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Ipomopsis aggregata

In the Wenatchee Mountains
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Polemoniaceae
Genus:	Ipomopsis
Species:	I. aggregata
Binomial name
*Ipomopsis aggregata* (Pursh) V.E.Grant
Subspecies
I. a. ssp. aggregata I. a. ssp. attenuata I. a. ssp. bridgesii I. a. ssp. candida I. a. ssp. collina I. a. ssp. formosissima I. a. ssp. weberi

Ipomopsis aggregata is a species of biennial flowering plant in the phlox family, Polemoniaceae, commonly known as scarlet trumpet,^{[citation needed]} scarlet gilia,^[1] or skyrocket because of its scarlet red flowers with lobes curving back as if blown back by rocketing through the air.^[2]

Description

Ipomopsis aggregata has characteristic red, trumpet-shaped flowers and basal leaves stemming from a single erect stem. Depending on elevation, height can range from 30 centimetres (12 inches) in Rocky Mountain alpine areas, to over 1.5 metres (5 feet) in areas of southern Texas. Trumpet flowers can range from white, red, orange-red, and pink.^[1] Pink flowers are especially common in high mesa areas of Colorado, such as the Flat Tops, Grand Mesa, or the Uncompahgre Plateau. Yellow flowers have been reported for plant but are extremely rare. Fernlike leaves are low to the ground, helping encourage warmth in colder areas, and have silver specks and a fine white pubescence. A well-known delicacy in nature, I. aggregata is well adapted to herbivory, as it can regrow multiple flowering stalks once lost. Although herbivory initially reduces seed and fruit count of the plant, intermediate herbivory and its stimulating factors could lead to the plant growing larger over time.

In its first year, the plant appears as a cluster of distinctive leaves, which collect energy into the taproot, from which it rapidly grows in its second year.^[1]

Chemistry

Patuletin glycosides can be found in I. aggregata as well as eupalitin and eupatolitin.^[3]

Taxonomy

Since its description in 1814 by Frederick Pursh, the plant has undergone many name modifications. The current scientific name of "Ipomopsis", Latin for "similar to Ipomoea" or morning glories, refers to its similarities between the morning glories' similar red tubular flowers. "Aggregata", "brought together" in Latin refers to its petal growing pattern. Common names include scarlet gilia, scarlet trumpet, and skyrocket. The potent smell from glands within its basal leaf formations grant it the name skunk flower. In some areas it is also called honeysuckle, owing to the shape of the flower and the droplet of nectar that can be enjoyed by picking off the flower and sucking it out of the basal end. The common name of Gilia (once a component of its scientific name) is pronounced "Jee-lee-uh", an Italian pronunciation, after its original namesake, Italian scientist and clergyman Filippo Luigi Gilii.

Synonyms include:

Cantua aggregata Pursh
Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng.

Distribution and habitat

Ipomopsis aggregata is native to western North America, growing mainly in mountains in the west-central to western regions and ranging from British Columbia to Mexico.^[4]

Ecology

Ipomopsis aggregata is pollinated most commonly by long-tongued moths and hummingbirds, although others can be seen. Basal leaves overwinter, even in subalpine areas of the Rocky Mountains. The plant blooms in late spring to early summer, and into fall if weather conditions are favorable. Optimal growing conditions include little water, part shade, and sandy soil. Although defined as hermaphroditic, Ipomopsis aggregata has shown sex allocation in flowering months, with phenotypic sex reaching a proportion of 0.77 female components to male.

Elk and mule deer commonly feed on I. aggregata.

Current research

The plant is currently being used to better understand pollination factors. Researchers used fluorescent particles on flowers to create pollen analogs to track pollinating hummingbirds. This ultimately gains insight into cross pollination techniques carried out by pollinating bodies. Further, it is a model for pollinator-mediated selection and spatial genetic patterns.^[5]

Uses

Some Plateau Indian tribes boiled it as a drink for kidney health.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 114. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
^ Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, Karen Wiese, 2nd ed., 2013, p. 107
^ Smith, D.M.; Glennie, C.W.; Harborne, J.B. (1971). "Identification of eupalitin, eupatolitin and patuletin glycosides in Ipomopsis aggregata". Phytochemistry. 10 (12): 3115–3120. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97361-8.
^ Hitchcock, C.L. and Cronquist, A. 2018. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition, p. 386. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
^ Stearns, F.; Boles, S.; Hurston, H.; Vo, T.; Butler, D.; Shuham, W.; Juenger, T. (2008). "Identification of nuclear microsatellite loci for Ipomopsis aggegata and the distribution of pairwise relatedness in a natural population". Molecular Ecology Resources. 8 (2): 437–439. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01984.x. PMID 21585814. S2CID 26401653.
^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.