![]() Former Kayapó chief Tuíre Kayapó | |
Total population | |
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8,638 (2010)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
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Languages | |
Kayapo language |
The Kayapo (Portuguese: Caiapó [kajaˈpɔ]) people are the indigenous people in Brazil who inhabit a vast area spreading across the states of Pará and Mato Grosso, south of the Amazon River and along the Xingu River and its tributaries. This pattern has given rise to the nickname the Xingu tribe.[1] They are one of the various subgroups of the great Mebêngôkre nation (people from the water’s source).[2] The term "Kayapo" is used by neighbouring groups rather than the Kayapo themselves. They refer to outsiders as "Poanjos".
The type of sweet potato that forms an important part of the Kayapó diet is sometimes named "caiapo", after the tribe.[3] It is cultivated under that name in Japan, and has been found to have health benefits.[4]
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Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest
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The Kayapo: Out of the Forest Preview
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Língua Kayapó (Mebengokre) - Fascinante língua indígena brasileira
Transcription
(piano music) - [Voiceover] I'm in the British Museum with Jago Cooper, and we're looking at this gorgeous, brilliant yellow headdress. - [Voiceover] So yeah, this is a Kayapo headdress. It's actually quite big. It's probably almost a meter in height and maybe 60cm in width. - [Voiceover] The interior space is larger than a human head. - [Voiceover] It is, but surprisingly this was actually worn by children. So, this is a headdress that is used as a rite of passage ceremony. There would have been a string across the middle, and it would be wrapped around the child's head. - [Voiceover] It's in such good condition. - [Voiceover] This object came in in 1990. So it's actually quite a recent acquisition. - [Voiceover] So this is not an ancient object. This is a 20th century object. - [Voiceover] Exactly right. It came in in 1990, after a lot of tension on the Kayapo about a dam building project in the region that brought the world's attention to this very, very remote place. - [Voiceover] And this is because these people were being displaced by a dam. - [Voiceover] There was a plan to build a dam in the region off the water tributes of the Xingu, and so these people became the focus of the world's attention. - [Voiceover] And the Xingu is a tributary of the Amazon River. - [Voiceover] Right. So we're basically in the south central portion of the Amazon, between the upper and lower Amazon, and the Xingu is a big river which runs from the south into the Amazon, and the Kayapo live on the tributaries and on the banks of the Xingu. This is a river and landscape in deep tropical forests. However, as expansion, and drive of industrialized life has encroached on the Amazon, this is one of those tribes who's been impacted upon. - [Voiceover] So what we're seeing is an object that is from the 20th century, from an industrial era but from a people that have one foot in ancient culture and are also very cognizant of the way their world is changing. - [Voiceover] Absolutely. What this object represents is a way of life that has existed for thousands of years, and the continuation of those practices. But it comes from a time period of great change. - [Voiceover] These yellow feathers are gorgeous. Are they dyed? Or are these natural colors? - [Voiceover] These are all natural colors. So you do get some feathers which are dyed by peoples in different parts of the world, but in the Amazon, because you get such wonderful birds, and such beautiful, brilliant colors, there's no need to dye them. So those red and blue feathers at the top are from a Macaw. And the yellow feathers are from a Psarocolius Decumanus. It's the scientific name for these species of birds. - [Voiceover] I don't have those in my backyard. - [Voiceover] No, I don't think many people do. It's incredible also thinking about the number of birds which are often used to create one of these. - [Voiceover] When feathers are really precious things, sometimes the birds are actually cultivated. They're not hunted in the wild always. Do we know what the case is for this? - [Voiceover] I don't know whether these were domesticated birds. But I think what's interesting about that question is that it provides a different framework for understanding what is a domesticated animal. Because are these living in cages? No. But are they brought in and sort of slightly domesticated by being fed and brought into the region and looked after? And not hunted? So it's about looking at the cultural practices which look after the flora and fauna around the community. That the animals and birds that live in the community. And that ties in with this theme of environmental management. - [Voiceover] It's really interesting, because from my western perspective, I immediately think of either something being, basically, caged or hunted. So there's this really much more respectful middle ground. - [Voiceover] And this is fundamental to this whole culture. They feel they've managed this landscape successfully for thousands of years. And therefore they don't want change, and the fact that they're there and living such good lives is proof of that. - [Voiceover] So how was this used? What does this mean? - [Voiceover] So these objects are not normally worn everyday. This particular featherwork and other types of headdress are used for special occasions, and therefore the symbology that the symbols are held within this object have particular meaning. So we know that these objects are used for rites of passage, often in a naming ceremony, when the child would be given names, often at quite a young age. And the child would be given this headdress to wear. - [Voiceover] This is before adolescence. - [Voiceover] Yes, before adolescence. Every time that you look at an object you look through your own cultural references. These people look at a bird. When they see this, they see the birds. They see the life of that bird and the myths surrounding that bird and that is what they see. They see their own cultural references, which are very focused in the forest. - [Voiceover] And so the feathers of a particular bird are not simply being used for their color, but they're also being used for what the bird itself signifies. - [Voiceover] Yes. And also the object, how it's created, who's made this object ... Is it made by the family, or by a priest? That is the meaning of the object, so when the person looks at it ... - [Voiceover] So let's take a really close look at it. The feathers are closely overlapped so there's this real dense quality to that color. It's so saturated. And the quills are then bound together, first with red thread, and then blue, and then they disappear under this really complicated series of flat reeds. - [Voiceover] Everything is made from natural plant materials and animals. So this is a tradition of techniques that could have gone back for thousands of years. There's no sort of European introduced technology going on here. It's showing how these technologies are passed down through the generations. And so it's combining the feathers with plant materials and naturally produced fibers that bind it all together. - [Voiceover] Here we're seeing it laid flat. But I'm trying to imagine what it would be like if it were suspended by a string from a child's head who's moving around. The feather would be catching the wind. It's flat and it would function a little like a sail. And so this is all in motion. - [Voiceover] Absolutely. You can see the lights reflecting off it there. And that gives every object a different quality. (piano music)
Location
The Kayapo tribe lives alongside the Xingu River in the most east part of the Amazon Rainforest, in the Amazon basin, in several scattered villages ranging in population from one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil.[5] Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland) and is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the entire world, covering 11,346,326 hectares of Neotropical forests and scrubland containing many endangered species.[6] They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. The larger rivers feed into numerous pools and creeks, most of which lack official names.
In 2018, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people,[1] which is an increase from 7,096 in 2003.[7] Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin, Gorotire, Mekranoti and Metyktire. Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues.[8]
Name
The term Kayapo, also spelled Caiapó or Kaiapó, came from neighboring peoples in the early 19th century and means "those who look like monkeys". This name is probably based on a Kayapó men's ritual involving monkey masks. The autonym for one village is Mebêngôkre, which means "the men from the water hole." Other names for them include Gorotire, Kararaô, Kuben-Kran-Krên, Kôkraimôrô, Mekrãgnoti, Metyktire, and Xikrin.[9]
Culture
The Kayapo use intricate black body paint covering their entire bodies. They believe that their ancestors learned their social skills from insects, so they paint their bodies to mimic them and to better communicate with the Spirit that exists everywhere. The black body paint also allows them to blend into their surroundings when hunting in the forests. To help find their way through the forest, the Kayapo paint their legs with red pigment that rubs off on the surrounding terrain.[10] The colors that a Kayapo wears is representative of their tribe's colors.
Older generations of Kayapo men wear disks in their lower lips, but the practice is less common among younger Kayapo men.[2] The men adorn themselves with radiating feathers, representing the universe, in their hair. Kayapo men also can be seen with rope in their hair, to represent the rope which the first Kayapo used to arrive from the sky.[11] Traditionally, Kayapo men cover their lower bodies with sheaths.[clarification needed] Due to increased contact with outside cultures, contemporary Kayapo often wear Western-style clothing such as shorts. Kayapo chiefs wear a headdress made out of bright yellow feathers to represent the rays of the sun.[11] The feathers used in their headdresses are from birds native to their area such as hyacinth macaw and crested oropendola. The birds found in the Amazon are naturally bright-colored; the Kayapo do not dye the feathers.[12] Kayapo children wear cloth or beaded bands with colors representing their tribes. Typically these bands are tied below the waist or crisscrossed around the torso. When a child comes of age, they go through a naming ceremony in which they wear large yellow headdresses.
Kayapo women can be distinguished by the V shape shaved into their hair.[11]
Language
The Kayapo speak the Kayapo language, which belongs to the Jê language family. They are split into many groups, resulting in different dialects of their language. The Kayapo value oratory highly, calling themselves those who speak beautifully (Kaben mei) when compared to other indigenous groups. Beauty is valued highly in the Kayapo culture. A beautiful name is seen as a sign of wealth. The tribe will move and re-construct their camp in order to find the materials required to undertake the naming ceremony eg. Sufficient food sources for celebration must be gathered and presented to the father of the newborn.[13] During certain occasions, Kayapo men may speak as if someone is punching them in the stomach. The Kayapo possess varying knowledge of Portuguese, depending on the individual groups and their history of contact with outsiders.
Land control and environmental issues
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The Kayapo have incorporated a great deal of traditional myth, ritual and cosmology[14] into their practices honouring the importance of the earth's relationship with the people. Threats to the forest home of the Kayapo have been an area of extreme concern in the last 30 years, beginning with mining and logging enterprises which threatened to destroy the rainforest, and thus the Kayapo's way of life. In the village of Gorotire, the Kayapo made a deal with prospectors that mining could take place as long as they received a percentage of the mining proceeds and had their territory demarcated.[15] The gold mining operation was initially seen as a positive development, which brought money into the local economy. With money filtering into the economy, better housing, improved education and a resulting level of health were achieved. However, the initial benefits of mining also resulted in high levels of pollution in the area which seeped into water ways and nearby river banks[15] and decimated local fish populations with high quantities of mercury.[16] In addition to striking environmental threats, social habits began to change with the introduction of outside influences in the area. Men began to spend more time in town drinking, and engaging in "conspicuous consumption and womanising."[15] This increased interaction with outside groups elevated the levels of disease, which posed an imminent threat to the people because of their relative seclusion and limited access to medical care. In addition, the diminishing resource base caused conflicts between the Kayapo and neighbouring villages which often resulted in explosive and long standing disputes.[16] The Kayapo people used forceful tactics to banish loggers and miners in some areas, as well as to establish themselves as an economic force. Developers ranging from gold miners to soy farmers and cattle ranchers were often killed.[5]
In 1987, new land issues arose when the government proposed a series of hydroelectric dams to be built in the Xingu River area, namely the Belo Monte Dam. These dams were an imminent threat to the Kayapo with the potential to displace upwards of 20,000 people from their lands.[17] Under the leadership of Paulinho Paiakan, the Altamira Gathering was orchestrated by the Kayapo, drawing media attention worldwide. This demonstration, staged at the planned site for the first dam in Altamira, Pará, lasted several days and brought much pressure upon both the World Bank and the Brazilian government.[18] The Altamira gathering brought the Kayapo, as well as other Indigenous Brazilian Peoples and their supporters into a forum where discussion could be had about how to protect the environment and the native peoples.[19] The Kayapo demanded information that was being withheld by the government relating to the negative consequences for their people who would be directly affected by the construction of the dam, as well as rural Brazilians in the Xingu River area, who they felt were not receiving adequate and fair information.[14] The Kayapo continued to fight adversity and retaliated using traditional war oratory and dances, proving that they were not only capable of "effectively reintegrating their society, (but) also of adapting their organization and culture to manipulate the mass media that covered the demonstration".[19] The Kayapo attended the meeting to protest the hydroelectric dam development whilst in traditional costume and wielding machetes. Perhaps "the most dramatic single image to emerge from this tumultuous gathering was that of Tuíra, a female indigenous leader, angrily waving a machete in the face of engineer José Antônio Muniz Lópes (later president of Eletronorte, the state power company in charge of the dam), which had worldwide repercussions and probably influenced further postponement of the project".[17]
An important media element of the presentations was the appearance of the rock star Sting during the demonstration. Sting continued to support the Kayapo in their efforts to protect their land, and in 1989 he founded the Rainforest Foundation Fund. Three years later, the first privately funded demarcation of the Brazilian indigenous reserve was made possible by the RFF.[15] In 2008, they were again threatened by secretive government plans to build a series of hydroelectric dams on their land. The Belo Monte Dam resurfaced, and would be built on the Xingu River, the homeland to many Kayapo people. The Construction plans continue to be fought by the Kayapo people.[20] Government corruption continues to weaken the resistance efforts of the indigenous and opposition forces within the government.[21] Kayapo leaders protesting the creation of the dam are constantly threatened, and some have been killed by developers and land prospectors.[17] Because of the nature of the circumstances, these crimes are rarely punished.
The forest is the home of the Kayapo and they rely on its bounty for their food and medicinal needs. Rivers are essential to their way of life and gold mining in Brazil is polluting the rivers, while the proposed Belo Monte Dam project would use up vast amounts of resources essential to the survival and livelihood of the Kayapo and would severely impact fishing conditions.[17] Between 18,000-25,000 (indirectly associated) jobs will be created by the construction of the dam.[17] These numbers will have a vast and far reaching implication on population growth in the area which has the very real potential to put even more pressure on the fragile forest infrastructure and ever decreasing natural resource base, escalating concerns of flooding and deforestation in particular.
Botany and agriculture
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The resource patterns of the Kayapo are non-destructive to the resource base but require a very large area of land.[6] The Kayapo people use shifting cultivation, a type of farming where land is cultivated for a few years, after which the people move to a new area. New farmland is cleared and the old farm is allowed to lie fallow and replenish itself.[22] The particular type of shifting agriculture employed most frequently by the Kayapo is the slash and burn technique. This process allows forested areas to be cut down and burned in order for cultivation of the lands to take place. These “new fields” “peak in production of principal domesticated crops in two or three years but continue to reproduce for many years; e.g., sweet potatoes for four to five years, yams and taro for five to six years, manioc for four to six years, and papaya for five or more years”.[6] Old fields are important for their concentration of medicinal plants.[6] With the spread of indigenous groups, trail-side plantings and “forest fields” were also used for cultivating crops.[6] Trails systems were extensive in the area and were used for transporting and growing crops along their margins. The field system was done by utilizing either naturally occurring or man made clearings in the forest for crop cultivation which required little maintenance afterward.[19] The Kayapo also cultivated “war gardens” which were hidden plots used as a resource in times of food scarcity.[19]
The Kayapo use approximately 250 different food plants and 650 different medicinal plants that they find around their village.[23]
They also have trade agreements with The Body Shop.[24]
See also
- Raoni Metuktire, Kayapo chief and environmentalist
- Terra preta, dark, fertile artificial soil found in the Amazon Basin
References
- ^ a b c d "Mebêngôkre (Kayapó)". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
- ^ a b Posey, Darrell A (2002). Kayapó Ethnoecology and Culture. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27791-4. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
- ^ "Caiapo Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Shows Beneficial Effects of Improving Insulin Resistance". BioFoundations. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^
- ^ a b Dowie, Mark (2009). "Chapter 15". Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict between Global Conservation and Native People. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01261-4.
- ^ a b c d e Posey, Darrel A. (2008). "Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems: The Case of the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon". In Dove, Michael R.; Carpenter, C. (eds.). Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1125-6.
Part 1.1.
- ^ "Bruce Parry's Amazon - About The Journey - The Kayapo". BBC UK. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ Popovic, Mislav. "Kayapo". Traditions And Customs. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ "Name: Kayapo". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ National Geographic (2014-03-31), Martin Schoeller: Kayapo Warrior Tribe | Nat Geo Live, retrieved 2016-12-19
- ^ a b c "Kayapo | TraditionsCustoms.com". traditionscustoms.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- ^ Smarthistory. art, history, conversation. (2014-11-25), Kayapó Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest, retrieved 2016-12-19
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Turner, Terence (1989). "Kayapo - Out of the Forest" (Documentary). Granada Studios. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
- ^ a b Conway, Jill K.; Keniston, Kenneth; Marx, Leo (1999). Earth, Air, Fire, Water: Humanistic Studies of the Environment. The University of Massachusetts Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781558492219. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
altamira encounter.
, p. 157. - ^ a b c d Rabben, L. (1998). "Chapter 3". Unnatural Selection: The Yanomami, the Kayapo, and the Onslaught of Civilisation. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97745-0.
- ^ a b Zanotti, L.; Chernela, J. (November 2008). "Conflicting Cultures of Nature: Ecotourism, Education and the Kayapo of the Brazilian Amazon". Tourism Geographies. 10 (4): 495–521. doi:10.1080/14616680802434114. S2CID 154911916.
- ^ a b c d e Hall, Anthony; Branford, Sue (6 July 2012). "Development, Dams and Dilma: the Saga of Belo Monte". Critical Sociology. 38 (6): 851–862. doi:10.1177/0896920512440712. S2CID 146445626.
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- ^ Clendenning, Alan (May 21, 2008). "Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Posey, Darrel A. (1994). "Chapter 12: Environmental and Social Implications of Pre- and Postcontact Situations on Brazilian Indians: The Kayapo and a New Amazonian Synthesis". In Roosevelt, A. (ed.). Amazonian Indians: From Prehistory to the Present. The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1436-4.
- ^ International, Survival. "Belo Monte dam".
- ^ Windh, Jacqueline (3 June 2011). "The Brazilian tribe that played by our rules, and lost". The Guardian.
- ^ Wilson, Edward O., ed. (1988). Biodiversity, Part 3. National Academies Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-309-03739-5.
- ^ McConnell, Douglas John (2003). The forest farms of Kandy: and other gardens of complete design. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 0-7546-0958-8.
- ^ "Kayapo: The Body Shop states its case". Retrieved January 16, 2012.
External links
Media related to Caiapós at Wikimedia Commons