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Elam amassed an empire that included most of Mesopotamia and western Iran.
Under his command, Elam defeated the Kassites and established the short-lived Elamite Empire, conquered within about 40 years by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, in 1120 BC.
Šutruk-Nakhunte was married to the daughter of a Kassite king named Meli-Šipak.
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Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Shutruk-Nahunte
Code of Hammurabi
ÖĞRETMEN VE ÖĞRENCİ TEMALI 10 MUHTEŞEM FİLM
Transcription
SPEAKER 1: We're in
the Louvre, and we're
looking at the victory
stele of Naram-Sin.
This is a really old stele.
It's a really old
relief sculpture.
It is 4,200 years old.
It was made, we think, in
approximately 2200 BCE.
Now Naram-Sin was the
great-great-grandson
of the founding king of
the Akkadians, Sargon.
And this stele commemorates
a really important victory
of his.
SPEAKER 2: It commemorates
a victory over the Lullubi
people, who are
mountain people who
lived in the eastern
region of Mesopotamia.
Now normally victory scenes like
this from ancient Mesopotamia
are shown in registers.
In other words, the scene is
divided into horizontal bands.
Here the artist has created
a new kind of composition
where we see Naram-Sin at
the top, and a diagonal
[INAUDIBLE].
On the left,
underneath Naram-Sin
we see his soldiers
climbing the mountain.
And then on the right,
the vanquished, falling,
and defeated, and wounded.
SPEAKER 1: What I
find so interesting is
that Naram-Sin's army is so
disciplined, they don't break
ranks, they're
marching in line, there
are standard-bearers followed
by those with weapons,
whereas on the right, you
have all kinds of chaos.
SPEAKER 2: And Naram-Sin is
so erect and noble-looking,
and clearly associated
with the gods
compared to the mortals
that surround him.
One of the things that
I noticed immediately
is how everyone's gaze--
or nearly everyone's gaze--
is directed at
Naram-Sin himself.
So his soldiers look up
at him, the vanquished
turned towards him.
He is clearly the focal
point of this composition.
SPEAKER 1: One of the aspects
that I love most about this
are the vanquished,
I have to say.
You have one of the
vanquished mountain
people who are actually
being literally thrown
off the mountain.
You can see him
upside down falling
as if he's falling into water.
We see somebody else literally
under Naram-Sin's foot,
somebody with a
spear in his neck.
And then most interestingly,
I think, to the extreme right,
profiled against the mountain,
is a man who is fleeing,
because you can see that
his feet are facing away
from Naram-Sin, but he's
also turned around--
turned back and
pleading as he flees.
SPEAKER 2: Clearly
what we're seeing
is using a symbolic language.
This isn't supposed to be a
naturalistic representation
of an army climbing a mountain,
but a symbolic image that
tells the story, through
symbols, of this event.
And so we see Naram-Sin, much
larger than everyone else,
with his shoulders frontal,
his head in profile,
and close to the
deities at the top,
who are represented by
what look like suns.
SPEAKER 1: Right.
The suns, or the stars
above, are the forces
that have helped
guide him to victory.
But also, and this
is important, he's
wearing a horned helmet,
which is for the Akkadians
a symbol of divinity.
So through this
victory he is actually
assuming the importance
and the status of the gods.
And in fact, the whole
ascension to the mountaintop
certainly supports this idea.
He's rising into the
realm of the heavenly.
Invasion of Babylonia
Šutruk-Nakhunte invaded Mesopotamia and was able to carry off many monuments from Babylon, such as the Stele of Naram-Sin.[3] His invasion of Babylon likely had to do with the overthrow of the royal Kassite family into whom the Elamites had intermarried for decades. The overthrow of Shutruk-Nakhunte's father-in-law Meli-Shipak II, who lost the throne to Zababa-shuma-iddin, would have given enough justification to Shutruk-Nakhunte to attack Babylon. The cause of Meli-Shipak II's death is unknown, but even if he had died of natural causes, the fact that Zababa-shuma-iddin was elected king would still explain Shutruk-Nakhunte's aggressive attack, since he was a relative of Meli-Shipak II.[4]
Inscription on the Naram-Sin victory stele
Shutruk-Nahhunte is known by an inscription that he added to the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, itself dated about one millennium earlier to circa 2250 BC. His inscription appears on the top right corner of the stele, on the depiction of a mountainous cone, and was written in Elamite by Shutruk-Nahhunte himself:[5]
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."
Shutruk-Nakhunte gained a small public exposition in Ethan Canin's short story "The Palace Thief", and its adaptation in the 2002 film The Emperor's Club, in which one of the key elements is a plaque describing the exploits of Shutruk-Nakhunte, described as a once famous egomaniacal conqueror virtually unknown today.
The plaque hanging on the wall of the film reads:
'I am Shutruk Nahunte, King of Anshand and Susa, Sovereign of the land of Elam. By the command of Inshushinak I destroyed Sippar, Took the Stele of Niran-Sin, and brought it back to Elam, where I erected it as an offering to my god, Inshushhinak.' — Shutruk-Nahunte, 1158 B.C.’[6]