 Multi-temporal analysis of landscapes and urban areas. In: Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 39(4), 2012, pp. 85-90.
Korobov D.S. Osnovy geoinformatiki v arkheol
Geographic information systems and 3D reconstruction
Reference:
Entin A. —
Application of Geoinformational Technologies to Reconstruct and Analyze Historical Relief Surfaces
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 97 - 107.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31692 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31692
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The article discusses an application of geographic information systems (GIS) to virtually reconstruct the historical landscape. The reconstruction of historical land surfaces is a necessary part of this big challenge. To solve this problem one has to use different and heterogeneous spatial data, interpolate heights on the basis of different geometries. Within the frames of geographic information analysis and mapping, algorithms and methods have been developed for creating digital elevation models (DEM) - digital representations of height fields which are considered to be relatively continuous (within a certain predetermined area). The paper considers the algorithms used to interpolate heights and create DEMs, the possibilities of two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization as well as the solution of graphical and analytical problems. The author also considers the issue of comparing various sources of spatial information (archaeological and geological surveys) using GIS technologies and takes the case of the part of Bely Gorod ("White City") of Moscow (16th-18th centuries) as an example. He has demonstrated that the area understudy is characterized by a systematic difference in the surface heights of the natural ground as evaluated from these different sources. This factor, nevertheless, does not exclude the possibility of their joint use.
Keywords:
historical data analysis, historical geoinformatics, historic earth surface, overlay, digital elevation model, interpolation, isolines, GIS, geoprocessing, Bely Gorod
References (transliterated):
Ot elektronnogo resursa — k atlasu ekologicheskogo naslediya goroda Moskvy. Metodicheskie materialy. / Otv. red. L.A. Belyaev, ruk. pr. A.A. Emel'yanov. — M.: Indrik, 2019. — 192 s.
Vereshchaka T.V., Kovaleva O.V. Izobrazhenie rel'efa na kartakh. Teoriya i metody (oformitel'skiy aspekt). — M.: Nauchnyy mir, 2016. — 178 s.
Geostatistika: teoriya i praktika / V.V. Dem'yanov, E.A. Savel'eva; pod red. R.V. Arutyunyana; In-t problem bezopasnogo razvitiya atomnoy energetiki RAN. — M.: Nauka, 2010. — 327 s.
Koshel' S.M. Modelirovanie rel'efa po izoliniyam // Universitetskaya shkola geograficheskoy kartografii. K 100-letiyu professora K. A. Salishcheva / pod red. A. M. Berlyanta — M.: Aspekt Press, 2005. — S. 198–208.
Hutchinson M.F., Xu T., Stein J. Recent Progress in the ANUDEM Elevation Gridding Procedure // Geomorphometry. — Redlands, 2011. — P. 19–22.
Wilson J.P. Environmental Applications of Digital Terrain Modeling. — Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, — 2018. — 336 p.
Hutchinson M.F. A new procedure for gridding elevation
Geographic information systems and 3D reconstruction
Reference:
Malyshev A.A., Dryga D.O., Mochalov A.V., Moor V.V. —
Digital Technologies to Reconstruct Anthropogenic Landscapes of Ancient Sindika
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 108 - 121.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31622 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31622
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The article describes the results of the complex archeological studies in the northern part of historical Sindika which aimed at collecting and analyzing data on the elements of the ancient anthropogenic landscape in the region. The most importantsettlement in Sindika and Bosporan State was Semibratnee Gorodishche which developed and blossomed due to the proximity to navigable Kuban' River. Two kilometers away from the gorodishche there are Bol'shie Semibratskie Burial Mounds. To search for anthropogenic relief elements photogrammetry has been used. Site aerial photography provided for the necessary information about the relief. To get more precise and better data the authors carried out high-precision geodetic ties with the help of GPS receivers which provide for getting data on the plan and height location of objects with accuracy to centimeters. Digital aerial photography allows one to capture the modern landscape which changes in the region understudy are very rapid in the last decade. The effectiveness and the speed of archaeological research increases thanks to aerial photography. One can examine bigger objects within a short time period. At the same time, photogrammetry data processing provides for the demanded precision of work while the spatial super resolution attracts the researcher's attention to objects unseen during land surveys. Collection and visualization of data in GIS provide big opportunities to structure materials. Digital environment makes it possible to tie different and time heterogeneous sources thus often allowing a researcher to locate an object and its digital reconstruction within a lost historic anthropogenic landscape.
Keywords:
anthropogenic landscape, visualization, ancient settlement, photogrammetry, Bosporus state, mounds, orthophotomap, Sindica, complex research, antiquity
References (transliterated):
Tolstikov V.P., Nefedkin A.K. Armiya. Vooruzhenie. Fortifikatsiya // Antichnoe nasledie Kubani / Pod red. akad. G.M. Bongard-Levina, V.D. Kuznetsova. M., 2010. T. 2. S. 602-655.
Korovina A.K. 1957. K voprosu ob izuchenii Semibratnikh kurganov // SA. ¹ 2. S. 174-187.
Malyshev A.A. Zoloto Kubani // Rodina. 2005. ¹1. S. 69-73.
Smekalova T.N., Goroncharovskiy V.A., Eliseev A.Yu., Geomagnitnaya s'emka na territorii Labrisa (Semibratnego gorodishcha) v 2006-2008 gg. // ΣΥΜΒΟΛΕΑ. Antichnyy mir Severnogo Prichernomor'ya. Noveyshie nakhodki i otkrytiya. 2010. Vyp. 1. S. 58-62.
Blavatskaya T.V. Ocherki politicheskoy istorii Bospora v V-IV vv. do n. e. M, 1959. 161 s.
Malyshev A.A., Trebeleva G.V. Khora Gorgippii: landshaft, resursy, evolyutsiya sistemy rasseleniya (po materialam poluostrova Abrau) // VIII «Anfimovskie chteniya» po arkheologii Zapadnogo Kavkaza. Voyna i torgovlya kak faktory istoricheskogo razvitiya narodov Zapadnogo Kavkaza v drevnosti i srednevekov'e. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy arkheolog
Methods and techniques of online analysis
Reference:
Salomatina S., Garskova I.M., Valetov T.Y. —
Interregional Payments of Oryol Commercial Bank in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Net Analysis
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 122 - 147.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31020 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31020
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The article studies commodity-money flows in the Central Black Earth Region in the second half of the 19th century. To do this Network and geoinformation analysis are applied to the statistics of interregional payments of the Oryol Commercial Bank in 1874–1901. These statistics characterize, firstly, bank clients’ payments related to commodity sales to other regions (goods secured loan payments and bill discounting payments) and, secondly, clients’ payments for goods from other regions (transfers with locations stated). The network structure and geography of these commodity-money flows were analyzed in detail at three time points: 1874, the initial period, economically favorable for the region; 1885, the economic crisis in the area; and 1901, the last year when such payment statistics were published. The article concludes that commodity-money flows of the Central Black Earth Region served by the Oryol Commercial Bank were directed towards westward commodity railway exports. Initially it was Riga and Koenigsberg and by 1901 - many other settlements in western regions and along the western border of the Russian Empire near the railway. Backward commodity-money flows related to the import of goods into the Central Black Earth Region came from all the principal commercial and industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Such a commodity exchange model correlates well with the agricultural specificity of the Central Black Earth Region.
Keywords:
Black Earth Region, Russian Empire, agriculture, agricultural trade, commodity-money flows, interregional payments, joint-stock commercial banks, statistical analysis, network analysis, geoinformation analysis
References (transliterated):
Volkov D. S., Bulatkin A., Sukhanov P. Pros'ba pogibayushchego goroda: zapiska upolnomochennykh ot g. Orla…: (O ssude g. Orlu 1.200.000 rub. dlya rascheta s vkladchikami nesost. gor. banka). – SPb.: tip. E. Arngol'da, 1888. – 44 s.
Gindin I. F. Russkie kommercheskie banki: iz istorii finansovogo kapitala v Rossii. – M.: Gosfinizdat, 1948. – 454 s.
Egiazarova N. A. Agrarnyy krizis kontsa XIX veka v Rossii. – M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1959. – 192 s.
Katsenelenbaum Z. S. Kommercheskie banki i ikh torgovo-komissionnye operatsii / S predisl. E. M. Epshteyna. – M.: «Pravovedenie» I. K. Golubeva, 1912. – 162 s.
Kitanina T. M. Khlebnaya torgovlya Rossii v kontse XIX — nachale XX veka: strategiya vyzhivaniya, modernizatsionnye protsessy, pravitel'stvennaya politika. – SPb.: Dmitriy Bulanin, 2011. – 594 s.
Levin I. I. Banki i eksport. – SPb.: Russkiy eksport, 1913. – 15 s.
Mironov B. N. Khlebnye tseny v Rossii za dva stoletiya (XVIII–XIX vv.). – L.: Nauka, Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1985. – 301 s.
Obzor Orlovskoy gubernii za … 1
New methods and techniques of processing historical sources
Reference:
Lyakhovitskii E.A., Tsypkin D.O. —
Infrared Text Visualization to Study Old Russian Scripts
// Historical informatics.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 148 - 156.
DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2019.4.31588 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31588
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The article studies the script as a material object that is the system of traces left by a writing medium on a writing material (paper or vellum). Traces of the writing medium are a combination of a relief and a dye (for instance, ink). The text understood as a combination of such traces is characterized by different dye thickness and its chemical composition on different text structure levels. Such differences are determined by varying aspects of the writing ability and can be used to characterize it. The article aims at presenting the advantages of a new electro-optical spectrozonal examination of historical inks to study handwritten scripts. It discusses the technology of digital visualization of documents in the near-infra-red region followed by computer processing of the image. The result of the work is the main research paths to study information potential of the text as a physical object (system of traces) by means of spectrozonal visualization. These paths are the study of writing medium traces to reconstruct the system of movements and the writing technique, the finding of zones written in different time and the search for corrections.
Keywords:
historical technology, inks, Old Russian Öêøåøòï, textology, kodikology, multispectral analyzis, spectrozonal vizualization, historical grafology, paleography, history of skills
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On May 5, 2019, Yulia Leonidovna Schapova, Doctor of historical sciences, honored professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosov Prize laureate, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, a prominent scientist and a bright, talented person, passed away.
Yulia Leonidovna was an outstanding specialist in the application of natural science methods and information technologies in archeology, her works on the history of glass and ancient glass production, the morphology of antiquities are widely known. She developed new scientific areas, such as studies of artefacts materials, numerical modeling and the periodization of space-time civilization development. As a result of the long-term work of the scientific seminar “Morphology of Antiquities” created by Yulia Leonidovna, a series of collective monographs was published, written by her in collaboration with her followers and students. Under her supervision, 15 PhD theses were defended. Yulia Leonidovna Schapova is the author of many publications, including the monographs “Glass of Kievan Rus”, “Essays on the History of Ancient Glass-Making”, “Byzantine Glass”, “Archaeological Epoch: Chronology, Periodization, Theory, Model”, “Material Production in the Archaeological Epoch”, "Introduction to the theory of the archaeological era: numerical modeling and logarithmic scales of spatio-temporal coordinates" (published in Russian).
Professor Schapova was a member of a number of scientific communities including the Moscow Society of Naturalists, the Association of Medievalists and New Historians, the International Association for the Application of Physical and Technical Sciences in Archeology.
Since 1993, she has been an active member of the History and Computer Association (ÀÈÊ), participating in the Association conferences, regularly published in ÀÈÊ publications, and showed a keen interest in discussing new concepts and research methods.
In the last years of her life, Yulia Leonidovna was passionate about creating a new approach to the periodization of the archaeological era, which was reflected in the monograph: Schapova Yu.L., and Grinchenko S.N. “Introduction to the theory of the archaeological era: General principles and numerical modeling”. – Moscow, Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2017 . This book is in many ways unusual. The authors (archaeologist and cybernetics mathematician) consider the archaeological era on the basis of the hypothesis that the moments of the beginning and duration of the main stages of the archaeological era can be modelled with sufficient accuracy by the inverse Fibonacci series (i.e. the "golden section") with the macroscale dimension introduced by them "millennia BC. " The chronology and periodization proposed by the authors and overlapping archaeological sub-epochs are combined into a common integrated model of spatial-temporal civilizational development, highlighting moments of system information transformations.
Yulia Leonidovna raised many students and followers. She worked a lot until the last days, but she always found time to talk heart to heart, listen, give wise advice. She never complained, although she did not have “iron” health, was a strong and at the same time light person with a subtle sense of humor.
Academic and human communication with Yulia Leonidovna was always a real pleasure, and her style as a university professor was a model not only for young colleagues.
With her passing away, we lost a prominent scholar and good friend.
Svetlaya pamyat”
Council of the Association “Istoriia i komp’uter”