SS Dorchester

Transcription

>> Right, well thank you very, very much for braving the global warming to get here and today's subject is the Thames Discovery Programme [phonetic] as you see on the screen. And it is the-- a project which the Institute of Archaeology has been running on and off some years now. We-- the first version of it started way back in the 1990s. And this is a community-based archaeological program in which we're involving the wider public outside the ivory towers of University College London. And here you have a list of some of our partners and collaborators. Right, what is it all about? I hear you say. Well, many of you-- should I get rid off some lights? Can you see that? Is there a light switch? Well, yes. There you go. Many of you will understand that the River Thames at low tide has a foreshore, a beach, which is exposed at low tide and covered at high tide. And I'm sure many of you have been down there and you're aware that it's covered in various artifacts, clay pipes and [inaudible]. And as part of our outreach program, we're looking at various initiatives including these slides over here represent the slides taken last July at the festival of British archaeology where members of the general public were allowed to wander over the foreshore of the tower and find things and help them identify by experts these tables here to try and engage the general public in stories of the past. Each one of these artifacts has a little story to tell, and which is fine. We all know there are artifacts on the foreshore, but how did they get there is the second question. And are they just casual losses or why are they rolling around on the Thames foreshore. Now here you see some rather remarkable artifacts which have been recovered from the Thames or from the foreshore over the last few hundred years not discovered by our program. Here you see some weapons found in the Thames and here you see arranged objects including a ceremonial shield and some very high quality swords and so forth. And archaeologists look at this, they could be lost if you had a battle over a fort and that you could lose weapons when London is being attacked and all this. But when we get artifacts of that quality, a shield like that, you wouldn't normally use in a battle, so archaeologists call that ritual. This is a wonderful term that archaeologists use for when they don't understand something. So, a lost of the artifacts in the Thames are ritually deposited in there unless you can come up with a more sensible reason. That said, if you think about a river as large as the Thames, it is a gold in its own right, which is a very powerful force. It's tidal so one part of the day it moves in that direction and then suddenly it changes its mind and moves in that direction. And that, that tidal range seems to respond to the phases of the moon. When you have a full moon, the tide drops to its lowest and rises to its highest. So, it does seem so the moon and the heavens are dictating what the river does. So it's quite understandable that people should expect the river to have gold like propensities. It's also of course a source of drinking water which is crucial to us and a source, you know, we can power mills, we can go fishing in it. It's a huge source of life, so I can understand why people would want to throw ritual objects into the Thames, why they would want to engage with the Thames in a spiritual way. However, I don't thing every object you find on the Thames is ritually deposited, but it's amazing what we do find down there. And over the last few years, we've actually been finding an object such as these diwali lamps and these figurines which quite clearly have been richly deposited in the Thames. So there are communities in London which still see the Thames as a godlike entity and still put objects into the Thames to fulfil some kind of liturgical need. So, ritual is a use of the Thames and it continues to this day. However, what we were looking at in the 1990s is a very different version of the Thames. We weren't actually looking for the artifacts that you find there, although they do exist on the foreshore. We're trying to find another reason for why there are artifacts in the foreshore, interesting finds. And what was discovered in the 1990s, and some of you in this room were here when we did this early work, was it they were actually stratified archaeological sites on the foreshore underneath the gravel [inaudible], you know, the gravel that you walk around on. Underneath it, there are actually prehistoric landscapes. In places here, for example you can see the remains of ancient trees which have collapsed. Those trees were once growing on dry land but as river levels have risen, they've now been inundated and these are the submerged parts now and the trees collapsed, so we're left with these, the root systems. And here you can see a vast submerged forest being studied by Dr. Sophie Seel of the Institute of Archaeology and this is a prehistoric landscape dating back 3, 4, 5000 years. And that is subject to severe erosion. And that's down the Erith in the, on the Kent side of the Thames. And also do we find these prehistoric landscapes, especially in the east of the Thames estuary, Peace Front, London. But we also find structures related to prehistoric and late London including famously this series of timber piles, these two rows of timber piles striking out into midstream. These are about a foot across, so these are quite large, 300 millimetres across. And we found about 32 of these forming 2 lines and a bridge-like structure and this has been dated to about 3000 years old. This is a late Bronze Age bridge or [inaudible] heading to an island in midstream. The island is now gone. And this is not an [inaudible]. This is a [inaudible] in Central London, very close to the confluence of the River Effra and the River Thames. So, a remarkable discovery, London [inaudible] this bridge sitting there on the foreshore being eroded everyday. And that's really the second point we need to make is not only are there stratified sites on the foreshore but these sites are subject to very aggressive erosion by the river. The river is constantly every time the river levels drop, the river level rips, the river rips across the exposed foreshore and areas of peats like this. This is a prehistoric peat deposit, very fragile. Once they're exposed, they just-- they are ripped away with every tide. So this is a nearly [inaudible] Bronze Age forest peat marsh which is just being destroyed everyday. You can see this meet the sky or resting up against the top of that. If you are to take this photographic [inaudible] again, you'd see half of that is already gone. So we're losing prehistoric deposits and seem to be feeding back off it on a daily basis. The slide at the top shows you a little marker. Let me put down in 2001, and the top of that to the pile, next to the-- [ Pause ] >> This timber pile, when that was driven into the foreshore in 2001, that was the level of the foreshore. Since then in, well, 8 years, the foreshore has dropped that much in this area. And this is the area immediately next to a Bronze Age bridge. So, very severe erosion which we can actually measure, not in millimetres but in centimetres, and practically in feet, that's 20 centimetres, 8 inches in old money. So severe erosion on archaeological science. And I need to click on the screen. [ Inaudible Remark ] >> Thank you. So we have these sites. We need to monitor them regularly. The thing about intertidal zone archaeology is that it's like painting the fourth bridge. You gotta keep doing it because every time you go down there, the sites are different. At the top here for example, you can see remains of a fish trap, a series of timber piles which represent an Anglo-Saxon fish trap which dates to somewhere between the 730 and 890 AD. >> So it's, you know, over a thousand years old. And this was a series of piles which you put [inaudible] a couple along the side, fish swim into them, swim, swim, swim, get caught in the basket at the end of tide, goes in the opposite direction and the fish was trapped there. So It's fixed net fishing in the mid-Saxon period. Now, as we go down there, every time we go there we'll see-- we'll see fewer of these piles, those piles are disappearing so we lose some of those but we gain more piles up the same. So, every year, we'll eventually be able to record, you know, something like-- [ Inaudible Remark ] >> Are you? >> Yes. [ Laughter ] >> I will talk louder. So in 1995, we found that many piles. In 1996 we found that many piles but lost the ones there, and so on and so forth, so it's incremental. So in 20 year's time, we'll finally get the plan of the whole thing on paper but we have never actually seen the whole thing. So it's an incremental jigsaw puzzle like thing. And those mid-Saxon piles are dripping into a Neolithic peat deposit which is now beginning to erode and in it we found this 5000-year-old Neolithic wooden club. So this is the very first Chelsea [phonetic] club. So they went clubbing in Chelsea in the Neolithic. It's true. Right, so how are we going to approach the fact that everyday the Thames is eroding London's archaeology. You know, how do you actually do that? Well what we decided to do is engage the general public or the London community in this project. What we've done is we've selected 20 key sites of, you know, we're talking about 16 London boroughs, both banks in the river. We could do a lot more but we just focus on 20 key sites and we've done a high precision survey of those 20 key sites using Geomatic GPS equipment, et cetera. Then we trained members of the London Community, some of whom are here for which excellent, to be our foreshore record and observation group which has the wonderful acronym FROG. And what we're trying even to do is to go down to those sites once a year every year, next year, the year after, the year after that for perpetuity to resurvey those sites, to build out the bigger picture of what's being lost, and also define new things that are appearing. So that's their job, a long-term monitoring of these 20 key sites. In addition to that, we have an outreach program where we take members of the public, family, friendly events on the foreshore, schools events, that sort of thing, and we tie all of these together with our award winning website, www.thamesdiscovery.org. Please make a note of that, and that tells us what people are doing when the next monitoring session is and so on and so forth. So we use modern and digital outreach programs to study London's ancient past. These are just some of the key sites in red. We're trying to get them so they spread all the way from the title head in the west right below through the 16 bars to Erith in the east, and these are just some of the sites we've got. Both bunks and the river, all areas so that we can get a handle on the state of erosion right the way down the river and monitor the whole thing. And there in the top box you can see some of these high position surveys being undertaken by the museum of London's Geomatics team. They're recording not just the foreshore but also the river wall and the river stairs. We see all those as part of our site. And the sort of things we're looking at are for example the remains of old, amongst all the prehistoric stuff we also do all sorts of things. This is the remains of an old waterman's course way in the days in which the river was the main transport artery. And we're doing a record of that course way there. You can see it's in various types of erosion; the central bit is relatively well preserved and the bit toward the river is disappearing fast. So you can see that if we were record that in 5 years' time, it would be very different and in 10 years' time it would be very different again. So, constant monitoring of access routes as well all sorts of sites. Here's one of those fish traps for example, also at [inaudible]. This one line of piles, this another line of piles forming a V shape and at this end of the V shape there would be a basket in which the poor old fish swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, the tide turns, oops and they get caught. Very simple, and we found over 30 examples of these first traps up and down the Thames of which quite a few of them appear to be of the early to mid-Saxon period. Also from time to time it's amazing what you find on the foreshore. This wasn't actually found by us. It was found on this site here on the Greenwich peninsula during a major redevelopment there where these digging machines are actually digging on the floor shore, turned up a complete whale. Now this is an endangered species now. It's the North Atlantic right whale. And so it's unlikely to be modern. So London was part of the whaling industry, the Greenland dock and all this. This appears to be an early stranding of the whale. We do get whales that strand in London. Indeed in the medieval period, people used to eat whale quite a lot. We have records from 15th century recording whales of this year's saltings 2P, 2 pence, 2 old pennies, whales of last year's salting 1 penny. So, Londoners have often eaten whales but you see the stranded ones. So here we have an example of a stranded whale. Now it's very unlikely you're gonna find a whale actually on top of the foreshore. This was buried at some depth. You would think it would be very unlikely to find a whale walking on the top of the foreshore. Well, amazingly, when we were working at the [inaudible] of London, we found these strange bones which I think you'll agree are [inaudible] these ones at this end. So I think we actually found another [inaudible] whale. Are there any mammalian osteologists here today? Because if there are, I can present you with this piece of whale. Alright, well anyways there are-- it's on over here. So, you know, the maritime history of London is quite interesting plus their flora and fauna and the [inaudible] kind of stuff. We've not only looked at the foreshore itself but we also looked at the river wall and study that because the river walls are interesting there. It's what keeping the Thames out of London. And we've identified the earliest survival river wall in London. Here at the tower which a team from UCL are recording earlier this-- over late last year. Can you see on this the different phases of walling. You can see up here the stone work is very different from that stone work which is very different from that stonework, which is very different from that stonework, which is very different from that stonework, which is very different from that stonework. Can you see these roughly dressed ragstone blocks here compared to these finely dressed ragstone blocks there? There's a patch of repair, but this is a much earlier medieval masonry which we think dates back to 1389 and the initial construction of [inaudible] under the-- do you know who the clerk of works was in 1389? Have a wild guess. I'll give you a clue, he also wrote the Canterbury Tales, well done. Well done. Take a-- take a mark and indeed-- so, when Jeffrey wasn't writing his Canterbury Tales, he was counting ragstone blocks on tower key. So that-- as far as I know, he's the earliest surviving, intact, still functioning river wall in London. We also find other amazing things on the foreshore which relate to the river wall or river crossing. We found for example bits of the old Putney Bridge. And Putney Bridge originally built in about 1729 and replaced in about 1865. This is the old bridge. The majority of it was wooden, but it did have abutments made of brick and stone, the two ends were brick and stone and it was all supposed to being demolished way back in 1865. There you see on this side the old bridge and on this side, the line of the new bridge. >> And on this top slide there, you can see the 1865 bridge and down here you can see the remains of the 1729 abutment still surviving quite happily on the foreshore. So that's quite a nice little ancient monument just sitting there. And moreover, if we go in London, we keep finding things, you know. You may recognize this as Greenwich Palace. This is a world heritage site and this is one of the first world heritage site designated foreshores which is eroding at alarming speed. And what we're finding on it are the remains of [inaudible] earlier than the Charles II building, the remains of earlier [inaudible] and river stairs on the foreshore, the base plate you see there next to these half meter scales. Now, these are not embedded in the foreshore and they wash away. So we found about 10 of these but there're only about three of them left now. So we try to reconstruct the-- to the [inaudible] that was there before the palace was. Another of our major themes is of course the use of the river for traffic, boats, barges and ships. This wonderful image of Custom House in the city of London next to the tower shows the river with a great range of little boats, barges, sailing ships, hay barges, et cetera, how busy the river used to be. And we are finding fragments of those vessels all up and down the river as [inaudible] vessel fragments. I have a recording-- one Custom House, and another one we only see at very, very low tides. So we are doing quite a lot of nautical archaeology. And the number of broken up [inaudible] and boats is amazing. This is up at Brentford where there is a huge ships graveyard which we're going to go back in the summer and try and record what we can of London's fast disappearing nautical heritage. And going back to Willich, you know, we're racing up and down the river. Here you see some very large ballast barges which are pre mid-19th century. That's the only date we have for the moment which are virtually complete. I've got 4 of them here used as bank reinforcement in their later life which we are trying to record unique type of barge and of which we have very few documentary record, so we're going to record those. And the further east we go, the further we go beyond London Bridge. We're actually finding not just boats and barges but also the remains of ships, big ships, seriously big ships. Here we are at [inaudible] for example which is one of the areas where a lot of ships were built in London as you move east. You are in a major ship building site. We don't normally associate these days London with ship building, but it was a real center for ship building from the medieval period onwards until about 19-- until about the early 20th century. And here you see a ship being broken up actually, not being built but being broken up on the [inaudible] foreshore. And to do that, you would lay a platform of timbers on the foreshore and then burst the large vessel on top of it and then systematically break it up. And these timbers on the [inaudible] foreshore are all derived from 19th cent-- or in this case 18th or late 17th century ships. So all those are ship timbers lying on the foreshore, and I mean ship not boat. Now this is-- London not only built ship, it also broke them up. With the advent of steam vessels in the 19th century, particularly in the mid 19th century, ironclad coal powered steam vessels meant the end of the age of the wooden sailing ship, the wooden wind disappeared under iron and stem. And all these magnificent wooden vessels were suddenly obsolete and needed to be decommissioned and then broken up. And a vast industry raised on the banks of the Thames to break these vessels up. This is a naval ship being decommissioned and then broken up. And there are a number of sites, huge number of sites on the Thames where these breaking sites have been located. And what we've been finding is the detritus from the demolition, the systematic demotion of these ships. The latest one we found was the remains of the HMS Duke of Wellington which was launched in 1852 as a state of the art sailing ship with 131 guns, that's the largest ship of its kind which is that one, which is that one there. It was broken up at Charlton in Southeast London near the Thames barrier. And here you see an image of-- this is all that was left of the larger ship in a day, just a pile of timbers derived from that vessel just lying on the foreshore. You can tell by the curvature and by the joints at the end of the timbers this is not a house which is being pulled down but these are clearly from a ship, from a very, very large ship. You can look at the human scales, some of whom are in the audience. So if you don't-- if you can get them to stand up here if you want to know how big these things are. These are very large timbers indeed and they can only come from a first rater and the last first rater broken up on this site was the HMS Duke of Wellington. And at the top corner up there, the yellow bucket [inaudible] yellow buckets were. That's Elliott Reg [phonetic] who identify, who did some research, who was able to identify these timbers as coming from HMS Duke of Wellington which until 1891 was the flagship of the Royal Navy before HMS Victory took over that role. Now, the reason all these ships are being broken up was as I said because of the rise of the steamship. And we can also look at that major change from sail to steam and that's one of our little research themes based on the huge amount of material that we find on the foreshore. I'm sure you remember this-- you recognize this character here as Isambard Kingdom Brunel and this is his great baby, the leviathan that is the steamship SS Great Eastern finally launched on July the 21st, 1858, you know, 700 foot long, a huge great vessel, the largest vessel of its day. In many ways, a massive innovation in every respect, it was much larger than anything for the next 50 years. So a hugely pioneering vessel which we take 4000 passengers with enough coal on it to get to Australia without refueling. That's a staggering leap in technology and had paddle wheels and 2 propellers and all sorts. So, a huge tribute to [inaudible] that it was able to build such a pioneering vessel between 1854 and 1858. It was so big it had to be launched sideways. And here you can see it on the foreshore at [inaudible] ready for it or being built prior to its sideway launch. You can get some idea at the size of this leviathan. Now, we found-- here you see the cradles being inserted underneath the vessel, each about 120-foot long run the cradle there, another cradle there and both of those cradles are on timber slipways with iron rails on top. And it was on those 2 slipways that this vessel would hold, pushed, kicking and screaming every so slowly down into the Thames, eventually being launched on the 21st of January 1858. Now, on land actually, a fragment of that one of those slipways still survives. And here you [inaudible] wharf. The timberwork at the top and then as it starts to slope, you see we have a bed of concrete into which timbers are placed going down the foreshore over which there was a second skin of timbers going the opposite direction and on the top of that, the iron rails that are being laid. Now that's what you have on dry land and we discovered on the foreshore, we got the other end of it. Down on the foreshore is the concretion timber bed of the bottom of one of those slipways. We've actually found both of them now upon which the Great Eastern was launched 150 years ago. So at the top you can see the launch site of the Great Eastern on the [inaudible] foreshore which we've been recording. In the top box up there, you can see the SS Great Eastern at New York. That's what New York looked like in 1860. That's when it was a major vessel. And here we see the end of the vessel on another foreshore, this time on the River Mersey where it was broken up in 1890. And then you see, can you see these great metal sheets there? >> This is the bottom, chemical [inaudible] corrosion, all the rust on the foreshore here. This is the ignominious end of the Great Eastern, the SS Great Eastern here on the Mersey foreshore, it's launched on the London foreshore and just mere photographs of what it looked like in its hayday. So we have a whole life of the dear old innovative venture there. So this study of the development of sailing ships and steamships is part of London's history. London played a hugely pivotal role in the development not only of timber sailing ships but also of steam shipping and globalization. Another of our little research projects has been on moving up into the-- this is the 17th anniversary of the Blitz, so we also will be looking at evidence from the London Blitz on the River Thames. Now, London is extremely low-lying and does flood very easily where at its river wall was it would be flooded as you know from the Thames barrage. Now here's a question for you, given that London is so susceptible to flooding, what would have happened if the [inaudible] had breached the river wall? Here you see a typical section of river wall parapet and at high tide, the river comes up to there and you can see vast areas of London are actually lower than the top of the river wall. And so it would be relatively easy if you're carpet bombing London to take out the river wall and flood London with one bomb just as we did with the 617 Squadron at-- on the [inaudible]. So, facing a lot of [inaudible] were done the same to us and hit the river wall, vast areas of London would be flooded. Well, we all know it didn't happen but it did. What we found is we had to look, we were looking at the river wall and we were finding things that look like river wall repair. So we did a little study of the evidence in the London metropolitan archives combined with our field wreck on the foreshore and this was a project funded by the University College Public Engagement Unit. And with various members of public including Peter Kennedy, we had a look at the logbooks, the organization called the Thames flood prevention emergency repair unit which was set up by the London County Council. They worked in complete secrecy and we found that amazingly the river wall was hit 121 times. Any one of those strikes could have been a major inundation problem. Now in the height of the-- sorry, but this is not a late Saxon program. The screen has cut off the ones but between 1940 and 1941 Edward-- no, whoever it was-- anyway, in the height of the Blitz, there were 80 strikes between the 7th of September and the 10th of May, so that's 2 a week during the height of the Blitz on the river wall. Now, oddly enough not one of those major traumas meant London was flooded because of the Thames flood unit, the London County Council's Thames flood unit which was worked in complete secrecy. Complete secrecy, so as not to upset the morale of the Londoners. You had quite enough to put up with every time they went down to their shelters and sheltered in the underground. They didn't want them to be upset so they-- they work in sec-- and also they work in secret because they didn't want the [inaudible] to realize how vulnerable London was. And this information was only released 50 years after the event. And there were four teams operating in Battersea [inaudible] Millwall and Greenwich. And here you see the [inaudible] side. It's the China whole gate end of [inaudible] where the running track, the sports center is now. And here you see the [inaudible] wharf site on Millwall. That's two of the depots. And Millwall site, that's Silvertown right in the ground of the Millwall [inaudible] walking. This [inaudible] site does having-- from Deptford Creek all the way around rather high [inaudible]. And then the other two sites did Greenwich and West London. And the chap at the top is a Heinkel 111 on 7th of September, leading the first wave of [inaudible] over the opening of the Blitz in September just crossing the timber sheds in the [inaudible] docks, which 5 minutes later will ablaze. If you remember the great attack on the [inaudible] docks from the 7th September, that's the last photograph of them surviving before they were blown up on the 7th of September when the blitz began. This shows you the repair team in action having put up just on the 6000 sandbags in this 90-foot crater on the river wall at Glengall Wharf on the Isle of Dogs following a strike in 1941. And that had to remain in the [inaudible] sandbags holding the Thames out for until March 1943. So, it's almost for 2 years that bomb strike have to be-- the hole had to be supported by sandbags. Here you see a Pimlico Dolphin Square. At the top you can see the hole in 1941, at the bottom the second mobile repair. And again, you know, a 17-foot wide hole and these are quite big holes, which could have caused huge devastation. And this one here you can see this is the 1941 and-- now this is 19-- this is September 1940. The hole in the river wall here, that wall there and that wall there, and you can see the patching up, the shattered concrete there which was put in to fill that gap in 1941, a year later. And if you want to know where it is, it's underneath this corner of something called football-- and football club. So if you are supporting Fulham, please be aware of the cracks running up your [inaudible] concrete there and don't shout too loudly. And this is the most famous of our discoveries at Westminster. Again, there you see these photographs by Peter Kennedy. There you see the 1941 photograph, the river wall badly hit, the granite river wall collapsing. And can you make out here the size of the shattered concrete [inaudible] there. The river wall is granite and this with a yellow tinge is the shattered concrete infill put in in August 1941. You can perhaps see it more clearly there. It's quite a large hole in the wall and these tourists are gazing in awe at the competence of the infill. At the back of the wall on the [inaudible] side, there's a huge concrete buttress supporting the parapet which is still there in the [inaudible]. More people flock from all over the world to see this design. And here you see how badly it's eroding. That's the metal work eroding the iron reinforcing, eroding out. One day somebody is going to repair this and-- but we were quite [inaudible] to put a little plaque there because we think this is a very important part of London's history. These guys worked in complete secrecy. We would like a little plaque up there to commemorate the work of Sir Thomas Pierson Frank who was in charge of the London County Council Thames flood prevention emergency repair service 'cause they did a huge job in saving London from drowning. Here you see the great scar in the river wall. Their work, because it was in secret, was never publicly recognized, but a marvelous job. Anyway, clearly the [inaudible] were probably aiming for this but they could have done far more damage actually taking out river wall. And yes, in my last 2 minutes, I not only do want a plaque there to recognize the work of Thomas Pierson Frank's team, the [inaudible] but also I should mention that not only do we find modern stuff, we also find ancient stuff. And very recently, quite by chance, we came across the earliest timber structure in London which dates back to the Mesolithic. It's quite hard to find. And you can see the high visibility jackets working under the watchful eye of MI6, this all sorts of guns being trained upon us as we work on the foreshore there. But we have the moment just 6 piles. Now we know that site was not there 10 years ago. Indeed it probably wasn't there 5 years ago. It's just being revealed by the scar of the Thames. And this is a site location map in relation to the Thames tunnel, they're building a new Thames [inaudible] building a new tunnel under the Thames and that connects up to all the combined sewage overflows which are all those numbered ones there. And can you guess where our site is in relation to the Thames tunnel and the next projected combined sewage overflow? >> Well, I'll tell you, in case you can't get. This is MI6. That's [inaudible] bridge and they're going to build a great interceptor chamber there and they're gonna dig up the foreshore and dig a little tunnel all the way along there, build another intersected chamber there and a lot of tunnel through the foreshore to connect [inaudible] Thames tunnel itself which is the big one tunnel underneath the river itself. And yes, we're about here. So, here you see the artist reconstruction of [inaudible] bridge. This is MI6, [inaudible] bridge intercepted chamber there. It doesn't show you the tunnel cutting all the way through the foreshore to join up with this intercepted chamber there. But it's right on the middle of nice little timbers. There's nice a nice Mesolithic timber. Huge, great structure given that in the Mesolithic period we're supposed to be just wandering around nomads. It's a very large structure there. Were recorded by [inaudible] and Natalie and her team. And there we have [inaudible] this is going to go and they build this new Thames. So it's quite interesting bit of rescue archaeology about to look. So you can see a constant [inaudible]. There are a lot of very interesting archaeological sites on the foreshore. We desperately need the help of the general public and all these other institutions to help to [inaudible]. If you want to know any more information, but I haven't got time for questions, you can find it all on our website. Thank you very much. [Applause] Thanks for coming. I appreciate it. Thank you.