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Kaitag language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with with the Kajtak dialect of Judeo-Tat.
Kaitag
Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan
хайдакьан кув
Pronunciation[χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionDagestan
EthnicityKaitags
Native speakers
approx. 30,000 (2020)[1]
Northeast Caucasian
Dialects
  • Upper Kaitag
  • Lower Kaitag
  • Shari (may be a separate language)
Cyrillic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3xdq
Glottologkajt1238
  Kaitag
A speaker of Kaitag.

Kaitag (Kaitag: Хайдакьан кув [χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).[2] Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari, the latter of which may be a separate but closely related language.[3]

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Transcription

Dialects

The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.[4]

  • Upper Kaitag – Хъар Хайдакь (south-west).
    • Shurkkant – "The Cliff Dwellers" – Шурккант.
    • Qattagan – "The Gorge Dwellers" – Къаттагне.
    • Irchamul – "The Land of Nine" – Ирчӏамул.
  • Lower Kaitag – Ххьар Хайдакь.
    • Barshamai – Баршамаӏъган.
    • Karatsan – Гъаӏрцӏнила.
    • Jibahni – Чӏивгьаӏн.
    • Sanchi – Сунклан.
  • Shari – Шаӏръи.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
close u
near-close ɪ
open-mid ɛ
near-open æ
open ɑ

Consonants

Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative, which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].[5]

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain labialized plain labialized plain labialized plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal m n
Plosive voiced b d g gʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰʷ qʰ qʰʷ
fortis pː tː kː kːʷ qː qːʷ
ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ kʼʷ qʼ qʼʷ
Affricate aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃʰʷ
fortis t͡sː t͡ʃː t͡ʃːʷ
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʼʷ
Fricative voiced β z ʒ ʒʷ ʁ ʁʷ
plain s ʃ ʃʷ ç çʷ χ χʷ h hʷ
fortis sː ʃː ʃːʷ çː çːʷ χː χːʷ
Trill r
Approximant l j

Alphabet

The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):

а

[ɑ~a]

аӏ

[æ]

б

[b]

в

[β]

г

[g]

гв

[gʷ]

гъ

[ʁ]

гъв

[ʁʷ]

гь

[h]

гьв

[hʷ]

д

[d]

е

[ɛ~e]

ж

[ʒ]

жв

[ʒʷ]

з

[z]

и

[ɪ~i]

й

[j]

к

[kʰ]

кв

[kʰʷ]

кк

[kː]

ккв

[kːʷ]

кӏ

[kʼ]

кӏв

[kʼʷ]

хъ

[qʰ]

хъв

[qʰʷ]

къ

[qː]

къв

[qːʷ]

кь

[qʼ]

кь

[qʼʷ]

л

[l]

м

[m]

н

[n]

п

[pʰ]

пп

[pː]

пӏ

[pʼ]

с

[s]

сс

[sː]

т

[tʰ]

тт

[tː]

тӏ

[tʼ]

у

[u]

х

[χ]

хв

[χʷ]

хх

[χː]

ххв

[χːʷ]

хь

[ç]

хьв

[çʷ]

ххь

[çː]

ххьв

[çːʷ]

ц

[t͡sʰ]

цц

[t͡sː]

цӏ

[t͡sʼ]

ч

[t͡ʃʰ]

чв

[t͡ʃʰʷ]

чч

[t͡ʃː]

ччв

[t͡ʃːʷ]

чӏ

[t͡ʃʼ]

чӏв

[t͡ʃʼʷ]

ш

[ʃ]

шв

[ʃʷ]

шш

[ʃː]

шшв

[ʃːʷ]

ъ

[ʔ]

Lexicon

Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan, there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.

Swadesh list for Kaitag
No. English Kaitag
1 I ду [du]
2 you (singular) и [(ʔ)ɪ]
3 he гье [hɛ]
4 we нисса [nisːɑ] (excl.), ниххьва [niçːʷɑ] (incl.)
5 you (plural) нишша [niʃːɑ]
6 they гьетти [hetːɪ]
7 this гьеж [hɛʒ]
8 that гьет [hɛtʰ]
9 here гьежин [hɛʒɪn]
10 there гьетин [hɛtʰɪn]
11 who ча [t͡ʃʰɑ]
12 what ци [t͡sʰɪ]
13 where квацци [kʰʷɑt͡sːɪ]
14 when цикъел [t͡sʰɪqːɛl]
15 how цигле [t͡sʰɪglɛ]
16 not аккву [ɑkːʷu] (n.), а(й)- [ɑ(j)-] (v.)
17 all сукке [sukːɛ]
18 many дахъ [dɑqʰ]
19 some чумилра [t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ]
20 few кам [kʰɑm]
21 other дикӏар [dɪkʼɑr]
22 one ца [t͡sʰɑ]
23 two чӏве [t͡ʃʼʷɛ]
24 three аӏв [æβ]
25 four угъ [uʁ]
26 five шве [ʃʷɛ]
27 big хвала [χʷɑlɑ]
28 long ухъен [uqʰɛn]
29 wide баӏъу[bæʔu]
30 thick буцц [but͡sː]
31 heavy декӏ [dɛkʼ]
32 small никӏва [nɪkʼʷɑ]
33 short кутӏ [kutʼ]
34 narrow гъваӏрцӏ [ʁʷærcʼ]
35 thin букӏал [bukʼɑl]
36 woman ххьулум [çːulum]
37 man (adult male) мургул[murgul]
38 man (human being) мейдам [mɛjdɑm]
39 child даӏргьаӏ [dærhæ]
40 wife ххьади [çːɑdɪ]
41 husband сув [suβ]
42 mother уба [ubɑ]
43 father атта [ɑtːɑ]
44 animal мицӏираг [mɪcʼɪrɑg]
45 fish кӏас [kʼɑs]
46 bird ахьлиъаӏн [ɑçlɪʔæn]
47 dog ххваӏ [χːʷæ]
48 louse нез [nɛz]
49 snake цӏецӏи [cʼɛcʼɪ]
50 worm милкъваӏ [mɪlqːʷæ]
51 tree ккалкка [kːɑlkːɑ]
52 forest дуцца [dut͡sːɑ]
53 stick миргъаӏ [mɪrʁæ]
54 fruit удар [udɑr]
55 seed шва [ʃʷɑ]
56 leaf кӏаппар [kʼɑpːɑr]
57 root йамппа [jɑmpːɑ]
58 bark (of a tree) кам [kɑm]
59 flower жуже [ʒuʒɛ]
60 grass кьар [qʼɑr]

References

  1. ^ Kaitag at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Ronald Wixman, Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook, Routledge, 28 Jul 2017, p.89
  3. ^ Муталов, Расул Османович (2021-03-07). "КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДАРГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ДИАЛЕКТОВ". Sociolingvistika. 3 (7): 8–25. doi:10.37892/2713-2951-3-7-8-25. ISSN 2713-2951.
  4. ^ Temirbulatova, Sapiyahanum (2006). Kaitag dialect of Dargwa. Makhachkala: Dagestani State University. pp. 5–22.
  5. ^ Temirbulatova, Sapiyahanum (2006). Kaitag dialect of Dargwa. Makhachkala: Dagestani State University. pp. 26–30.

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This page was last edited on 7 September 2024, at 03:58
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