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2009 •
As a consequence of the “military nation” mentality, the forced migra-tions carried out between 1913 and 1938 had not only the nationalist aim of homogenization, but also served military purposes. The expulsion of Chris-tians from Thrace in 1913-1914 was carried out in order to prevent neighbor-ing states from making demographic arguments in favor of territorial claims, and to facilitate the Turkish army’s advance in future wars. The eradication of the Rums from the Aegean coast aimed to hinder the Greek army’s landing, and to undermine the demographic argument behind Greece’s’ irredentist policy (Megali Idea). Similarly, the internment of the Rums in the hinterland of Anatolia aimed to use them in military and ethnic ‘blackmail’ against Greece. The most important law relating to this topic is the 1915 Deportation Law (known in Turkey as Ermeni Tehciri Kanunu), which gave the military absolute power to resettle people without consulting the civil authorities. With this law, the Ottoman army could deport the population of entire villages (kura) and prefectures (kasaba). The Army thus became one of the main demographic architects of national territorial design.
Journal of Divinity Faculty of Hitit University
Looking at the Past for Today: The Refugee Crisis of the Modern World and the Ottoman Commission for Immigrants (Muhacirin Komisyonu)2020 •
The Ottoman Empire handled the massive populations fleeing to its lands through various institutions tasked with settling them in different parts of the empire. One such institution was the Muhacirin Komisyonu, established on January 5, 1860. In this article, I will examine the Ottoman migration experience, as well as the theoretical and historical background on which it was built. While studying the historical experience, I will explore the concepts developed regarding migration within the context of hijra and amān. I will discuss the legal and institutional dimensions of these concepts as developed in Islamic law and the Ottoman experience. This will show us on which conceptual background the Ottoman migration experience is based. I will use the concepts discussed in Islamic legal manuals and documents in the Ottoman Archives to support my argument. The theoretical framework of the article depends on 5 x 5 matrices. There are five interrelated tensions derived from my comparison between the Ottoman experience and modern approaches to refugee rights. On the basis of my research, it is possible to express these tensions as follows: Hijrah versus asylum: This refers to the tensions between the Islamic understanding of migration and modern policies of asylum, which will become clearer through the following tensions. Permanency versus temporality: These concepts point to the tensions between the permanency of residence assumed in the idea of hijra and the limitation of stay based on the concept of refuge. Contribution versus burden: This tension refers, on the one hand, to contributions of the muhājirīn to the local population as a result of being accepted as permanent residents, and, on the other hand, the barriers to integration as a result of the temporality of the modern migrants’ status settled in camps. Obligation versus favor: This refers to the tension between the Qur’ānic principle that declares the obligation of accepting those who seek safeguard, including non-Muslims, and the modern rights to asylum and humanitarian aid based on the choice of the sovereign state. Safeguard (amān) versus well-founded fear: This tension refers to the main concepts of migration in Islamic law and modern refugee law, respectively. As mentioned in a Qur’ānic verse, it is necessary under Islamic law to grant safeguard to whosoever seeks protection. In contrast, according to modern law, granting the right of asylum to the citizens of another state must be based on well-founded fear. One of the main arguments of the article is that the Ottoman migration policies show how the theory guides the practice and how the practice develops a human-centered approach based on this theory. Therefore, I will examine the theoretical background of the Ottoman immigration policies and how it has turned into practice as a model that can be used by the current policy makers, legal scholars, sociologists and institutions dealing with the migration issue. I will argue that the historical practices of Muslim societies have made significant contributions as a solution to the refugee phenomenon that has turned into a crisis today.
This article studies the application of laws regulating the settlement and compensation of migrants who came to Turkey from Greece in the course of the population exchange. By using petitions and administrative documents, it discusses the questions of legality and legitimacy with regard to two problems: First, the status of exchangees as a group privileged by law, and second, the bureaucratic procedure through which they were given temporary property rights (tefvīż ). The article shows that laws can by no means be taken to be identical with their application, and that various notions of legality and legitimacy were at play, both in different state administrations and among those affected by their policies. It thus makes an important contribution to a better understanding of the relationship between law, state and society in early Republican Turkey.
Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World
Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World2013 •
Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939 offers a unique study of a transitional period in world history experienced through these refugees living in the Middle East, the Americas, South-East Asia, East Africa and Europe. This book explores the tensions emerging between those trying to preserve a world almost entirely destroyed by both the nation-state and global capitalism and the agents of the so-called Modern era. In this selection of Chapter 5 and Conclusion, the Ottoman empire's subjects, often themselves refugees from other parts of the Islamic world by the 1870s under European imperialist rule, mobilize, often with surprising results. In East and Central Africa, Ottoman subjects mobilized a campaign to send missionaries to convert large numbers of indigenous peoples, a good decade prior to the arrival of Belgium, British, German and Italian merchants/agents of empire. These selections also reflect on how Ottoman migrants from Syria/Palestine adapt to their new lives in South and Central America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Honduras). Finally it considers the consequences of Ottoman imperial collapse on those who did migrate and wished to return to their homelands in the 1920s. In the case of Palestinians, they were largely stopped by Zionist/British authorities from returning, further frustrated by the League of Nations declaring Palestinians in the Americas were Ottoman subjects and thus "Turks" by international standards and no longer permitted to travel to Palestine, their homelands.
Winning Peace. The End of the First World War: History, Remembrance and Current Challenges
Forced Displacement as Peace Project. The End of the Ottoman Empire and the Founding of the Turkish Republic2019 •
After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was the only state subject to two peace treaties. The newly established Turkey was, in parallel, the only country to turn defeat into victory. The 1923 peace settlement of Lausanne was based on the mass displacement and disenfranchisement of both Christian and Muslim populations. At the time, these measures were regarded, even by democratically elected politicians in Western Europe, as the guarantors of peace and stability.
War and Collapse World War I and the Ottoman State
Forced Migration of Ottoman Armenians during World War I How Security Concerns Affected Decision Making?2016 •
War and Collapse is the third volume in a series that covers the last years of the Ottoman Empire. It stems from a three-day international conference at which scholars examined the causes and consequences of World War I, with a focus on how these events pertained to the Ottoman state and society. Fifty-three scholars—both new and established—contributed to this collection, explaining what happened within the Ottoman Empire before and during WWI and how ethnic and national groups constructed these events to enhance their identities and promote their interests. The chapters provide insight into the mindsets of Ottoman peoples, showing how earlier events and circumstances set in motion Ottoman responses to the war and how continued conflict had devastating, irreversible effects on Ottoman society. What emerges is a comprehensive picture of the events, encompassing a wide variety of perspectives.
Balkanologie Revue D Etudes Pluridisciplinaires
The Legacy of Forced Migrations in Modern Turkish Society : Remembrance of the Things Past ?2001 •
2023 •
Graduate School of Humanities, Division of Arts Studies, Osaka University, Japan
Cycladic Sanctuaries and Cults: A World of Interconnected Islands2023 •
A Psicoterapia como Aprendizagem: Um processo dinâmico de transformações
2003 - A Psicoterapia como Aprendizagem: Um processo dinâmico de transformações2003 •
Oxford University Press
Herod in History. Nicolaus of Damascus and the Augustan Context2021 •
2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)
The Product BacklogCiencias psicológicas/Ciencias psicológicas
Resultado de la supervisión de la educación profesional de los consejeros escolares en formación2024 •
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA)
Towards an Efficient Big Data Indexing Approach under an Uncertain Environment2022 •
2017 •
Enterprenuership Journal For Finance and Bussiness
التكامل بين تقنيتي محاسبة استهلاك الموارد RCA والهندسة المتزامنة CEودوره في تخفيض تكاليف الانتاج – بالتطبيق على الصناعات النسيجية في العراق2022 •
Surveys in Geophysics - SURV GEOPHYS
Natural Magnetic Archives of Past Global Change1997 •
2019 •