| Wano | |
|---|---|
| Region | Puncak Regency and Puncak Jaya Regency, Central Papua |
| Ethnicity | Wano people |
Native speakers | 1,000 (2011)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wno |
| Glottolog | wano1243 |
| ELP | Wano |
Wano is a Papuan language spoken by the Wano people in Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies of the Indonesian province of Central Papua.
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k | ʔ | |
| Fricative | β | ||||
| Approximant | j | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Close | a | |
As well as the monophthongs described above, Wano also has seven diphthongs: /i̯a/, /ɛi̯/, /ai̯/, /au̯/, /ɔi̯/, /ɔu̯/, and /ui̯/.[2]
Allophony
- The voiced plosives /b/ and /d/ are imploded to /ɓ/ and /ɗ/ when word-initially and intervocalically.[2]
- When a nasal occurs before /p/, /p/ becomes a prenasalized voiced plosive [ᵐb]. Similarly, when a nasal occurs before /t/ or /k/, they become, respectively, [ⁿd] and [ᵑɡ].[2]
- /t/ and /k/ intervocalically become /ɾ/ and /ɣ/.[3]
- /p/, /k/, /ɡ/, and /ɡ/'s allophone, [ᵑɡ] become labialized before /w/, with /ɡ/ becoming [ɣʷ].[2]
- The sequences /tj/ and /dj/ become the palatal fricatives /ç ʝ/.[2] However, this analysis more signifies the corresponding Dutch digraphs, since these have no morphological significance, and in the modern orthography these are written as ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩.
Orthography
Here is the orthography used by Willem Burung on his works. These are not necessarily separate letters.
| Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | [a] | j | [ʝ] | o | [ɔ] |
| b | [ɓ] | k | [k] | p | [p] |
| c | [ç] | kʷ | [kʷ] | t | [t] |
| d | [ɗ] | m | [m] | u | [u] |
| e | [ɛ] | mb | [ᵐb] | v | [β] |
| g | [ɣ] | n | [n] | w | [w] |
| gw | [ɣʷ] | nd | [ⁿd] | y | [j] |
| i | [i] | ngg | [ᵑɡ] |
Grammar
Nouns
Inalienable nouns could be pluralized by suffixing -i (after consonants) or -vi (after vowels), while alienable nouns do not (similar to Indonesian, where pluralization is optional).[4][page needed] The inalienable plurals can be postposed with numerals (aburi kena "her two children").
See also
References
- ^ Wano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g Burung, Willem (2007). The Phonology of Wano (PDF). SIL International.
- ^ Burung 2016, p. 44
- ^ Burung 2016.
Bibliography
- Burung, Willem (2016). A grammar of Wano (PhD thesis). University of Oxford.
This page was last edited on 11 May 2024, at 04:10