1812 by topic |
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Humanities |
By country |
Other topics |
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Birth and death categories |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1812 MDCCCXII |
Ab urbe condita | 2565 |
Armenian calendar | 1261 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԱ |
Assyrian calendar | 6562 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1733–1734 |
Bengali calendar | 1219 |
Berber calendar | 2762 |
British Regnal year | 52 Geo. 3 – 53 Geo. 3 |
Buddhist calendar | 2356 |
Burmese calendar | 1174 |
Byzantine calendar | 7320–7321 |
Chinese calendar | 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4509 or 4302 — to — 壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4510 or 4303 |
Coptic calendar | 1528–1529 |
Discordian calendar | 2978 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1804–1805 |
Hebrew calendar | 5572–5573 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1868–1869 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1733–1734 |
- Kali Yuga | 4912–4913 |
Holocene calendar | 11812 |
Igbo calendar | 812–813 |
Iranian calendar | 1190–1191 |
Islamic calendar | 1226–1227 |
Japanese calendar | Bunka 9 (文化9年) |
Javanese calendar | 1738–1739 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
Korean calendar | 4145 |
Minguo calendar | 100 before ROC 民前100年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 344 |
Thai solar calendar | 2354–2355 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 1938 or 1557 or 785 — to — 阳水猴年 (male Water-Monkey) 1939 or 1558 or 786 |
1812 (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 812th year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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Transcription
CCUS 11 – War of 1812 Hi, I’m John Green. This is Crash Course U.S. history and today we’re gonna talk about what America’s best at: War. (Libertage.) Uh, Mr. Green, the United States has actually only declared war 5 times in the last 230 years. Oh, Me from the Past, you sniveling literalist. Well, today we’re gonna talk about America’s first declared war, the War of 1812, so called because historians are terrible at naming things. I mean, they could’ve called it the Revolutionary War Part Deux, or the Canadian Cataclysm, or the War to Facilitate Future Wars. But no. They just named it after the year it started. Intro I know this disappoints the military historians among you, but as usual we’re gonna spend more time talking about the causes and effects of the war than the actual, like, killing parts, because ultimately it’s the ambiguity of the War of 1812 that makes it so interesting. The reason most often given for the War of 1812 was the British impressment of American sailors, whereby American sailors would be kidnapped and basically forced into British servitude. This disrupted American shipping. It also seems like a reasonably obvious violation of American sovereignty, but it’s a little more complicated than that. First of all, there were many thousands of British sailors working aboard American ships, so many of the sailors that the British captured were in fact British —which gets to the larger point that citizenship at the time was a pretty slippery concept, especially on the high seas, like papers were often forged and many sailors identified their supposed American-ness through tattoos of, like, Eagles and Flags. And there were several reasons why a British sailor might want to become or pretend to be an American, including that the Brits at the time were fighting Napoleon in what historians, in their infinite creativity, called the Napoleonic Wars. And on that topic, Britain’s impressment policy allowed them both to disrupt American shipping to France and to get new British sailors to strengthen their war effort, which was annoying to the Americans on a couple levels, especially the French loving Republicans, which is a phrase that you don’t hear very often anymore. Another reason often given for the war was America’s crazy conspiratorial Anglophobia. There was even a widespread rumor that British agents were buying up Connecticut sheep in order to sabotage the textile industry! Lest you worry that America’s fascination with conspiracy theories is new. So those pushing for war were known as War Hawks, and the most famous among them was Kentucky’s Henry Clay. They took the impressment of sailors as an affront to American national honor, but they also complained that Britain’s actions were an affront to free trade, by which they meant America’s ability to trade with Europeans other than Great Britain. And, to be fair, the British WERE trying to regulate American trade. They even passed the Orders in Council, which required American ships to dock in Britain and pay tax before trading with other European nations. Britain, we were an independent nation! You can’t do that kind of stuff. We have a special relationship. It’s not that special. But the problem with saying this caused the war is that the Orders had been in effect for 5 years before the war started AND they were rescinded in 1812 before the U.S. declared war, although admittedly we didn’t know about it because it didn’t reach us until after we declared war...there was no Twitter. Another reason for the war was Canada. That’s right, Canada. Americans wanted you, Canada, and who can blame them, with your excellent health care and your hockey and your first-rate national anthem. Stan, this is fun, but enough with the #1812problems. According to Virginia Congressman John Randolph “Agrarian cupidity, not maritime rights urges the war. We have heard but one word … Canada!, Canada!, Canada!” I’m not here to criticize you, John Randolph, but that’s actually three words. Now, some historians disagree with this, but the relentless pursuit of new land certainly fits in with the Jeffersonian model of an agrarian republic. And there’s another factor that figured into America’s decision to go to war: expansion into territory controlled by Native Americans. Oh it’s time for the Mystery Document? The rules here are simple. I try to guess the author of the Mystery Document, usually I’m wrong and I get shocked. Alright, let’s see what we’ve got here. “You want, by your distinctions of Indian tribes, in allotting to each a particular tract of land, to make them to war with each other. You never see an Indian come and endeavor to make the white people do so.” It’s Tecumseh. DROP THE MIC. Is something that I would do except that the mic is actually attached to my shirt, so...there’s no drama in this. It’s clearly a Native American criticism of white people. And I happen to know that that particular one comes from Tecumseh. And I don’t get shocked today! So, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that Americans were continuing to push westward into territory where Indians were living. I mean, this was a big reason for the Louisiana Purchase, after all. By the beginning of the war, more than 400,000 settlers had moved into territories west of the original 13 colonies, and they outnumbered American Indians by a significant margin. Some Native groups responded with a measure of assimilation. Cherokees like John Ross wanted to become more “civilized,” that is more white and farmer-y, and some of them did even adopt such civilized practices as written languages, and slavery. The most civilized practice of all. People are always like, “Why aren’t you more celebratory of American history?” Well, why isn’t there more to celebrate? But, other Indians wanted to resist. The best known of these were the aforementioned Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa – Stan, can you just put it on the screen? Yes, let’s just enjoy looking at that. Right, that’s just for all you visual learners. So he was also known as the Prophet because of his religious teachings (and also because of the pronunciation issues). The Prophet encouraged Indians, especially those living in and around the settlement of Prophetstown, to abandon the ways of the whites, primarily in the form of alcohol and manufactured consumer goods. So stop drinking alcohol and eating refined sugars. This guy sounds like my doctor. Tecumseh was more militant, attempting to revive Neolin’s idea of pan-Indianism and actively resisting white settlement. As he put it. “Sell a country, Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?” The Americans responded to this reasonable criticism in the traditional manner: with guns. William Henry Harrison destroyed the natives’ settlement at Prophetstown in what would become known as the Battle of Tippecanoe. And he would later ride that fame all the way to the presidency in 1840 and then spoiler alert he would give the longest inauguration address ever, catch a cold, and die 40 days later. Let that be a lesson to you, American politicians. Long speeches: fatal. So, I’ve just painted a pretty negative picture of the Americans’ treatment of the Indians, because it was awful, but I haven’t mentioned how this relates to the War of 1812. The Americans were receiving reports that the British were encouraging Tecumseh, which they probably were. And the important thing to remember here is that the War of 1812, like the 7 Years War and the American Revolution, was also a war against Indians, and as in those other two wars, the Indians were the biggest losers. And not in the cool way of the Biggest Loser where, like, Trainer Bob helps you lose weight, but in the really sad way where your entire civilization gets John C. Calhoun-ed. So, the War of 1812 was the first time that the United States declared war on anybody. It was also the smallest margin of a declaration of war vote, 79-49 in the House and 19-13 in the Senate. Northern states which relied on trade a lot didn’t want to go to war while Southern and Western states, which were more agrarian and wanted expansion to get land for farming – and slavery – did. The closeness of the vote reflects a profound ambivalence about the war. As Henry Adams wrote: “Many nations have gone to war in pure gaiety of the heart, but perhaps the United States were the first to force themselves into a war they dreaded, in the hope that the war itself might create the spirit they lacked.” Don’t worry, Henry Adams, in the future, we’re gonna get pretty gaiety-of-heart-ish about war. Anyway as an actual war, the War of 1812 was something of a farce. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The U.S. army numbered 10 to 12 thousand and its officers were “sunk into either sloth, ignorance, or habits of intemperate drinking.” The U.S. Navy had 17 ships; Great Britain had 1000. Also, America had very little money; Britain collected 40 times more tax revenue than the U.S But Britain was busy fighting Napoleon, which is why they didn’t really start kicking America’s butt until 1814 after Napoleon was defeated. Napoleon’s defeat was also the end of the practice of impressment since Britain didn’t need so many sailors anymore. Initially, much of the war consisted of America’s attempts to take Canada, which any map will show you went smashingly. Americans were confident that the Canadians would rush to join the U.S.; when marching from Detroit, General William Hull informed the Canadians that “You will be emancipated from Tyranny and oppression and restored to the dignified station of free men.” And the Canadians were like, “Yeah, we’re okay actually,” and so the British in Canada, with their Indian allies, went ahead and captured Detroit and then forced Hull’s surrender. America’s lack of success in Canada was primarily attributable to terrible strategy. They might have succeeded if they had taken Montreal, but they didn’t want to march through Northern New York because it was full of Federalists who were opposed to the war. Instead they concentrated on the west, that is, the area around Detroit, where fighting went back and forth. The British found much more success, even seizing Washington DC and burning the White House. In the course of the battle, British Admiral George Cockburn, overseeing the destruction of a newspaper printing house, told the forces that took the city: “Be sure that all the Cs are destroyed, so that the rascals cannot any longer abuse my name.” It ’s hard out there for a Cockburn. Thanks Thought Bubble. Given these problems, it’s amazing there were any American successes, but there were. The battleship U.S.S. Constitution broke the myth of British naval invincibility when cannonballs bounced off it and earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides.” Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet in, of all places, Lake Erie. At the Battle of the Thames, William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh. And the battle of Horseshoe Bend showed one of the reasons why Indians were defeated when Andrew Jackson played one group of Creeks against another group of Creeks and Cherokees. 800 Indians were killed in that battle. And speaking of Jackson, the most notable American victory of the war was the Battle of New Orleans, which catapulted him to prominence. He lost only 71 men while inflicting 2036 British casualties. Of course, the most memorable thing about the battle was that it took place two weeks after the peace treaty ending the war had been signed, but hey, that’s not Jackson’s fault. Again, no twitter. #1815problems The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war proved just how necessary the war had been. (Not at all.) No territory changed hands –when negotiations started in August 1814 the British asked for northern Maine, demilitarization of the Great Lakes, and some territory to create an independent nation for the Indians in the Northwest. But none of that happened, not because the U.S. was in a particularly good negotiating position, but because it would’ve been awkward for Great Britain to carve out pieces of the U.S. and then tell Russia and Prussia that they couldn’t take pieces of Europe for themselves to celebrate their victory in the Napoleonic Wars. There were no provisions in the treaty about impressment or free trade, and basically the treaty returned everything to the status quo. So neither the U.S. nor Britain actually won, but the Indians, who suffered significant casualties and gave up even more territory, definitely lost. So with a treaty like that, the war must have had negligible impact on American history, right? Except no. The War of 1812 confirmed that the U.S. would exist. Britain would never invade America again. Until 1961. I mean, the U.S. were good customers and Great Britain was happy to let them trade as long as that trade wasn’t helping a French dictator. The war launched Andrew Jackson’s career, and solidified the settlement and conquest of land east of the Mississippi River, and our lack of success in Canada reinforced Canadian nationalism while also ensuring that instead of becoming one great nation, we would forever be Canada’s pants. The war also spelled the end of the Federalist Party, which tried in 1815 with the Hartford Convention to change the Constitution. In retrospect the Hartford Convention proposals actually look pretty reasonable: They wanted to eliminate the clause wherein black people were counted as three fifths of a human, and require a 2/3rds congressional majority to declare war. But because they had their convention right before Jackson’s victory at New Orleans, they only came off looking unpatriotic and out-of-touch, as the elite so often do. It’s hard to argue that Americans really won the War of 1812, but we FELT like we won, and nothing unleashes national pride like war-winning. The nationalistic fervor that emerged in the early 19th century was, like most things, good news for some and bad news for others, but what’s important to remember, regardless of whether you’re an American, is that after 1812, the United States saw itself not just as an independent nation, but as a big player on the world stage. For better and for worse, that’s a gig we’ve held onto. And no matter how you feel about America’s international intervention, you need to remember, it didn’t begin in Afghanistan or even Europe; it started with freaking Canada. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. And our graphics team is Thought Cafe. If you have questions about today’s video, you can ask them in comments where they will be answered by our team of historians. We also accept suggestions for the libertage captions. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. Goodbye. Don’t forget to subscribe. CCUS11 War of 1812 -
Events
January–March
- January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.
- January 19 – Peninsular War: The French-held fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo is stormed by the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington.
- February 7 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8.
- February 12 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system.
- February 13 – The first Chilean newspaper Aurora de Chile deals with political philosophy, and stands in favor of the new national government.
- February 27
- Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina (which he designed) in the city of Rosario, for the first time.
- English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against industrialism, in his home county of Nottinghamshire.
- February 24 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris.
- March 14 – Prussia and Austria sign the Treaty of Paris.
- March 15 – Luddites attack the wool-processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire.
- March 16–April 6 – Siege of Badajoz (Peninsular War): The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz, Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.
- March 19 – The Cortes of Cádiz creates the first modern Spanish constitution.
- March 26
- In the United States, the Boston Gazette prints a political cartoon coining the term Gerrymander, after former Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.
- The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela.
April–June
- April 4 – U.S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.
- April 8 – The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki, when Russia's Tsar Alexander I signs an edict moving the Government Council of the Grand Duchy of Finland.[1]
- April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
- May 11 – John Bellingham assassinates British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
- May 16 – Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) and annexing Bessarabia to Imperial Russia.
- May 25 – Felling mine disaster: A mine explosion at the Felling colliery near Jarrow, England, leaves 96 dead.
- June 1 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.
- June 4 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory.
- June 16 – New York State charters the City Bank of New York (later Citibank).
- June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins with US declaration.
- June 22 – France declared war on Russia.
- June 24 – Napoleon's Grande Armée crosses the Neman River, and invades Russia.
July–September
- July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario.
- July 18 – Russia's Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy: Kulnev defeats Oudinot, but sustains a mortal wound.
- July 19 – Beethoven and Goethe meet each other in Teplice, Bohemia.
- July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca: British forces led by the Earl of Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.
- August 5 – War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.
- August 12 – Peninsular War: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid, following the Battle of Salamanca.
- August 15 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Dearborn: Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory.
- August 16 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit, without a fight, to the British Army.
- August 19 – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerriere, off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitution's sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".
- September 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone.
- September 14 – French invasion of Russia and Fire of Moscow: Napoleon's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites, on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin. Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader."[2]
October–December
- October 9 – War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, HMS Detroit and HMS Caledonia.
- October 12 – The capital of the Pennsylvania, United States, is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg.[3][4]
- October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle).
- October 18–20 – Second Battle of Polotsk – Russians attack and defeat a Franco-Bavarian force in Belarus.
- October 19 – Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow.
- October 23 – Malet coup of 1812: General Claude François de Malet attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.
- October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.
- November 3 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Vyazma: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.
- November 5 – 1812 United States presidential election: James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton.
- November 10 – 1812 United Kingdom general election: The Tory Party is victorious, under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.
- November 15–18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Krasnoi: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.
- December 8 – The M6.9–7.5 San Juan Capistrano earthquake affects Alta California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong) to IX (Violent), killing 40 parishioners at Mission San Juan Capistrano.
- December 14 – The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.
- December 20 – The first volume of Grimms' Fairy Tales is published in Germany.
- December 29 – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Java, off the coast of Brazil.
- December 30 – The Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
Date unknown
- The Bishop James Madison Society is founded at the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.
- The Woodford Reserve Bourbon whiskey distillery, established in 1780 along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky, passes to the control of Oscar Pepper.
- The Ranikot Fort is reconstructed in Sindh.
- Approximate date – Battle of Shela: The people of Lamu Island are victorious against those from other parts of the Kenya coast.
Births
- January 6 – Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary hero (d. 1919)
- January 13 – Victor de Laprade, French poet, critic (d. 1883)
- February 3 – William Fraser Tolmie, Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. 1886)
- February 7 – Charles Dickens, English novelist (d. 1870)[5]
- February 11 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883)
- February 15 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, American jeweler, co-founder of Tiffany & Co. (d. 1902)[6]
- February 18 – Nils Johan Berlin, Swedish chemist, professor (d. 1891)
- February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880)
- March 1
- Nicolae Crețulescu, 2-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1900)
- Augustus Pugin, English-born architect (d. 1852)
- March 6 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watch manufacturer (d. 1895)
- March 22 – Stephen Pearl Andrews, American anarchist, abolitionist (d. 1886)
- April 14 – George Grey, Portugal-born British colonial governor, 11th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1898)
- April 20 – Pauline Åhman, Swedish harpist (d. 1904)
- April 22 – Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-born orientalist (d. 1894)
- April 23 – Frederick Whitaker, English-New Zealand lawyer, politician, 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
- April 27
- Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (d. 1883)[7]
- William W. Snow, American politician (d. 1886)
- April 29 – Emilie Högquist, Swedish dramatic star (d. 1846)
- May 6 – Madame Restell, American abortion provider (d. 1878)
- May 7 – Robert Browning, English poet (d. 1889)[8]
- May 12 – Edward Lear, English artist, nonsense poet (d. 1888)[9]
- June 9 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (d. 1910)
- June 13 – Gustavus H. Scott, American admiral (d. 1882)
- June 14 – Fernando Wood, American politician, U.S. House of Representatives from New York and 2-time Mayor of New York City (d. 1881)
- July 2 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower (d. 1870)
- July 8 – Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (b. 1905)
- August 8 – John Rodgers, American admiral (d. 1882)
- August 25
- Percival Drayton, United States Navy officer (d. 1865)
- Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (d. 1880)
- August 27 – Bertalan Szemere, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1869)
- September 2 – William Fox, 2nd Premier of New Zealand (d. 1893)
- September 18 – Herschel Vespasian Johnson, American politician (d. 1880)
- October 12 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist (d. 1888)
- October 20 – Austin Flint I, American cardiologist (d. 1886)
- November 14 – Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (d. 1878)
- November 19 – Edmond Jurien de La Gravière, French admiral, naval historian, and biographer (d. 1892)
- December 6 – Ana María Martínez de Nisser, Colombian heroine and writer (d. 1872)
- December 8 – Henry Varnum Poor, American financial analyst (d. 1905)
- December 14 – Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, British Viceroy of India (d. 1862)
- December 17 – Vilhelm Petersen, Danish painter (d. 1880)
- December 24 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist (d. 1894)
Deaths
- January 23 – Robert Craufurd, British general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1764)
- February 2 – Isaac Titsingh, Dutch scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador (b. 1745)
- March 7 – Isaac Swainson, English botanist (b. 1746)
- March 11 – Philip James de Loutherbourg, English artist (b. 1740)
- April 14 – William Nicholas (officer), English army officer, at the Siege of Badajoz (b. 1785)
- April 15 – Michael Atkins, Irish actor and theatre manager (b. 1746)
- April 20 – George Clinton, 4th Vice President of the United States (b. 1739)
- April 25 – Edmond Malone, Irish scholar (b. 1741)
- May 11 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (assassinated) (b. 1762)
- May 12
- Martha Ballard, American diarist and midwife (b. 1734 or 1735)
- Charles Sturt, English politician (b. 1763)
- May 18 – John Bellingham, British assassin of Spencer Perceval (b. 1769)
- May 27 – Manuela Gandarillas, Bolivian freedom fighter (born c. 1740s)[10]
- July 4 – Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French general and politician (b. 1752)
- August 1 – Yakov Kulnev, Russian military leader (b. 1763).
- August 12 – Anna Strong, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1740)
- August 30 – George Mathews, American army officer and politician (b. 1739)
- September 13 – Leonardo Bravo, Mexican general who fought in the Mexican War of Independence, father of Nicolas Bravo, executed (b. 1764)[11]
- September 19
- Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt, French general (b. 1777)
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker (b. 1744)
- September 21 – Emanuel Schikaneder, German dramatist, actor and singer (b. 1751)
- September 24
- Pyotr Bagration, Russian general and prince of Georgian origin (b. 1765)
- Juana Galán, Spanish heroine (b. 1787)
- October 13 – Isaac Brock, British general (killed in action) (b. 1769)
- December 15 – Schneur Zalman, Polish rabbi and founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement (b. 1745)
- December 20 – Sacagawea, Shoshone guide (b. ca. 1788)
- December 24 – George Beck, American artist and poet (b. 1749)
See also
References
- ^ "Helsinki 200: 8 April 1812 Emperor Alexander I promotes Helsinki to the capital of the Grand Duchy". Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 67
- ^ I. Daniel Rupp, History of Lancaster County: To which is Prefixed a Brief Sketch of the Early History of Pennsylvania
- ^ (Gilbert Hillis, 1844; reprinted by Heritage Books, 1990) p. 434
- ^ Norman Page (1999). Charles Dickens: Family History. Psychology Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4.
- ^ The Ministers Manual: A Study and Pulpit Guide. Harper. 1961. p. 5.
- ^ The New Kobbé's Opera Book. Ebury Press. 1997. p. 231. ISBN 9780091814106.
- ^ John Bryson (1967). Robert Browning. British Council and the National Book League. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-582-01106-9.
- ^ John Lehmann (1977). Edward Lear and his World. p. 10.
- ^ Américas, vol.52, pp.28, 31, Organization of American States, 2000.
- ^ "Biografía de Leonardo Bravo" (in Spanish). Mexico Lindo y Querido. April 25, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
Further reading
- Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History". Historical Reference Book. New York: D. Appleton and Company. hdl:2027/wu.89097349187 – via Hathi Trust.
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