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В Сингапуре найдены затонувшие корабли с несметными богатствами
Фото: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute
Подводные археологи обнаружили в территориальных водах Сингапура два затонувших старинных корабля, на которых до сих пор хранятся богатые коллекции весьма ценных артефактов, включая роскошный китайский фарфор XIV века.
Как сообщает Channel News Asia, открытие было сделано у берегов острова Педра-Бранка, расположенного в самой восточной точке Сингапура. Еще в 2015 году водолазы случайно обнаружили в этом районе несколько керамических осколков.
Позже место было обследовано повторно, и в результате примерно в 100 метрах к северо-западу от Педра-Бранка был найден затонувший корабль. Лишь год спустя археологи института ISEAS провели первые подводные изыскания, целью которых было поднятие со дна обломков и предметов, оставшихся после кораблекрушения.
Работы продолжались до 2019 года и привели к обнаружению места второго кораблекрушения - еще одно судно затонуло примерно в 300 метрах к востоку от Педра-Бранка. Работы по извлечению артефактов велись с 2019 года и завершились только сейчас. Они были засекречены, чтобы не привлечь внимание мародеров.
По данным ISEAS, два кораблекрушения произошли в разные периоды времени. Первое из найденных затонувших судов перевозило богатый груз китайской керамики, датируемой XIV веком. Эксперты предполагают, что в том же веке произошла и катастрофа. Кстати, Сингапур в то время назывался Темасек.
"На этом корабле было больше сине-белого фарфора, чем на любом другом задокументированном затонувшем корабле в мире, - говорит доктор Майкл Флекер, руководитель проекта морской археологии в ISEAS. - Многие из найденных произведений искусства являются редкими, а одна находка признана уникальной".
Он добавил, что бело-голубые фарфоровые чаши, многие из которых украшены традиционными мотивами лотоса и пиона, относятся к периоду правления династии Юань (1271-1368 гг. н.э.) Не только историческую, но и материальную ценность коллекции фарфора на этом судне пока трудно оценить даже экспертам.
Жертвой второго кораблекрушения, вероятно, является торговое судно Shah Munchah. Из исторических источников известно, что оно затонуло в 1796 году во время путешествия из Китая в Индию. Здесь подводные археологи также обнаружили огромную коллекцию китайской керамики, а также другие артефакты, в том числе различные предметы из медного сплава и стеклянного песчаного агата.
Здесь же со дна были подняты четыре якоря и девять пушек корабля. Археологи отмечают, что пушки обычно устанавливались на торговых судах, использовавшихся Ост-Индской компанией в XVIII и начале XIX веков. Они использовались как для обороны, так и для подачи сигнала военным судам в случае опасности.
На месте второго кораблекрушения было найдено большое количество разнообразных статуэток, в том числе фигурки утки, богини Гуаньинь, счастливого Будды и мальчика, приносящего удачу, собаки и мифического морского существа по имени Макара. Также была найдена фигурка китайской супружеской пары с веерами в руках и фигурка всадника на лошади Цинбай.
"Если бы этот корабль просуществовал еще 23 года, он почти наверняка зашел бы в восстановленный в то время порт Сингапура - говорит доктор Флекер. - Его невероятно разнообразный и ценный груз дает прекрасное представление о типах товаров, которые были бы обменены и куплены новыми жителями этого молодого города".
После удаления морской соли артефакты будут тщательно очищены, законсервированы и каталогизированы. Самые заметные из них затем станут экспонатами музейных выставок, открытие которых запланировано на конец 2021 года.