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Pan frying or pan-frying is a form of frying food characterized by the use of minimal cooking oil or fat (compared to shallow frying or deep frying), typically using just enough to lubricate the pan.^[1] In the case of a greasy food such as bacon, no oil or fats may need to be added. As a form of frying, the technique relies on oil or fat as the heat transfer medium,^[1] and on correct temperature and time to not overcook or burn the food.^[2] Pan frying can serve to retain the moisture in foods such as meat and seafood.^[3] The food is typically flipped at least once to ensure that both sides are cooked properly.^[4]

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Specifics

Pan frying takes place at lower heat than sautéing.^[5]^[6] This is because the food to be pan fried – such as chicken breasts, steak, pork chops, or fish fillets – is not cut into small pieces before cooking. It requires a lower heat so that the exterior of the food does not overcook by the time the interior reaches the proper temperature, and to keep foods in a moister state.^[5] However, the oil should always be hot enough to ensure that the moisture in the food can escape in the form of steam; the force of the steam escaping keeps the oil from soaking into the food.^[7] The same amount of oil is used as for sautéing – just enough to glaze the pan.

Equipment

Generally, a shallower cooking vessel is used for pan frying than for deep frying; however, using a deep pan with a small amount of oil, butter or bacon grease does reduce spatter. A denser cooking vessel is better than a less dense pan because the added mass will improve temperature regulation. An electric skillet can be used analogously to an electric deep fryer, and many of these devices have a thermostat to keep the liquid (in this case, oil) at the desired temperature.

Breading

Foods to be pan fried are sometimes covered with a batter or breading.^[8]^[9] Batters consist of dried ingredients such as flour or cornstarch in conjunction with liquids such as milk, water or other beverages. Breading can be as simple as dusting the food in flour or, more commonly, what is called the "standard breading procedure",^[8] which involves first dusting the food in flour (taking care to shake off the excess), then dipping it in beaten eggs, and finally putting it into bread crumbs (or some other form of outer coating).^[8] The food is seasoned with salt and pepper prior to applying any coating. Allowing the food to rest for 15–30 minutes before frying but after applying the breading enables the coating to stick to the food with greater tenacity.

References

^ ^a ^b McGinnis, S.M. (2006). Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of California: Revised Edition. California Natural History Guides. University of California Press. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-520-23728-5. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Boskou, D.; Elmadfa, I. (2016). Frying of Food: Oxidation, Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Antioxidants, Biologically Active Compounds and High Temperatures, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-4398-0683-8. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Publishing, DK (2005). The Cook's Book: Techniques and tips from the world's master chefs. DK Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7566-6560-9. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Kho, K.L.; Horton, J. (2015). Phoenix Claws and Jade Trees: Essential Techniques of Authentic Chinese Cooking. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-385-34469-2. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Gisslen, W.; Griffin, M.E.; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs. John Wiley & Sons. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-471-66377-5. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Brown, A.C. (2014). Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation. Cengage Learning. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-285-95449-3. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ "The Difference Between Saute, Pan Fry and Stir Fry". The Reluctant Gourmet. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gisslen, W. (2010). Professional Cooking, College Version. John Wiley & Sons. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-470-19752-3. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ Marcus, J.B. (2013). Culinary Nutrition: The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking. Elsevier Science. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-12-391883-3. Retrieved April 23, 2017.

External links

Media related to Pan-fried food at Wikimedia Commons

Cooking techniques

List of cooking techniques

Dry

Conduction	Dry roasting Hot salt frying Searing
Convection	Baking Roasting (modern) Smoking Barbecue
Radiation	Charbroiler Grilling (charbroiling) Roasting (traditional) Rotisserie Toasting

Wet

High heat	Blanching Boiling Decoction Parboiling Shocking Reduction
Low heat	Coddling Creaming Infusion Poaching Simmering Slow cooking Smothering Steeping Stewing
Indirect heat	Bain-marie (Double boiling) Sous-vide Double steaming Steaming

Fat-based

High heat	Basting Blackening Browning Frying Deep frying Pan frying Shallow frying Stir frying Sautéing
Low heat	Gentle frying Sweating

Mixed medium

Device-based

Non-heat

Pan frying

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