Temnin el-Foka
تمنين الفوقا | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 33°54′N 35°59′E / 33.900°N 35.983°E | |
Country | Lebanon |
Governorate | Baalbek-Hermel |
District | Baalbek |
Elevation | 3,600 ft (1,100 m) |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | +3 |
Temnin el-Foka (Arabic: تمنين الفوقا) is a village located approximately 28 kilometers southwest of Baalbek in the Baalbek District, in the Beqaa valley of Lebanon, at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level. The village is famous for its Roman nymphaeum[1] which is close to the spring of Ain el-Jobb.[2]
History
Temnin was settled since Roman times, but the original name is unknown. The town is divided into two municipalities, the other being Temnine Et Tahta.
Ottoman tax registers from 1533–1548 indicate the village had 64 households and 11 bachelors, and one Imam, all Muslims.
In 1838, Eli Smith noted Temnin el-Foka's (or "Temnin the upper") population as being predominantly Metawileh.[3]
The Roman nymphaeum
The nymphaeum is an arched watercourse built of large stones that has been constructed 4 metres (13 ft) deep into a hill. It leads to a cistern underground. A gully has formed at the outflow, where a boundary pillar is carved with the image of a goddess. It resembles a similar cippus at Kafr Zabad.[2]
The inner walls consist of four layers of massive, roughly hewn cuboids up to the vault. The top layer is completed by an unfinished cornice. At the rear end there is a slightly raised platform as Adyton. In the small semicircular niche on the back wall there must have been an image of the deity. It was probably a local deity of the flowing water, which can be seen on a stone slab in heavily weathered condition.[citation needed]
An ante was attached to the vaulted room in the form of an ante, which ended with an architrave with three fascias (horizontal stripes) and an upper bead. The staircase leads up in the middle between two columns with Corinthian capitals that bear the architrave. The porch is heavily restored, the rectangular portal was supplemented from concrete.[citation needed]
Only the vaulted arch and two rows of stones on the side walls were preserved before the restoration. The stone blocks of the side walls were piled up again, the pillars and capitals are largely new. Grooves can be seen in the longitudinal direction on the top of the vault. They may have served as a support for a wooden roof.
See also
References
- ^ Brenda Longfellow (21 October 2010). Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-521-19493-8. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ a b George Taylor (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 144
Bibliography
External links
- Temnine El Faouqa, Localiban
- Aadloun
- Aaiha
- Aammiq
- Aaqbe
- Ain Aata
- Ain Choaab
- Ain Harcha
- Akbiyeh
- Akkar plain foothills
- Al-Bireh
- Amioun
- Amlaq Qatih
- Anjar, Lebanon
- Antelias cave
- Apheca
- Ard Saouda
- Ard Tlaili
- Arqa
- Augusti Pagus
- Baalbek
- Baidar ech Chamout
- Batroumine
- Batroun
- Bechamoun
- Beirut
- Beit Mery
- Belat temple
- Berytus (Roman Beirut)
- Bustan Birke
- Byblos
- Canalizations of Zenobia
- Dahr El Ahmar
- Dakoue
- Deir El Aachayer
- Deir Al-Ahmar
- Deir Mar Maroun
- Dekwaneh
- Douris (Baalbek)
- Elaea (Lebanon)
- Flaoui
- Fadous Sud
- Hebbariye
- Hadeth south
- Haret ech Cheikh
- Hashbai
- Heliopolis in Phoenicia
- Hermel plains
- Iaat
- Jabal es Saaïdé
- Jbaa
- Jdeideh
- Jebel Aabeby
- Jeita Grotto
- Joub Jannine
- Jieh
- Kafr Zabad
- Kamid el-Loz
- Kamouh el Hermel
- Karak Nuh
- Kaukaba
- Kefraya
- Kafr Tebnit
- Kfar Qouq
- Kfarhata
- Khallet Michte
- Kharayeb
- Khirbet El-Knese
- Kouachra megalith field
- Ksar Akil
- Labweh
- Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
- Libbaya
- Lion Tower
- Majdal Anjar
- Mansourieh
- Maronite mummies
- Mayrouba
- Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
- Moukhtara
- Mtaileb
- Nabi Zair
- Nachcharini
- Nahle, Lebanon
- Neba'a Faour
- Nebi Safa
- Hosn Niha
- Phoenician port of Beirut
- Plain of Zgharta
- Qaa
- Qal'at Bustra
- Qalaat Tannour
- Qaraoun
- Qasr el Banat
- Ras Baalbek I
- Ras Beirut
- Ras El Kelb
- Rashaya
- Roman Forum of Berytus
- Roman hippodrome of Berytus
- Roman temple of Bziza
- Sands of Beirut
- Saraain El Faouqa
- Shheem
- Sidon
- Sin el Fil
- Sarepta
- Stone of the Pregnant Woman
- Tahun ben Aissa
- Taire
- Tayibe
- Tell Aalaq
- Tell Ablah
- Tell Addus
- Tell Ahle
- Tell Ain Cerif
- Tell Ain el Meten
- Tell Ain Ghessali
- Tell Ain Nfaikh
- Tell Ain Saouda
- Tell Ain Sofar
- Tell Ayoub
- Tell Bar Elias
- Tell Beshara
- Tell Bir Dakoue
- Tell Deir
- Tell Delhamieh
- Tell Derzenoun
- Tell Dibbine
- Tell el-Burak
- Tell El Ghassil
- Tell El Hadeth
- Tell Fadous
- Tell Hazzine
- Tell Hoch Rafqa
- Tell Karmita
- Tell Khardane
- Tell Kirri
- Tell Jezireh
- Tell Jisr
- Tell Kabb Elias
- Tell Majdaloun
- Tell Masoud
- Tell Mekhada
- Tell Meouchi
- Tell Mureibit
- Tell Murtafa
- Tell Nahariyah
- Tell Neba'a Chaate
- Tell Neba'a Litani
- Tell Qasr Labwe
- Tell Rasm El Hadeth
- Tell Rayak
- Tell Saatiya
- Tell Safiyeh
- Tell Saoudhi
- Tell Serhan
- Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
- Tell Shamsine
- Tell Sultan Yakoub
- Tell Taalabaya
- Tell Wardeen
- Tell Zenoub
- Tell Zeitoun
- Temnin el-Foka
- Temple of Bacchus
- Temple of Eshmun
- Temple of Jupiter
- Temple of the Obelisks
- Toron
- Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
- Tyre Necropolis
- Tyre
- Umm al-Amad
- Wadi Koura
- Wadi Yaroun
- Yammoune
- Yanta
- Ain W Zain
- Zahlé