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Hyainailouridae Temporal range: 47.8–11.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N middle Eocene to middle Miocene

Comparison of various Early to Middle Miocene hyaenodonts, including the hyainailurids Hyainailouros sulzeri (top) and Megistotherium osteothlastes (center), and teratodontid Dissopsalis pyroclasticus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Superfamily:	†Hyainailouroidea
Family:	†Hyainailouridae Pilgrim, 1932^[1]
Type genus
†Hyainailouros ^{(polyphyletic genus)} Biedermann, 1863
Subfamilies
[see classification]
Synonyms
Hyaenaelurinae (Pilgrim, 1932) Pterodontidae (Polly, 1996)^[2] Pterodontinae (Polly, 1996)

Hyainailouridae ("hyena-cats") is a family of extinct predatory mammals within the superfamily Hyainailouroidea within extinct order Hyaenodonta. Hyaenodontids arose during the middle Eocene and persisted well into the middle Miocene. Fossils of this group have been found in Asia, Africa, North America and Europe.

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General characteristics

Hyainailourids are characterized by long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a plantigrade stance. They generally ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder. While some measured as much as 1.4 m high at the shoulder with head-body length up to 3.2 m and weighed up to 1,500 kg, most were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized dog. The anatomy of their skulls show that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for shearing, rather than crushing.

At least one hyainailourid lineage, Apterodontinae, was specialised for aquatic, otter-like habits.^[3]

Range

The oldest member of the Hyainailouridae is Orienspterodon from the middle Eocene of China.^[4] They were important hypercarnivores in Eurasia and Africa during the Oligocene, but gradually declined, with almost the entire family becoming extinct by the close of the Oligocene.^{[citation needed]} Only Simbakubwa, Megistotherium and several of its sister genera, including Hyainailouros and Sivapterodon, survived into the Miocene.^[5] Traditionally this has been attributed to competition with carnivorans, but no formal examination of the correlation between the decline of hyaenodontids and the expansion of carnivorans has been recorded, and the latter may simply have moved into vacant niches after the extinction of hyaenodontid species.

Classification and phylogeny

Relations

Hyainailouridae used to be considered a subfamily of Hyaenodontidae, but cladistic study by Sole et al., (2013, 2015) treats it as a distinct family. Two subfamilies are recognized, Apterodontinae and paraphyletic Hyainailourinae.^[6]^[7]

Taxonomy

Family: †Hyainailouridae (Pilgrim, 1932)
- (unranked): †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade
  - Genus: †Maocyon (Averianov, 2023)
    - †Maocyon peregrinus (Averianov, 2023)
  - Genus: †Orienspterodon (Egi, 2007)
    - †Orienspterodon dahkoensis (Chow, 1975)
- Subfamily: †Apterodontinae (Szalay, 1967)
  - Genus: †Apterodon (Fischer, 1880)
    - †Apterodon altidens (Schlosser, 1910)
    - †Apterodon gaudryi (Fischer, 1880)
    - †Apterodon langebadreae (Grohé, 2012)
    - †Apterodon macrognathus (Andrews, 1904)
    - †Apterodon rauenbergensis (Frey, 2010)
    - †Apterodon saghensis (Simons & Gingerich, 1976)
  - Genus: †Quasiapterodon (Lavrov, 1999)
    - †Quasiapterodon minutus (Schlosser, 1910)
- Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae ^{(paraphyletic subfamily)} (Pilgrim, 1932)
  - Genus: †Megistotherium (Savage, 1973)
    - †Megistotherium osteothlastes (Savage, 1973)
  - Genus: †Mlanyama (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
    - †Mlanyama sugu (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
  - Genus: †Pakakali (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
    - †Pakakali rukwaensis (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
  - Genus: †Simbakubwa (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
    - †Simbakubwa kutokaafrika (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
  - (unranked): †Akhnatenavus clade
    - Genus: †Akhnatenavus (Holroyd, 1999)
      - †Akhnatenavus leptognathus (Osborn, 1909)
      - †Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon (Borths, 2016)
    - Genus: †Hemipsalodon (Cope, 1885)
      - †Hemipsalodon grandis (Cope, 1885)
      - †Hemipsalodon viejaensis (Gustafson, 1986)
    - Genus: †Ischnognathus (Stovall, 1948)
      - †Ischnognathus savagei (Stovall, 1948)
  - Tribe: †Hyainailourini (Ginsburg, 1980)
    - Genus: †Exiguodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      - †Exiguodon pilgrimi (Savage, 1965)
    - Genus: †Falcatodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      - †Falcatodon schlosseri (Holroyd, 1999)
    - Genus: †Hyainailouros (Biedermann, 1863)
      - †Hyainailouros bugtiensis (Pilgrim, 1912)
      - †Hyainailouros napakensis (Ginsburg, 1980)
      - †Hyainailouros sulzeri (Biedermann, 1863)
    - Genus: †Parapterodon (Lange-Badré, 1979)
      - †Parapterodon lostangensis (Lange-Badré, 1979)
    - Genus: †Sectisodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      - †Sectisodon markgrafi (Holroyd, 1999)
      - †Sectisodon occultus (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
    - Genus: †Sivapterodon (Ginsburg, 1980)
      - †Sivapterodon lahirii (Pilgrim, 1932)
    - Subtribe: †Isohyaenodontina (Lavrov, 1999)
      - Genus: †Isohyaenodon (Savage, 1965)
        †Isohyaenodon andrewsi (Savage, 1965)
        
        †Isohyaenodon zadoki (Savage, 1965)
    - (unranked): †Pterodon clade
      - Genus: †Kerberos (Solé, 2015)
        †Kerberos langebadreae (Solé, 2015)
      - Subtribe: †Pterodontina (Lavrov, 1999)
        Genus: †Pterodon (Blainville, 1839)
        †Pterodon dasyuroides (Blainville, 1839)
      - Incertae sedis:
        †"Pterodon" syrtos (Holroyd, 1999)
    - Incertae sedis:
      - †"Pterodon" africanus (Andrews, 1903)
      - †"Pterodon" phiomensis (Osborn, 1909)
  - Tribe: †Leakitheriini (Lavrov, 1999)
    - Genus: †Leakitherium (Savage, 1965)
      - †Leakitherium hiwegi (Savage, 1965)
  - Tribe: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
    - Genus: †Metapterodon (Stromer, 1926)
      - †Metapterodon brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)
      - †Metapterodon kaiseri (Stromer, 1926)
      - †Metapterodon stromeri (Morales, 1998)
  - Tribe: †Paroxyaenini (Lavrov, 2007)
    - Genus: †Paroxyaena (Martin, 1906)
      - †Paroxyaena galliae (Filhol, 1881)
      - †Paroxyaena pavlovi (Lavrov, 2007)

References

^ Pilgrim G. E. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India". Palaeontologica Indica. 18 (1–232). doi:10.1017/S0016756800096448. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023.
^ P. D. Polly (1996). "The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 303–319. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2023.
^ Laudet, V.; Grohé, C.; Morlo, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Blondel, C.; Coster, P.; Valentin, X.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A. A.; Jaeger, J. J.; Brunet, M. (2012). "New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49054. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749054G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049054. PMC 3504055. PMID 23185292.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
^ Borths, M. R.; Stevens, N. J. (April 2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
^ Solé, Floréal; Lhuillier, Julie; Adaci, Mohammed; Bensalah, Mustapha; Mahboubi, M’hammed; Tabuce, Rodolphe (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.
^ Solé, Floréal; Amson, Eli; Borths, Matthew; Vidalenc, Dominique; Morlo, Michael; Bastl, Katharina (2015). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.

Mammals of clade Pan-Carnivora

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Scrotifera
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

Carnivoramorpha	See Carnivoramorpha below ↓
†Hyaenodonta	See Hyaenodonta below ↓
†Oxyaenodonta	See Oxyaenodonta below ↓
†Wyolestidae	†Wyolestes
†Simidectes †Altacreodus †Tinerhodon

†Hyaenodonta

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Hyaenodontidae	†Alienetherium †Boritia †Cartierodon †Consobrinus †Cynohyaenodon †Eurotherium †Hyaenodon †Leonhardtina †Matthodon †Neosinopa †Oxyaenoides †Paenoxyaenoides †Paracynohyaenodon †Praecodens †Preregidens †Prodissopsalis †Propterodon †Protoproviverra †Quercytherium

†Proviverridae

†Allopterodon
†Lesmesodon
†Minimovellentodon
†Morlodon
†Parvagula
†Proviverra

†Afro‑Arabian
clade

†Parvavorodon
†Tritemnodon
†Koholia

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia
†Indohyaenodon
†Yarshea

†Hyainailouroidea

†Hyainailouridae

†Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Maocyon
†Orienspterodon

†Apterodontinae

†Apterodon
†Quasiapterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Leakitherium †Megistotherium †Mlanyama †Metapterodon †Pakakali †Paroxyaena †Simbakubwa
†Akhnatenavus clade	†Akhnatenavus †Hemipsalodon †Ischnognathus
†Hyainailourini	†Exiguodon †Falcatodon †Hyainailouros †Parapterodon †Sectisodon †Sivapterodon †Isohyaenodon †Kerberos †Pterodon

†Prionogalidae

†Namasector
†Prionogale
†Thereutherium

†Teratodontinae

†Anasinopa
†Brychotherium
†Buhakia
†Dissopsalis
†Ekweeconfractus
†Furodon
†Kyawdawia
†Masrasector
†Metasinopa
†Paratritemnodon
†Teratodon

other representatives

†Eoproviverra †Gazinocyon †Pyrocyon
†Arfia clade	†Arfia
†Galecyon clade	†Galecyon
†Lahimia clade	†Boualitomus †Lahimia
†Limnocyonidae	†Iridodon †Limnocyon †Oxyaenodon †Prolaena †Prolimnocyon †Thinocyon
†Sinopidae	†Acarictis †Prototomus †Sinopa

ichnotaxa
of Hyaenodonta

†Creodontipus
†Dischidodacylus
†Sarcotherichnus
†Zanclonychopus
†Hyaenodontipus
†Quiritipes
†Sarjeantipes

†Oxyaenodonta

†Oxyaenidae

†Machaeroidinae	†Apataelurus †Diegoaelurus †Isphanatherium †Machaeroides
†Oxyaeninae	†Argillotherium †Dipsalidictis †Malfelis †Oxyaena †Patriofelis †Protopsalis †Sarkastodon
†Palaeonictinae	†Ambloctonus †Dipsalodon †Palaeonictis
†Tytthaeninae	†Tytthaena

Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoraformes
(Clade "A")

Clade "B"

†Messelogale †Miocyon †Simamphicyon †Uintacyon †Xinyuictis †Zodiocyon
†Quercygalidae	†Quercygale
†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade	†Eogale †Gracilocyon †Oodectes †Paramiacis †Paroodectes

Clade "C"

Clade "D"

†Ceruttia
†Harpalodon
†Lycarion
†Neovulpavus
†Procynodictis
†Prodaphaenus
†Tapocyon
†Walshius

Carnivora
(Clade "E")

Caniformia	(See Caniformia)
Feliformia	(See Feliformia)

other representatives

†Africtis
†Dawsonicyon
†Miacis

ichnotaxa of
Carnivoraformes

†Falcatipes

†Viverravoidea

†Viverravidae

†Orientictis †Pappictidops †Preonictis †Variviverra
†Didymictinae	†Bryanictis †Didymictis †Intyrictis †Pristinictis †Protictis †Raphictis
†Ictidopappinae	†Ictidopappus
†Viverravinae	†Simpsonictis †Viverravus †Viverriscus

Incertae sedis

†Ravenictis

This page was last edited on 27 November 2023, at 12:08

Hyainailouridae

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