Cribbing is a form of stereotypy (equine oral stereotypic behaviour), otherwise known as wind sucking or crib-biting. Cribbing is considered to be an abnormal, compulsive behavior seen in some horses, and is often labelled a stable vice. The major factors that cause cribbing include stress, stable management, genetic and gastrointestinal irritability.[1]
Cribbing was mentioned in the literature as early as 1578 and occurs in 2.4–8.3% of horses depending on breed and management.[2][3]
A similar but unrelated behavior, wood-chewing or lignophagia, is another undesirable habit observed in horses, but it does not involve sucking in air; the horse simply gnaws on wood rails or boards as if they were food.
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Is it Coping or is it a Vice? Cribbing, Weaving and Other Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses
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Horse Behavior: Cribbing
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Weirdest Horse Facts: Why Can't Horses Burp? Cribbing vs Wind Sucking
Transcription
Hello, my name is Carissa Wickens and I'm the assistant professor of equine science and equine extension specialist at the University of Delaware and the department of animal and food science. I'm here today to invite you to join us to our upcoming webinar, January 22nd at 7pm EST. It will be focused on stereotypic behaviors in horses. Today, I am standing here with one of our teaching horses in the University of Delaware program, this is Maggie. She is a 13 year old Quarter Horse mare and what she is doing right now, is actually exhibiting the oral stereotypic behavior of cribbing, or what we also call crib biting. Some of you out there may be familiar with this behavior already, but basically what Maggie will do or any other horse that crib bites, they'll take their top incisors and anchor them onto a stationary object they will pull backwards, arch their neck and emit an audible grunting noise. So it sounds just like a grunt or almost like a belching sound. Basically what they are doing is that they are drawing air into the upper part of their esophagus and then expelling that air and that's why you hear that grunting sound. This is a behavior that is often viewed as very problematic by horse owners and farm managers. Some horses are even prevented from entrance into boarding facilities because they exhibit these behaviors. A lot of folks out there really want to better understand these behaviors not only for the management aspect of these horses, but also it is viewed as a welfare concern there are sometimes some health concerns concerns that the horse doesn't learn as well, or maybe is also reduced in their value because someone wouldn't pay as much for these horses. So a lot of owners are concerned about these behaviors and so the goal of the upcoming webinar is to share some of the latest research with you on stereotypic behaviors including crib biting and also to share with you some practical hints and tips that we can do to reduce the amount of time a horse spends engaged in these behaviors. Once these behaviors are established, unfortunately they are very hard to completely abolish, but there are things we can do in our farm situation to help these horses out. We really don't understand the absolute underlying mechanism or the causes for these behaviors but we are getting closer to having a better understanding of these behaviors. Despite being a cribbing horse, Maggie and our teaching heard, has been a great animal to have. She's excellent with our novice, undergraduate students in the animal science program. She's also excellent with our 4-H youth and does a really good job teaching our youth in our programs, but also Maggie is our clicker trainer in the herd. [Maggie, target. Good] And some of the most recent research has investigated learning ability in horses that exhibit stereotypic behaviors and it's interesting some of the findings just indicate that cribbing horses maybe learn a little differently, especially in this positive based reinforcement type of situation. Where they are asked to do a task for a reward, there's some differences [Maggie, target. Good] in how they learn. That's also very important in terms of better understanding some of the brain mechanisms that might be involved in stereotypies and also again in terms of welfare and the well being of the horse. We can try to incorporate some of that understanding into the training of the horses. So, I would love for you to join us on January 22nd at 7pm for our webcast titled "Is it Coping or is it a Vice? Stereotypic Behaviors" and we'll review some of the literature and share with you some of what we do know about stereotypic behaviors. To register for the upcoming January 22nd webcast just visit www.myhorseuniversity.com and it's a free webinar that you can register for on-line and we look forward to having you. Thank you.
Description
Cribbing, or crib biting, involves a horse grasping a solid object such as the stall door or fence rail with its incisor teeth, arching its neck, and contracting the lower neck muscles to retract the larynx caudally.[4] This movement is coincided with an in-rush of air through the crico-pharynx into the oesophagus producing the characteristic cribbing sound or grunt.[4] Usually, air is not swallowed but returns to the pharynx. It is considered to be an abnormal, compulsive behavior or stereotypy, and often labelled as a stable vice.
Wind-sucking is a related behavior whereby the horse arches its neck and sucks air into the windpipe but does so without grasping an object. Wind-sucking is thought to form part of the mechanism of cribbing, rather than being defined as an entirely separate behavior.
Wood-chewing
A similar, but unrelated behavior, wood-chewing (lignophagia), is another undesirable behavior sometimes observed in horses. The horse gnaws on wood rails or boards as if they were food, but it does not involve sucking in air.[5]
Prevalence and incidence
It is reported that 2.4–8.3% of horses in Europe and Canada are cribbers and that cribbing can occupy 15-65% of an individual horse's daily time budget.[6][7] A postal survey in 2009 found that an average of 4.4% horses in the US are cribbers, but 13.3% of Thoroughbreds perform the behavior.[8] Young Thoroughbred and part-Thoroughbred horses fed concentrated food after weaning are four times more likely to become cribbers than foals not fed concentrate. In several studies, Thoroughbreds consistently have the greatest prevalence of cribbing compared to other breeds.[9] It was found that 11.03% of racehorses performed one or more abnormal stereotypical behaviour that lead back to animal welfare and husbandry systems.[10]
Wind-sucking occurs in 3.8% of non-racing horses in the US.[9] One study shows that stereotypes in general, including cribbing, are more prevalent in dressage horses compared to several other uses.[11]
Geldings and stallions are more likely to exhibit cribbing than mares[9] and the behavior has been reported as occurring in horses on pasture.[12]
Health effects
There is evidence that stomach ulcers may lead to a horse becoming a cribber,[13][14] and that cribbing may be a coping mechanism in response to stress.[15]
A 1998 study found that cribbing increased endorphins and found no evidence that cribbing generally impairs the health of affected horses,[2] but later studies reported that cribbing and wind-sucking were related to a history of colic or the subsequent development of colic.[3][16] A study found that horses would perform the cribbing behaviour in attempt to decrease the cortisol levels that can be brought on by stressful situations.[15] According to this study, the long-term release of stress hormones can be harmful and can cause cardiovascular diseases, depression and immunosuppression.[15]
Causes
Boredom, stress, habit, and addiction are all possible causes of cribbing and wind-sucking.[5] It was proposed in a 2002 study that the link between intestinal conditions such as gastric inflammation or colic and abnormal oral behavior was attributable to environmental factors.[14] There is evidence that stomach ulcers may be correlated to a horse becoming a cribber.[13]
Stress is induced when environmental demands produce a physiological response, if that response has a long duration period, it exceeds the normal, natural regulatory ability of the organism.[15] Stress has been found to be a major contributing factor to horses developing this oral stereotypic behaviour.[4] A study suggested that the animal uses cribbing as a coping method when it cannot escape a fearful or stressful situation, or when it has been socially isolated or confined.[4][1]
Researchers now generally agree that cribbing and wind-sucking occur most often in stabled horses, although once established in an individual horse, the horse may exhibit these behaviors in other places.[5] Recent studies indicate cribbing occurs more frequently in horses that were stable-weaned as foals than in those that were pasture-weaned. In the same study, feeding concentrates after weaning was associated with a fourfold increase in the rate of development of cribbing.[17] The most popular cases of crib-biting come from racetracks, and it is believed to have derived from husbandry systems at the racetracks.[10] The issue with these systems is that the social tendencies of the herd animal have been disrupted.[10] Therefore, they are lacking social interaction and stimulation.
Because Thoroughbreds are so consistently the most prevalent cribbers, this suggests there may be a genetic component, however, this may be confounded by different uses and management of different horse breeds. It was found that Thoroughbreds are three times more likely to develop this stereotypy than any other breed, supporting that this may be a genetic component.[10] Another study suggesting that cribbing may be genetic found that Warmbloods were also more likely to perform this behaviour when compared to other breeds.[4][18] It was also found that the descendants of a crib-biter were more likely to perform the behaviour due to a genetic component.[4][19]
Gastrointestinal environment and feeding routines were also a crucial topic, hinting that perhaps grain concentrations, grain ratios and forages were the main cause of ulcers, causing the animal to perform the oral stereotypy as a method of comfort.[4][1] Horses that were unable to partake in a feeding behaviour that it wants to partake in would influence cribbing.[4] Since the animal is unable to easily digest large quantities of starch, it was found that a high-grain, low forage diet could cause cribbing. A low-forage, high-grain diet was found to increase the risk of the stereotypy because the behaviour aided with relieving stomach acidity.[20]
It has been anecdotally claimed that horses can learn to copy these behaviors from other horses, although this has not been substantiated by scientific study.[20] A study in 2009 found that 48.8% of US horse owners believed that cribbing could be learned by observation, but research demonstrated that only 1.0% of horses developed cribbing after being housed in sight of an affected horse.[8]
Functions
Stereotypies are sometimes considered to be a coping mechanism for animals experiencing stress. A physiological stress response can be induced by injecting an animal with ACTH and the animal's ability to cope with this stress can be monitored by measuring salivary cortisol. In a 2015 study, after ACTH injection, cribbers had higher cortisol levels than non-cribbers. Furthermore, cribbers which did not perform the stereotypy during the 3-hrs of testing had higher cortisol levels than non-cribbers, whereas those performing the stereotypy did not. The researchers concluded that cribbing is a coping mechanism to stressful situations and that because of this, it should not be prevented.[15]
Cribbing and wind-sucking may cause a sensation of pleasure by releasing endorphins in the horse's brain.[3] It has also been suggested that the increase in saliva produced during wind-sucking could be a mechanism for neutralizing stomach conditions in stable-kept, grain-fed horses.[17] Stereotypies have been defined as "repetitive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious goal or function",[21] therefore, if cribbing and wind-sucking have one of the above possible functions, it may be inappropriate to label them as a stereotypy. However, as the causes and resulting reinforcement for these behaviors are probably multifactorial and they remain abnormal behaviors, this indicates that husbandry changes are needed for animals that exhibit cribbing or wind-sucking.
A study suggested was that ghrelin levels were higher in a crib-biting horse than in those who did not perform the behaviour.[1] Cribbing also increased salivary secretion.[20] However, a different study found that there was no relation between salivary secretion and reducing gastric acidity.[22] Meaning that cribbing did not provide comfort for ulcers, rather that it stimulated/caused this issue.[22]
Treatment
Several methods have been devised to prevent cribbing once the behavior has started. However, some ethologists have argued that prevention of the behavior without addressing the causes is not a cure and may result in cribbing being expressed in a modified form, or may interfere with an animal's attempt to adapt to its environment.[23]
Dietary and management
It has been shown that feeding cribbing horses an antacid diet can significantly reduce the frequency of the behavior.[14] Current research indicates that the prevention of cribbing and related behavior is based upon management conditions which allow daily free movement and feeding practices that provide higher amounts of roughage and limited amounts of concentrates.[24] A growing body of work suggests that fat and fiber-based diets may also result in calmer patterns of behavior.[20]
One study investigated the effects of providing a feeder that delivered small amounts of concentrate feed when activated by the animal. The feeder increased the [15] feeding time of both cribbers and non-cribbers, however, although the feeder decreased cribbing, it increased again once the feeder was removed.[25]
Physical devices
There are a number of traditional devices used to minimize or prevent cribbing and wind-sucking. However, the effectiveness of these methods is arguable since they do not address the underlying causal factors.[26] If the behaviour is stress related, the use of a cribbing collar may be counterproductive because it would not allow the animal to release the stress hormones by performing the behaviour and that cribbing may be beneficial in reducing stress.[15] One method involves the horse wearing a collar-like device that stops a horse from arching and swelling its neck to suck in air. However, one of the only studies of the equipment showed that although wearing such a collar for 24 hours reduced cribbing in six of eight horses, once the collar was removed, cribbing returned to greater levels than before. The authors concluded cribbing has a function and that preventing this by using anti-cribbing collars may compromise the horse's welfare.[27]
Covering exposed edges with metal or wire or painting surfaces with bitter substances such as carbolineum or a commercial "chew stop" product may reduce chewing-related damage to surfaces, though this does not prevent edges from being gripped by the teeth.
Surgical and others
Other methods to prevent cribbing have included surgery, acupuncture, use of pharmaceuticals, operant feeding, and environmental enrichment.[26] However, a study found that the use of pharmaceuticals was expensive, less popular and less effective.[15]
One surgical technique is the modified Forssell's procedure in which muscles and nerves in the ventral neck region are cut as well as some muscle tissue being removed. This makes it more difficult for a horse to contract the larynx and exhibit cribbing. An adaptation of this technique using a laser has proved successful in preventing some cribbers from exhibiting the behavior, although this was less successful in horses which had been cribbers for more than three years prior to the surgery.[6] It has been found that this method was successful in 84.4% of cases.[6] For those that the surgery was not found to be effective, relapse time occurred within six months to two years after the surgery had taken place.[6]
References
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Malamed, R.; Berger, J.; Bain, M. J.; Kass, P.; Spier, S. J. (2010). "Retrospective evaluation of crib-biting and windsucking behaviours and owner-perceived behavioural traits as risk factors for colic in horses". Equine Veterinary Journal. 42 (8): 686–92. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00096.x. PMID 21039797.
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This page was last edited on 13 April 2024, at 23:57