Macau elects at the regional level its head of government and legislature. The Legislative Assembly is made up of 33 members, of whom 14 are elected by popular vote under proportional representation, 12 elected from functional constituencies and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive. The Chief Executive of Macau is returned by a 400-member Election Committee on five-year intervals.
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Transcription
Hello Internet The UK had an election we need to talk about because after the debates finished, the people voted and the ballots tallied the results were this: But parliament ended up looking like this: Which isn't, exactly, representative. And by not exactly, I mean at all. Red earned 30% of the vote and 36% of the seats, which is sort of close, but the rest is madness: Orange earned 8% of the vote but got one eighth of that while Yellow's 5% just about doubled, and purple earned 13% and got squat. Meanwhile blue's 37% of the people booted to 51% of the seats in parliament. The blue boost is even bigger when you consider that 51% of the seats gives basically 100% the control. How'd this happen? In the UK -- national elections aren't really national, they're a bunch of local elections. The UK is divided into constituencies, each of which elects one member of parliament (M.P.) to represent them. This local / national divide is where the trouble begins. Imagine a parliament with just three constituencies, and it's easy to see how it wouldn't always align with citizens. Some people think this sort of result is fine -- “it's all *about* winning local elections,” they’ll say. “Each M.P. represents their constituency.” And while the imbalance in this example is dumb, but it's the same problem in the real election and this same argument is given, but there are two more problems with it in reality land. 1) Few citizens have any idea who their MP is, they just know what party they voted for -- what party they want to represent their views on the national level. And pretending like it's a local election is a bit disingenuous. -- in practice it's an election for now the nation will run -- not really for who is going to represent a tiny part of it. and even if it were 2) The individual constituencies are worse at representing their citizens than parliament. Indulge this spreadsheet-loving nerd for a moment, will you? The difference between what a party earned at the polls and what they got in parliament is the amount of misrepresentation error. If we calculate all the errors for all the parties and add them up we can say the Parliament as a whole has 47% percentage points of misrepresentation error. That sounds bad looks like a utopian rainbow of diversity compared to any local election because the local elections have *one* winner. Out of the 650 constituencies 647 have a higher representation error than parliament. These are the only three that don't and they're really unusual for having so many of a single kind of voter in one place. Most places look the The Wrekin which is dead in the middle a mere one-hundred and one points off. Note that the winning candidate didn't reach a majority here. Which means more than half of constituencies elected their MP with a minority of voters. The worst is Belfast South at the bottom of the list. Hilariously unrepresentative. Less than a quarter of the voters get to speak for the entire place in parliament. This is the the lowest percentage an M.P. has ever been elected by. So when people argue that the UK election is a bunch of local elections 1) people don't act like it, and 2) It's even more of an argument that the elections are broken because they're worse on this level. These local elections are unrepresentative because of the terrible 'First Past the Post' voting system -- which I have complained mightily about and won't repeat everything here -- go watch the video -- but TL;DR it only 'works' when citizens are limited to two choices. Voting for any party except the biggest makes it more likely the biggest will win by a minority -- which is exactly what happened. That citizens keep voting for smaller parties despite knowing the result is against their strategic interests demonstrates the citizenry wants diverse representation -- but that successes is the very thing that's made this the most unrepresentative parliament in the history of the UK. People happy with the results argue the system is working fine -- of course they do. Their team won. Government isn't a sport where a singular 'winner' must be determined. It's a system to make rules that everyone follows and so, we need a system where everyone can agree the process is fair even if the results don't go in their favor. If you support a system that disenfranchises people you don't like and turbo-franchises people you do -- then it doesn't look like you sport representative democracy, it looks like you support a kind of dictatorship light. Where a small group of people (including you) makes the rules for everyone. But as it is now, on election day the more people express what they want the worse the system looks which makes them disengaged at best or angry at worst and GEE I CAN'T IMAGINE WHY. This is fixable, there are many, many better ways the UK could vote -- here are two that even keep local representatives. And fixing voting really matters, because this is a kind of government illegitimacy score -- and it's been going up and may continue to do so unless this fundamentally broken voting system is changed.
Voter registration and candidacy
Natural persons can register as an elector of direct suffrage to the Legislative Assembly if they:
- have reached 18 years of age;
- are permanent resident of Macau; and
- are not declared by Courts as incompetent persons, deprived of political rights or manifestly insane.
Legal persons can nominate at most 22 electors with natural person suffrage to exercise the collective's voting rights for indirect suffrage to the Legislative Assembly and the Election Committee if they:
- are confirmed to be operating within the specified sector for at least 4 years;
- have obtained legal personality for at least 7 years; and
- for the Election Committee elections, are not in office as the Chief Executive, Principal Officials, Judicial Magistrates, Public Ministers and Members of the Election Management Committee.
Natural persons registered as electors can run for elections of direct suffrage and indirect suffrage in the sector they belong to. Electors can also run for the Election Committee if they are not in office as the Chief Executive, Principal Officials, Judicial Magistrates, Public Ministers and Members of the Election Management Committee.
Legislative Assembly elections
Elections were held to return members of the Legislative Assembly since 1976. Members returned from direct suffrage and indirect suffrage have been elected under proportional representation with seats apportioned under the highest averages method using the D'Hondt method. Suffrage was opened to Macau Residents without Portuguese citizenship in 1984.
Compositions of elected seats in the Legislative Assembly are as follows:
1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2001 | 2005 | 2009 | 2013 | 2017 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Suffrage | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | |||||||
Indirect Suffrage | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | ||||||||
Total number of elected seats |
12 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 26 | |||||||
Total seats | 17 | 19 | 17 | 23 | 27 | 29 | 33 |
Chief Executive elections
Candidates of the Chief Executive are required to be nominated by at least 50 members of the Election Committee, before he is returned by the Election Committee with an absolute majority. The compositions of electoral colleges returning the Chief Executive are as follows:
1999 | 2004 | 2009 | 2014 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electoral College |
Selection Committee for Forming the 1st Government of the Macau SAR |
Election Committee | |||
Size of electorate |
200 | 300 | 400 |
Sector | Seats | Number of Electors[note 1] |
First Sector | ||
Industrial, Commercial and Financial | 120 | 977 |
Second Sector | ||
Cultural | 26 | 611 |
Educational | 29 | 279 |
Professional | 43 | 695 |
Sports | 17 | 639 |
Second Sector total | 115 | 2,224 |
Third Sector | ||
Labour | 59 | 1,072 |
Social Services | 50 | 1,462 |
Religious | 6 | Consultation among religious organisations |
Third Sector total | 115 | 2,534 |
Fourth Sector | ||
Representatives of Members of the Legislative Assembly | 22 | Elected according to rules made by the Legislative Assembly |
Macau Deputies to the National People's Congress | 12 | Ex officio |
Representatives of Macau Members of the CPPCC National Committee | 14 | Elected according to rules made by Members |
Representatives of Members of Municipal Organisations | 2 | Elected according to rules made by Municipal Organisations |
Fourth Sector total | 50 |
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "行政長官選舉委員會委員選舉投票情況". 行政長官選舉. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
External links
- Chief Executive Election Law (English translation)
- Chief Executive Election Law (Portuguese version)
- Chief Executive Election Law (Chinese version)