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G minor
Component pitches

Relative key	B♭ major
Parallel key	G major
Dominant key	D minor
Subdominant	C minor
G, A, B♭, C, D, E♭, F

G minor has been considered the key through which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart best expressed sadness and tragedy,^[1] and many of his minor key works are in G minor. Though Mozart touched on various minor keys in his symphonies, G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies.

In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B♭ alto.^[2] Another convention of G minor symphonies observed in Mozart's No. 25 and No. 40 was the choice of the subdominant of the relative key (B♭ major), E♭ major, for the slow movement; other non-Mozart examples of this practice include J. C. Bach Op. 6, No. 6, from 1769, Haydn's No. 39 (1768/69) and Johann Baptist Wanhal's G minor symphony sometime before 1771 (Bryan Gm1).^[3]

Isolated sections in this key within Mozart's compositions may also evoke an atmosphere of grand tragedy, one example being the stormy G minor middle section to the otherwise serene B♭ major slow movement in the Piano Concerto No. 20.

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List of works in G minor

God is our refuge, K. 20
Andante from Symphony No. 5, K. 22
Fugue in G minor, K. 154 (385k) (organ)
Allegro from String Quartet No. 6, K. 159
Symphony No. 25, K. 183/173dB
"Vorrei punirti indegno" from La finta giardiniera, K. 196
"Agnus Dei" from Missa Brevis No. 9, K. 275/272b
Allegro in G minor, K. 312/189i/590d (first movement of an unfinished sonata)
6 Variations in G minor on "Helas, j'ai perdu mon amant", K. 360 (violin and piano)
Andante con moto from Violin Sonata in E-flat major, K. 380
"Rex tremendae", and "Domine Jesu Christe" (Andante con moto, G minor) from Requiem in D minor, K. 626
Fugue in G minor, K. 401/375e (organ)
Andante un poco sostenuto from Piano Concerto No. 18, K. 456
Der Zauberer, K. 472
Piano Quartet No. 1, K. 478
String Quintet in G minor, K. 516
Symphony No. 40, K. 550
"Ach, ich fühl's" from The Magic Flute, K. 620

References

^ Hellmut Federhofer, Foreword to the Bärenreiter Urtext of Mozart's Piano Quartet in G minor. Kassel: Bärenreiter Verlag (1958), p. iv. "G-Moll war für Mozart zeitlebens die Schicksaltonart, die ihm für den Ausdruck des Schmerzes und der Tragik am geeignetsten erschien." ["G minor was, for Mozart, the most suitable fate-key throughout his life for the expression of pain and tragedy."]
^ H. C. Robbins Landon, Mozart and Vienna. New York: Schirmer Books (1991): 48. "Writing for four horns was a regular part of the Sturm und Drang G minor equipment." Robbins Landon also notes that Mozart's No. 40 was first intended to have four horns.
^ James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy, Elements of Sonata Theory (Oxford University Press: 2006) p. 328