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Simocyon Temporal range: late Miocene to early Pliocene

Simocyon primigenius lower jaw at Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Paris.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ailuridae
Subfamily:	†Simocyoninae
Genus:	†Simocyon Wagner, 1858
Species
†S. batalleri (Viret, 1929) †S. diaphorus (Kaup, 1832) †?S. hungaricus Kretzoi in Kadic and Kretzoi, 1927 †S. primigenius (type species) (Roth and Wagner, 1854)
Synonyms
Amphalopex Kaup, 1861 Araeocyon Thorpe, 1922 Metarctos Gaudry, 1860

Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion, lived in the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America^[1] and Africa.^[2]

Classification

The relationship of Simocyon to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the red panda, Ailurus,^[3]^[1] although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera Alopecocyon and Actiocyon. While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of Simocyon indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living hyenas.^[1] The skeleton of Simocyon indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees, although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground.^[4] Simocyon and Ailurus both have a radial sesamoid, an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb.^[5] Its competitors during its time period were ailuropodine and tremarctine bears, nimravid false cats, and early canids and felids.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (2): 219–238.
^ Howell, F. Clark; Garcia, Nuria (December 2007). "Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya)" (PDF). Kirtlandia. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Natural History. 556: 121–139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
^ Wang, Xiaoming (1997). "New cranial material of Simocyon from China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (1): 184–198. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..184W. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963.
^ Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Peigné, S.; Morales, J. (2008). "Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (3): 593–621. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x.
^ Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860.

Bibliography

Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6): 30. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...30F. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. PMID 25968493. S2CID 253632525.
Tedrow, A. R.; Baskin, J. A.; Robinson, S. F.; Gillette, D. D. (1999). "An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: 487–493.
Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2011). "A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 262 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188.
Kullmer, Ottmar; Morlo, Michael; Sommer, Jens; Lutz, Herbert; Engel, Thomas; Forman, Markus; Holzförster, Frank (2008). "The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 928. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129956051.

Genera of red pandas, raccoons, skunks, mustelids and their extinct allies

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora

Musteloidea

†Peignictis
†Plesiogale

Ailuridae

Ailurinae	Ailurus †Magerictis †Parailurus †Pristinailurus
†Amphictinae	Amphictis
†Simocyoninae	Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon

Mephitidae

Procyonidae

†Amphinasua
†Angustictis
†Arctonasua
Bassaricyon
Bassariscus
†Bassaricynoides
†Chapalmalania
†Cyonasua
†Edaphocyon
Nasua
Nasuella
†Parahyaenodon
†Paranasua
†Parapotos
†Probassariscus
Procyon
†Protoprocyon
Potos
†Tetraprothomo

Mustelidae

†Acheronictis †Aragonictis †Arikarictis †Circamustela †Erokomellivora †Franconictis †Kenyalutra †Kinometaxia †Laphyctis †Luogale †Marcetia †Matanomictis †Melidellavus †Mellalictis †Mesomephitis †Miomustela †Namibictis †Oaxacagale †Palaeomeles †Paragale †Parataxidea †Perunium †Plesictis †Plesiogale †Plesiomeles †Prepoecilogale †Presictis †Promellivora †Proputorius †Pyctis †Sabadellictis †Semantor †Sinictis †Sivalictis †Skopelogale †Sonitictis †Taxodon †Trochotherium †Xenictis †Zorilla
Guloninae	†Canimartes Eira †Ferinestrix Gulo †Iberictis †Ischyrictis Martes Pekania †Plesiogulo †Plionictis †Sthenictis
Helictidinae	Melogale
Ictonychinae	†Brevimalictis †Cernictis †Eirictis †Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx †Lutravus Lyncodon †Martellictis †Negodiaetictis †Oriensictis †Pannonictis †Poecilictis Poecilogale †Sminthosinis †Stipanicicia †Trigonictis †Trochictis Vormela
Lutrinae	†Algarolutra Aonyx †Cyrnaonyx †Cyrnolutra †Djourabus Enhydra †Enhydriodon †Enhydritherium Hydrictis †Limnonyx Lontra Lutra †Lutraeximia †Lutrictis Lutrogale †Megalenhydris †Megencephalon †Melodon †Mionictis †Nesolutra †Paludolutra †Paralutra †Pelycictis Pteronura †Sardolutra †Satherium †Siamogale †Sivaonyx †Teruelictis †Torolutra †Tyrrhenolutra †Vishnuonyx
†Leptarctinae	Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion
Melinae	†Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles †Promeles
Mellivorinae	†Ekorus †Eomellivora †Hoplictis Mellivora †Moralesictis
†Mustelavinae	Mustelavus
Mustelinae	†Baranogale †Dinogale †Lartetictis †Legionarictis Mustela Neogale †Putorius †Tisisthenes
†Oligobuninae	Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes
Taxidiinae	†Chamitataxus †Pliotaxidea Taxidea

Taxon identifiers
Simocyon	Wikidata: Q1607239 EoL: 4441807 Fossilworks: 41264 GBIF: 3240042 IRMNG: 1021439 Paleobiology Database: 41264
Simocyon batalleri	Wikidata: Q3015313 EoL: 13778750 Fossilworks: 116931 GBIF: 6142162 Paleobiology Database: 116931
Simocyon diaphorus	Wikidata: Q119361718 Paleobiology Database: 470320
Simocyon primigenius	Wikidata: Q119361727 GBIF: 6142163 Paleobiology Database: 51572

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This page was last edited on 15 December 2023, at 02:36

Simocyon

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Classification

References

Bibliography