Cenotaph | |
Location | Alamo Plaza at E. Houston St., San Antonio, Texas |
---|---|
Coordinates | 29°25′34″N 98°29′12″W / 29.4261608°N 98.4866783°W |
Built | 1936 |
Architect | Adams & Adams |
Sculptor | Pompeo Coppini |
Architectural style | Cenotaph |
Part of | Alamo Plaza Historic District (ID77001425[1]) |
Designated CP | July 13, 1977 |
The Alamo Cenotaph, also known as The Spirit of Sacrifice, is a monument in San Antonio, Texas, United States, commemorating the Battle of the Alamo of the Texas Revolution, which was fought at the adjacent Alamo Mission. The monument was erected in celebration of the centenary of the battle, and bears the names of those known to have fought there on the Texas side.[2]
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Preserving in Place: Restoration of the Alamo Cenotaph Begins
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Preserving in Place: Structural Integrity Investigation of the Alamo Cenotaph
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History
Although there had been previous plans for Alamo monuments, starting in the late 1800s, the Alamo Cenotaph was the first such erected in San Antonio. (There had been one previous monument in Austin, but it was lost in a Capitol fire.) During the 1936 Texas Centennial celebration, the state of Texas provided $100,000 for the monument, commissioned from local sculptor Pompeo Coppini. San Antonio mayor Maury Maverick held a dedication ceremony on November 11, 1940.
The shaft rises sixty feet from its base which is forty feet long and twelve feet wide. The monument was erected in grey Georgia marble and pink Texas granite. It was entitled The Spirit of Sacrifice and incorporates images of the Alamo garrison leaders and 187 names of known Alamo defenders, derived from the research of historian Amelia Williams.[3] Later research has shown some listed on the cenotaph were not there, and the total of Alamo combatants has risen with newer research.[4]
Inscription
The marker on the cenotaph reads:
Erected in memory of the heroes who sacrificed their lives at the Alamo, March 6, 1836, in the defense of Texas. They chose never to surrender nor retreat; these brave hearts, with flag still proudly waving, perished in the flames of immortality that their high sacrifice might lead to the founding of this Texas.[5]
Battle of the Alamo
After putting down resistance in other regions of Mexico, in the spring of 1836 Santa Anna led a Mexican army back into Texas and marched on San Antonio, intending to avenge the humiliating defeat of Cos and end the Texian rebellion. Texian leader Sam Houston, believing that San Antonio could not be defended against a determined effort by the regular Mexican army, called for the Texian forces to abandon the city.
A volunteer force under the joint command of William Barrett Travis, newly arrived in Texas, and James Bowie, and including Davy Crockett and his company of Tennesseans, and Juan Seguin's company of Hispanic Texan volunteers occupied and fortified the deserted mission and determined to hold San Antonio against all opposition.
The defenders of the Alamo thus included both Anglo and Hispanic Texans who fought side by side under a banner that was the flag of Mexico with the numerals "1824" superimposed. This was meant to indicate that the defenders were fighting for their rights to democratic government under the Mexican constitution of that year. It was only during the siege that the Texas Congress declared an independent Republic of Texas.
The Battle of the Alamo took place from February 23 to March 6, 1836. At first the battle was primarily a siege marked by artillery duels and small skirmishes. After twelve days Santa Anna, tired of waiting for his heavy artillery and eager for a glorious victory to enhance his reputation, determined to take the Alamo by storm.
Before dawn on March 6, he launched his troops against the walls of the Alamo in three separate attacks. The third attack overwhelmed the defenses of the weak north wall. The defenders retreated to the now famous Long Barracks and the Chapel and fought to the last man. Most historians agree that a few of the defenders were captured but were executed as rebels on the specific orders of Santa Anna. The deaths of these "Martyrs to Texas Independence" inspired greater resistance to Santa Anna's regime, and the cry "Remember the Alamo" became the rallying point of the Texas Revolution.
Ozzy Osbourne incident
In 1982, Ozzy Osbourne, while wearing his future wife's dress because she had hidden his clothes, drunkenly urinated on the Alamo Cenotaph. A police officer arrested him, and Osbourne was subsequently banned from performing in San Antonio for a decade.[6]
Renovation and Ownership
In 2020 a proposal to move the monument was defeated by the Texas Historical Commission.[7] As part of the Alamo Master Plan to renovate the area with a visitors center and museum, the monument would have been moved a few hundred feet and placed in front of the nearby Menger Hotel. In that year's primary election, 97% of Republican voters approved a ballot proposition to keep the monument at its location, and Republican state lawmakers also denounced the proposal. In 2021 the plans were revised to maintain the current site as is.[8]
In May 2024 the City of San Antonio formally transferred ownership of the monument over to the State of Texas. The state will be responsible for what are expected to be costly repairs, after a survey found that it will need a new foundation, and that rainwater has caused cracks that put it at risk of breaking apart.[9]
See also
- Siege of the Alamo
- List of Alamo defenders
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Bexar County, Texas
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
- ^ "Alamo Cenotaph". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ Williams, Amelia (January 1934). "Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 37 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 157–184. JSTOR 30235477.
- ^ Roell, Craig H. (July 2004). "Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (1). Texas State Historical Association: 105–106. JSTOR 30239499.
- ^ The Alamo Cenotaph at TexasEscapes.com. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- ^ Frank Thompson (November 1, 2001). The Alamo: A Cultural History. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-1-4617-3435-2.
- ^ https://www.kens5.com/article/news/politics/texas-historical-commission-votes-to-repair-alamo-cenotaph-and-move-it-to-new-location-nearby/273-a9eac23c-e8f3-49d1-80e6-16a973ddf83c
- ^ https://www.kens5.com/article/news/community/alamo-plaza-plans/273-97d00011-6ab6-4d00-a45a-746c7e724c01
- ^ https://www.kens5.com/article/news/local/san-antonio-surrenders-ownership-of-the-cenotaph-to-the-state-of-texas/273-a4a998a0-36c1-4450-b79d-592044e57bef
External links
- The Alamo
- Alamo Cenotaph
- Acequia Madre de Valero
- La Antorcha de la Amistad
- Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower
- Cathedral of San Fernando
- Convention Center
- Earl Abel's
- Guenther House
- HemisFair '68
- Houston Street
- La Villita
- Market Square
- Rivercenter
- River Walk
- St. Joseph Catholic Church
- Tower of the Americas
- Tower Life Building
- San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium
- Artpace
- Blue Star Contemporary Art Museum
- Briscoe Western Art Museum
- Buckhorn Saloon & Museum
- Casa Navarro State Historic Site
- Fort Sam Houston Museum
- Gallista
- Gas Gallery
- Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center
- Guinness World Records Museum
- Institute of Texan Cultures
- McNay Art Museum
- Museo Alameda
- Museum of Aerospace Medicine
- O. Henry House Museum
- Ruby City
- San Antonio Academy Museum
- San Antonio Museum of Art
- Southwest School of Art
- Spanish Governor's Palace
- Edward Steves Homestead
- Texas Air Museum
- Texas Transportation Museum
- United States Army Medical Department Museum
- Witte Museum
- Yturri-Edmunds Historic Site
See also: List of museums in Central Texas
- Alamo City Comic Con
- Arneson River Theater
- Aztec on the River
- Charline McCombs Empire Theatre
- Fiesta Noche del Rio
- Fiesta San Antonio
- Freeman Coliseum
- Majestic Theatre
- Morgan's Wonderland
- Ripley's Believe It or Not!
- San Japan
- Santikos Theatres
- SeaWorld San Antonio
- Six Flags Fiesta Texas
- Splashtown San Antonio
- St. Mary's Strip
- Texas Folklife Festival
- Tobin Center for the Performing Arts (San Antonio Symphony)
- San Antonio Municipal Auditorium
- Woodlawn Theatre
- Bill Miller Bar-B-Q Enterprises
- Christus Santa Rosa
- iHeartMedia
- Frost Bank
- H-E-B
- Jim's Restaurants
- Luby's
- M7 Aerospace
- NewTek
- NuStar Energy
- Rackspace
- San Antonio Express-News
- SAS Shoemakers (SAS)
- San Antonio Water System
- Security Service Federal Credit Union
- SWBC
- Taco Cabana
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas
- USAA
- Valero Energy
- Visionworks of America
- Whataburger
and education
- The Alamo Colleges
- Baptist Health System School of Health Professions
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute
- Oblate School of Theology
- Our Lady of the Lake University
- San Antonio Public Library
- San Antonio Municipal Archives
- South Texas Medical Center
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute
- Southwest Research Institute
- St. Mary's University
- Texas A&M University–San Antonio
- Texas Neurosciences Institute
- Trinity University
- University Health System
- University of the Incarnate Word
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- Acequia
- San Antonio Botanical Garden
- Brackenridge Park
- Denman Estate Park
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Park
- Friedrich Wilderness Park
- Government Canyon State Natural Area
- Phil Hardberger Park
- Mahncke
- Milam Park
- Miraflores Park
- Roosevelt Park
- San Antonio Japanese Tea Garden
- San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
- San Pedro Springs Park
- O. P. Schnabel Park
- Travis Park