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Peter S. Grosscup

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peter Stenger Grosscup
Judge Peter S. Grosscup as he appeared at the time of the 1894 Pullman Strike
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
In office
January 23, 1899 – October 23, 1911
Appointed byWilliam McKinley
Preceded byJohn William Showalter
Succeeded bySamuel Alschuler
Judge of the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit
In office
January 23, 1899 – October 23, 1911
Appointed byWilliam McKinley
Preceded byJohn William Showalter
Succeeded bySeat abolished
Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
In office
December 20, 1892 – February 1, 1899
Appointed byBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byHenry Williams Blodgett
Succeeded byChristian Cecil Kohlsaat
Personal details
Born
Peter Stenger Grosscup

(1852-02-15)February 15, 1852
Ashland, Ohio
DiedOctober 1, 1921(1921-10-01) (aged 69)
at sea
EducationWittenberg College (AB)
Boston University School of Law (LLB)
Signature

Peter Stenger Grosscup (February 15, 1852 – October 1, 1921) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Grosscup is best remembered for having made use of the judicial injunction against strikers in labor disputes, including most notably the leadership of the American Railway Union in the 1894 Pullman Strike.

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1869 a state constitutional convention rewrote the document that had served as the law of Illinois since 1848. In part the convention responded to a wave of political corruption. Every year an increasing number of private bills, devoted to promoting specific individuals or local interests, swamped the legislature. Determined "rings" of political insiders pillaged the state treasury through contracts with the penitentiary and the new state industrial university at Champaign, among others. Voters responded by demanding a rewritten state constitution. \par The new document largely forbade such special laws. It curbed the legislature's ability to override a governor's veto a s well. The constitution of 1870 also granted suffrage to African Americans in Illinois, in keeping with the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment. While Union armies fought to return the Confederacy to the Union and, ultimately, destroy the institution o f slavery, African Americans in Illinois had not enjoyed the franchise. Despite this constitution's provision, and the legislature's rapid ratification of the Amendment, many Illinoisians continued to resist any notion of black civil rights or social equal ity. Democrats often continued to portray Republicans' drive for black equality as a threat to white supremacy. And many Republicans themselves, while supporting the abstract notion of black equality, balked at the prospect of its realization. \par In 1896 the United States Supreme Court validated the southern states' attempts to circumvent the Fourteenth Amendment in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3872832 Plessy v. Ferguson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3872832 . In this decision, the Court upheld the State of Louisiana's policy of segregating railroad cars. The cars, Louisiana argued, were "separate but equal." While the decision pertained solely to the southern states in the narrow sense, it ultimately suggested that the Supreme Court did not intend to uphol d the Fourteenth Amendment at the risk of offending prevailed social mores. Justice Henry Brown wrote: "The object of the [Fourteenth A]mendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things i t could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either." \par Farmers' economic difficulties led them to organize and lobby for new regulations of railroads and grain merchants. The state responded by declaring that such businesses had received state franchises or licenses in order to further the public interest, and included their regulation in the state constitution of 1870. When one merchant was found guilty of violating the new laws and challenged them, the case went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. The Court's 1877 ruling in th e case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3872832 Munn v. Illinois}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3872832 established government regulation of business clothed in the public interest. Illinois' and other states' regulatory laws governed the railroad and grain businesses for a number of years, until the founding of the federal governme nt's Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887. \par Railroaders and other businessmen chafed under the rule of state regulators that were often controlled by farmers and other shippers until the r ise of the federal commission. In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Benjamin Harrison. This act, based upon Congress' constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce, declared illegal every contract, comb ination (in the form of trust or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade. In 1895 the United States Supreme Court undermined the law by declaring in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3872832 U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3872832 , that the federal government could not regulate the Knight sugar-refining monopoly because it was a manufacturer, and manufacturing was not 'commerce.' This ruling delayed the federal government's attempt to enforce the Sherman Act until after 1900. \par The courts also played a large role in the regulation of labor relations in the Gilded Age. As the period's strikes became violent, businessmen and elected officials often called in the state militia and National Guard to intimidate and disperse the strikers. But they also turned to judges to issue injunctions prohibiting work stoppages, boycotts, or other strike activities. The result often was to strengthen the hand of employers and break strikes. In the case of the 1894 Pullman Strike, United States Attorney General Richard Olney helped to break the job action by securing an injunction against the activities of the American Railway Union. \par This Omnibus Indictment precluded Union leaders from persuading or inducing their members, largely railroad employees, to set aside their duties as part of a strike action. In practical terms, the injunction forbade union officials to communicate with their membership. Federal judges Peter Grosscup and William Woods based their injunction upon the Sherman Anti - Trust Act and Interstate Commerce Act's understanding of restraint of trade. Ironically, legislation framed in hopes of checking the power of large corporations in the marketplace came to bear upon labor organizations. 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Education and career

Born on February 15, 1852, in Ashland, Ohio, Grosscup received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1872 from Wittenberg College and received a Bachelor of Laws in 1873 from Boston University School of Law. He entered private practice in Ashland from 1873 to 1875. He was city solicitor for Ashland from 1875 to 1881. He resumed private practice in Ashland from 1881 to 1883. He continued private practice in Chicago, Illinois, from 1883 to 1892.[1]

Federal judicial service

Judge Peter Grosscup as he appeared late in his judicial career

Grosscup was nominated by President Benjamin Harrison on December 12, 1892, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois vacated by Judge Henry Williams Blodgett. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 20, 1892, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 1, 1899, due to his elevation to the Seventh Circuit.[1]

Grosscup was nominated by President William McKinley on January 18, 1899, to a joint seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge John William Showalter. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 1899, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on October 23, 1911, due to his resignation.[1]

Allegation regarding district court appointment

According to Almont Lindsey's 1942 book The Pullman Strike, Grosscup received his district court appointment as political payback for a large donation George Pullman made to the Harrison presidential campaign.[2]

Notable case

According to Almont Lindsey, federal judges Peter Grosscup and William Woods issued the first omnibus injunction against the Pullman railroad strikers in Chicago protecting 22 railroads on July 2, 1894. This innovative use of a federal injunction charged unnamed strikers with conspiracy for interfering with interstate commerce and the mails thus putting the federal courts at the disposal of corporations to break strikes.[3] The July 3, 1894 New York Times called the injunction a "Gatling gun on paper."

Death

Grosscup died on October 1, 1921, on board a ship bound for Southampton, England.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Peter Stenger Grosscup at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
  2. ^ Almont Lindsay, The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1942; p. 193.
  3. ^ Lindsay, The Pullman Strike, p. 161.

Sources

External links

  • Late 19th-century oil painting
  • "In re Eugene V. Debs: The Pullman Strike and American Railway Union Boycott - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
Legal offices
Preceded by Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
1892–1899
Succeeded by
Preceded by Judge of the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit
1899–1911
Succeeded by
Seat abolished
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
1899–1911
Succeeded by
This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 01:03
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