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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh.[4] The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.
The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 103Rh is ruthenium and the primary product after is palladium.
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Transcription
List of isotopes
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[5] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life[1] [n 4] |
Decay mode[1] [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 7][n 4] |
Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 4] | |||||||||||||||||||
90Rh | 45 | 45 | 89.94457(22)# | 29(3) ms | β+ | 90Ru | (0+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p? (<0.7%) | 89Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
90mRh[n 8] | 0(500)# keV | 0.56(2) s | β+ (90.4%) | 90Ru | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
β+, p (9.6%) | 89Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
91Rh | 45 | 46 | 90.93712(32)# | 1.47(22) s | β+ (98.7%) | 91Ru | (9/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (1.3%) | 90Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
91mRh | 172.9(4) keV | 1.8# s | β+? | 91Ru | 1/2−# | ||||||||||||||
β+, p? | 90Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
IT? | 91Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
92Rh | 45 | 47 | 91.9323677(47) | 5.61(8) s | β+ (97.95%) | 92Ru | (6+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (2.05%) | 91Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
92m1Rh | 50(100)# keV | 3.18(22) s | β+ (98.3%) | 92Ru | (2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+, p (1.7%) | 91Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
92m2Rh | 105(100)# keV | 232(15) ns | IT | 92Rh | (4+) | ||||||||||||||
93Rh | 45 | 48 | 92.9259128(28) | 13.9(16) s | β+ | 93Ru | 9/2+# | ||||||||||||
94Rh | 45 | 49 | 93.9217305(36) | 70.6(6) s | β+ (98.2%) | 94Ru | (4+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (1.8%) | 93Tc | ||||||||||||||||||
94m1Rh | 54.60(20)# keV | 480(30) ns | IT | 94Rh | (2+) | ||||||||||||||
94m2Rh[n 8] | 300(200)# keV | 25.8(2) s | β+ | 94Ru | (8+) | ||||||||||||||
95Rh | 45 | 50 | 94.9158979(42) | 5.02(10) min | β+ | 95Ru | (9/2)+ | ||||||||||||
95mRh | 543.3(3) keV | 1.96(4) min | IT (88%) | 95Rh | (1/2)− | ||||||||||||||
β+ (12%) | 95Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
96Rh | 45 | 51 | 95 914452(11) | 9.90(10) min | β+ | 96Ru | 6+ | ||||||||||||
96mRh | 51.98(9) keV | 1.51(2) min | IT (60%) | 96Rh | 3+ | ||||||||||||||
β+ (40%) | 96Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
97Rh | 45 | 52 | 96.911328(38) | 30.7(6) min | β+ | 97Ru | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||
97mRh | 258.76(18) keV | 46.2(16) min | β+ (94.4%) | 97Ru | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
IT (5.6%) | 97Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
98Rh | 45 | 53 | 97.910708(13) | 8.72(12) min | β+ | 98Ru | (2)+ | ||||||||||||
98mRh[n 8] | 56.3(10) keV | 3.6(2) min | IT (89%) | 98Rh | (5+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (11%) | 98Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
99Rh | 45 | 54 | 98.908121(21) | 16.1(2) d | β+ | 99Ru | 1/2− | ||||||||||||
99mRh | 64.4(5) keV | 4.7(1) h | β+ | 99Ru | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||||
IT? | 99Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
100Rh | 45 | 55 | 99.908114(19) | 20.8(1) h | EC (95.1%) | 100Ru | 1− | ||||||||||||
β+ (4.9%) | 100Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
100m1Rh | 74.782(14) keV | 214.0(20) ns | IT | 100Rh | (2)+ | ||||||||||||||
100m2Rh | 107.6(2) keV | 4.6(2) min | IT (98.3%) | 100Rh | (5+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (1.7%) | 100Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
100m3Rh | 219.61(22) keV | 130(10) ns | IT | 100Rh | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
101Rh | 45 | 56 | 100.9061589(63) | 4.07(5) y | EC | 101Ru | 1/2− | ||||||||||||
101mRh | 157.32(3) keV | 4.343(10) d | EC (92.80%) | 101Ru | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (7.20%) | 101Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
102Rh | 45 | 57 | 101.9068343(69) | 207.0(15) d | β+ (78%) | 102Ru | 2− | ||||||||||||
β− (22%) | 102Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
102mRh | 140.73(9) keV | 3.742(10) y | β+ (99.77%) | 102Ru | 6+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (0.233%) | 102Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
103Rh[n 9] | 45 | 58 | 102.9054941(25) | Stable | 1/2− | 1.0000 | |||||||||||||
103mRh | 39.753(6) keV | 56.114(9) min | IT | 103Rh | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
104Rh | 45 | 59 | 103.9066453(25) | 42.3(4) s | β− (99.55%) | 104Pd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (0.45%) | 104Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
104mRh | 128.9679(5) keV | 4.34(3) min | IT (99.87%) | 104Rh | 5+ | ||||||||||||||
β− (0.13%) | 104Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
105Rh[n 9] | 45 | 60 | 104.9056878(27) | 35.341(19) h | β− | 105Pd | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
105mRh | 129.742(4) keV | 42.8(3) s | IT | 105Rh | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
106Rh | 45 | 61 | 105.9072859(58) | 30.07(35) s | β− | 106Pd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
106mRh | 132(11) keV | 131(2) min | β− | 106Pd | (6)+ | ||||||||||||||
107Rh | 45 | 62 | 106.906748(13) | 21.7(4) min | β− | 107Pd | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
107mRh | 268.36(4) keV | >10 μs | IT | 107Rh | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
108Rh | 45 | 63 | 107.908715(15) | 16.8(5) s | β− | 108Pd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
108mRh | 115(18) keV | 6.0(3) min | β− | 108Pd | (5+) | ||||||||||||||
109Rh | 45 | 64 | 108.9087496(43) | 80.8(7) s | β− | 109Pd | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
109mRh | 225.873(19) keV | 1.66(4) μs | IT | 109Pd | 3/2+ | ||||||||||||||
110Rh | 45 | 65 | 109.911080(19) | 3.35(12) s | β− | 110Pd | (1+) | ||||||||||||
110mRh[n 8] | 220(150)# keV | 28.5(13) s | β− | 110Pd | (6+) | ||||||||||||||
111Rh | 45 | 66 | 110.9116432(74) | 11(1) s | β− | 111Pd | (7/2+) | ||||||||||||
112Rh | 45 | 67 | 111.914405(47) | 3.4(4) s | β− | 112Pd | (1+) | ||||||||||||
112mRh | 340(70) keV | 6.73(15) s | β− | 112Pd | (6+) | ||||||||||||||
113Rh | 45 | 68 | 112.9154402(77) | 2.80(12) s | β− | 113Pd | (7/2+) | ||||||||||||
114Rh | 45 | 69 | 113.918722(77) | 1.85(5) s | β− | 114Pd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
114mRh[n 8] | 200(150)# keV | 1.85(5) s | β− | 114Pd | (7−) | ||||||||||||||
115Rh | 45 | 70 | 114.9203116(79) | 1.03(3) s | β− | 115Pd | (7/2+) | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 114Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
116Rh | 45 | 71 | 115.924062(79) | 685(39) ms | β− (>97.9%) | 116Pd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n? (<2.1%) | 115Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
116mRh[n 8] | 200(150)# keV | 570(50) ms | β− (>97.9%) | 116Pd | (6−) | ||||||||||||||
β−, n? (<2.1%) | 115Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
117Rh | 45 | 72 | 116.9260363(95) | 421(30) ms | β− | 117Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? (<7.6%) | 115Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
117mRh | 321.2(10) keV | 138(17) ns | IT | 117Rh | 3/2+# | ||||||||||||||
118Rh | 45 | 73 | 117.930341(26) | 282(9) ms | β− (96.9%) | 118Pd | 1+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (3.1%) | 117Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
118mRh[n 8] | 200(150)# keV | 310(30) ms | β− (96.9%) | 118Pd | 6−# | ||||||||||||||
β−, n (3.1%) | 117Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
IT? | 118Rh | ||||||||||||||||||
119Rh | 45 | 74 | 118.932557(10) | 190(6) ms | β− (93.6%) | 119Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (6.4%) | 118Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
120Rh | 45 | 75 | 119.93707(22)# | 129.6(42) ms | β− | 120Pd | 8−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<9.3%) | 119Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 118Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
120mRh | 157.2(7) keV | 295(16) ns | IT | 120Rh | 6# | ||||||||||||||
121Rh | 45 | 76 | 120.93961(67) | 74(4) ms | β− | 121Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (>11%) | 120Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
122Rh | 45 | 77 | 121.94431(32)# | 51(6) ms | β− | 122Pd | 7−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<3.9%) | 121Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 120Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
122mRh | 271.0(7) keV | 830(120) ns | IT | 122Rh | 4+# | ||||||||||||||
123Rh | 45 | 78 | 122.94719(43)# | 42(4) ms | β− | 123Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (>24%) | 122Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 121Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
124Rh | 45 | 79 | 123.95200(43)# | 30(2) ms | β− | 124Pd | 2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<31%) | 123Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 122Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
125Rh | 45 | 80 | 124.95509(54)# | 26.5(20) ms | β− | 125Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 124Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 123Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
126Rh | 45 | 81 | 125.96006(54)# | 19(3) ms | β− | 126Pd | 1−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 125Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 124Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
127Rh | 45 | 82 | 126.96379(64)# | 28(14) ms | β− | 127Pd | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n? | 126Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 125Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
128Rh | 45 | 83 | 127.97065(32)# | 8# ms [>550 ns] |
β−? | 128Pd | |||||||||||||
β−, n? | 127Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β−, 2n? | 126Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mRh – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ a b c d e f g Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
- ^ a b Fission product
References
- ^ a b c d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi:10.1595/147106711X555656.
- ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
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