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The story behind the Boston Tea Party - Ben Labaree
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You've probably heard of the Boston Tea Party, something about a bunch of angry colonists dressed as Native Americans throwing chests of tea into the water. But the story is far more complicated, filled with imperial intrigue, corporate crisis, smuggling, and the grassroots origins of the American Revolution. The first thing you need to know about tea in the 1700's is that it was really, really popular. In England, each man, woman, and child consumed almost 300 cups of this stuff every year. And, since the English colonized America, Americans were crazy about tea too. By the 1760's, they were drinking over a million pounds of tea every year. So, when Britain wanted to increase taxes on tea in America, people were not happy, mostly because they had no say in tax decisions made in London. Remember that famous phrase, "No taxation without representation"? The American colonists had long believed that they were not subject to taxes imposed by legislature in which they lacked representation. In fact, rather than paying the taxes, they simply dodged the tax collectors. Since the east coast of America is hundreds of miles long and British enforcement was lax, about 3/4 of the tea Americans were drinking was smuggled in, usually from Holland. But the British insisted that Parliament did have the authority to tax the colonists, especially after Britain went deeply into debt fighting the French in the Seven Years' War. To close the budget gap, London looked to Americans, and in 1767 imposed new taxes on a variety of imports, including the American's beloved tea. America's response: no thanks! They boycotted the importation of tea from Britain, and instead, brewed their own. After a new bunch of British customs commissioners cried to London for troops to help with tax enforcement, things got so heated that the Red Coats fired on a mob in Boston, killing several people, in what was soon called the Boston Massacre. Out of the terms of the 1773 Tea Act, Parliament cooked up a new strategy. Now the East India Company would sell the surplus tea directly through hand-picked consignees in America. This would lower the price to consumers, making British tea competitive with the smuggled variety while retaining some of the taxes. But the colonists saw through the British ploy and cried, "Monopoly!" Now it's a cold and rainy December 16, 1773. About 5,000 Bostonians are crowded into the Old South Meeting House, waiting to hear whether new shipments of tea that have arrived down the harbor will be unloaded for sale. When the captain of one of those ships reported that he could not leave with his cargo on board, Sam Adams rose to shout, "This meeting can do no more to save the country!" Cries of "Boston Harbor a teapot tonight!" rang out from the crowd, and about 50 men, some apparently dressed as Native Americans, marched down to Griffin's Wharf, stormed aboard three ships, and threw 340 tea chests overboard. An infuriated British government responsded with the so-called Coercive Acts of 1774, which, among other things, closed the port of Boston until the locals compensated the East India Company for the tea. That never happened. Representatives of the colonies gathered at Philadelphia to consider how best to respond to continued British oppression. This first Continental Congress supported destruction of the tea, pledged to support a continued boycott, and went home in late October 1774 even more united in their determination to protect their rights and liberties. The Boston Tea Party began a chain reaction that led with little pause to the Declaration of Independence and a bloody rebellion, after which the new nation was free to drink its tea, more or less, in peace.
Events
- January 1 – "At length the fleeting Year is o'er", a setting by William Boyce of an ode by William Whitehead,[1] receives its first public performance, at St James's Palace in London, England.[2]
- January 2 – The funeral of Sigismund von Schrattenbach, Archbishop of Salzburg, is the occasion for the first performance of Michael Haydn's Missa pro defunctis Archespiscopo.[3]
- March 13 – Florian Leopold Gassmann replaces Georg Reutter II as Hofkapellmeister to the court of Emperor Joseph II in Vienna.
- June 5 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf is ennobled by Empress Maria Theresa.[4]
- date unknown
- Carl Stamitz is resident composer at Versailles.[5]
- Dr Charles Burney visits Johann Baptist Wanhal in Vienna.[6]
- Ignaz Pleyel becomes a pupil of Joseph Haydn.[7]
- Opéra flamand is established in Brussels.
Classical music
- Johann Christian Bach – Symphonie Concertante in G C32
- Luigi Boccherini
- 6 String Quintets, G.277-282 (Op.13)
- 6 String Trios, G.95-100 (Op.14)
- 6 String Quartets G. 177-182 (Op. 15)
- 6 Cello Sonatas
- Christian Cannabich – Symphony No. 50 in D minor
- Giovanni Battista Cirri – 8 Duets for 2 Cellos, Op. 8
- Maria Rosa Coccia – 6 Harpsichord Sonatas, Op.1
- Giovanni Battista Costanzi – Cello Concerto in D major (originally attributed to J. Haydn as Hob.VIIb:4)
- Johann Christian Fischer – Oboe Concerto No.1 in C major
- Florian Leopold Gassmann
- La Betulia Liberata (oratorio)
- 6 Quintets, Op. 2
- François Joseph Gossec – Symphony 'de Chasse', RH 41
- Joseph Haydn
- Baryton Trio No. 76 in C major, Hob.XI:76
- Flötenuhr in C major, Hob.XIX:10
- Flötenuhr in C major, Hob.XIX:16
- Mass in G major, Hob.XXII:6
- Symphony 44 "Trauer"
- Symphony 45 "Farewell"
- Symphony 46
- Symphony 47 "Palindrome"
- String Quartets, Op. 20
- Guillaume Lasceux – Magnificat in F major
- Gabriele Leone – 6 Duos pour deux violons qui peuvent se jouer sur la mandoline et sur le pardessus (6 Duets for two violins that can be played on the mandolin and on the descant viol)
- Andrea Luchesi – 6 Sonatas for harpsichord and violin Op. 1
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Grabmusik, K.42/35a
- Church Sonata in E-flat major, K.67/41h
- Kyrie in G major, K.89/73k
- 20 Minuets, K.103/61d
- Symphony No.15 in G major, K.124
- Litaniae de venerabili altaris sacramento, K.125
- Regina coeli in B-flat major, K.127
- Symphonies 16-21, K. 128-130, 132-134
- Divertimenti K. 136–138 "Salzburg Symphonies"
- Wie unglücklich bin ich nit, K.147/125g
- String Quartet No.2 in D major, K.155/134a
- String Quartet No.4 in C major, K.157
- 6 Minuets, K.164/130a
- Die Mailänder Quartette K. Anh 210–213
- James Nares – 6 Fugues with Introductory Voluntary's for the Organ or Harpsichord
- Giovanni Paisiello – Requiem for Gennara di Borbone
- Stephen Paxton – 6 Solos for the cello, Op. 1
- Franz Xaver RIchter – 6 String Quartets, Op. 5
- Giovanni Battista Sammartini – Symphony in A major, J-C 60
- Carl Stamitz – 6 Symphonies, Op. 9
Opera
- Pasquale Anfossi –Alessandro nelle Indie
- Johann Christian Bach
- Endimione
- Temistocle
- Domenico Cimarosa – Le stravaganze del conte[8]
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Giovanni Paisiello
- Tommaso Traetta – Antigona[10]
Popular music
- Rev. William Leeves & Lady Anne Barnard – "Auld Robin Gray"[11]
Methods and theory writings
- Michel Corrette – Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre à jouer la Mandoline
- Louis-Joseph Francoeur – Diapason général de tous les instrumens à vent
- Raparlier – Principes de musique
- Johann Karl Gustav Wernich – Versuch einer richtigen Lehrart die Harfe zu spielen
Births
- January 4 – Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut, musician (died 1840)
- February 26 – Kaspar Fürstenau, flautist (died 1819)
- March 17 – Stephen Jenks, musician (died 1856)
- March 30 – Johann Wilhelm Wilms, composer (died 1847)
- April 1 – Ignaz Franz von Mosel, composer and conductor (died 1844)
- April 25 – Louis Deland, actor, singer and dancer (died 1823)
- May 1 – Jacques-Michel Hurel de Lamare, cellist (died 1823)
- May 2 – Friedrich von Hardenberg, librettist and poet (died 1801)
- June 10 – Greta Naterberg, folk singer (d. 1818)
- June 12 – Franz Cramer, violinist (died 1848)[12]
- July 15 – Lucile Grétry, French composer (died 1790)[13]
- August 26 – Maria Frances Parke, composer (died 1822)
- September 3 – Nicola Tacchinardi, cellist and operatic tenor (died 1859)[14]
- September 27 – Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, Polish-Austrian composer (died 1807)[15]
- October 4 – Francois-Louis Perne, composer (died 1832)
- November 10– Johann Nepomuk Kaňka, composer (died 1865)
- November 18 – Prince of Prussia Louis Ferdinand, composer and prince (died 1806)
- December 8 – Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz, patron of Beethoven (died 1816)
- unknown date – Cyrill Demian, piano and organ maker (died 1847)
Deaths
- February 13 – Pierre-Claude Foucquet, organist and harpsichordist (born 1694)
- March – Francesco Carattoli, operatic bass (born c. 1705)
- March 11 – Georg Reutter II, composer (born 1708)
- April 19 – Johann Peter Kellner, organist and composer (born 1705)
- April 22 – Marie Favart, opera singer, actress and dancer (born 1727)
- May 6 – Edmund Pascha, organist and composer (born 1714)
- June 15 – Claude Daquin, composer and organist (born 1694)
- August 21 – Alessandro Felici, Italian composer (born 1742)
- October 8 – Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, violinist and composer (born 1711)
- Panna Cinka, violinist (born 1711)
References
- ^ The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ... J. Dodsley. 1780. p. 2.
- ^ "January 1, 1772". Music & History. Retrieved 3 September 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "January 2, 1772". Music & History. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ Classic FM Diary 2011
- ^ Don Michael Randel (1999). The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Harvard University Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-674-00084-1.
- ^ Johann Baptist Vanhal (2002). Flute quartet in C, op. 7 [i.e. 8] no. 6: (Weinmann Vb:C1). Artaria. p. iii. ISBN 9781877231513.
- ^ Howard Chandler Robbins Landon (1994). Haydn: Chronicle and Works. Thames and Hudson. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-500-01168-3.
- ^ Nick Rossi; Talmage Fauntleroy (1999). Domenico Cimarosa: His Life and His Operas. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-313-30112-4.
- ^ a b Jno Leland Hunt (1975). Giovanni Paisiello, his life as an opera composer. National Opera Association. p. 70.
- ^ John Glenn Paton (1994). Italian Arias of the Baroque and Classical Eras: High. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7390-2191-0.
- ^ Thomas Edward Brown (1998). Fo'c's'le Yarns: An Uncensored Edition of Four Manx Narratives in Verse. University Press of America. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-7618-1215-9.
- ^ Philip H. Highfill; Kalman A. Burnim; Edward A. Langhans (1975). A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers, and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800: Corye to Dynion. SIU Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8093-0693-0.
- ^ Anya Laurence (1978). Women of Notes: 1,000 Women Composers Born Before 1900. R. Rosen Press. p. 59.
- ^ Theodore Baker; Nicolas Slonimsky (1940). Biographical Dictionary of Musicians: Supplement 1949. G. Schirmer. p. 1076.
- ^ Chicago Symphony Orchestra; Arthur Mees (1914). Descriptive Program. Orchestral Association. p. 261.
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