ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 1679-1690
Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com
Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2570
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2570
RESEARCH ARTICLE
FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF GREATER SRINAGAR,
J&K INDIA.
Hakim Farooq Ahmad, M.Sultan Bhat, Akhtar Alam and Shabir Ahmad.
Department of Geography and Regional Development University of Kashmir-190006.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info
Abstract
…………………….
………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History
Received: 27 October 2016
Final Accepted: 25 November 2016
Published: December 2016
Key words:GIS, flood, vulnerability Mapping,
composite index, multi-criteria analysis.
The present study addresses the importance for a vibrant and cost
effective methodology for the making of flood vulnerability and
hazard maps particularly for those areas which are frequently affected
by floods and pose a recurrent danger. Taking the case of Greater
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir and using the historical database for a
number of the variables, obtained from different government agencies,
the study came up with the detailed hazard and vulnerability maps of
the study area, indicating different levels of the hazard and exposure
with respect to people and assets, which can be used for further
detailed investigating and planning. Flood vulnerability assessment is
pivotal for devising an effective flood management plan. In order to
assess the vulnerability of Greater Srinagar to floods, weighted
overlay analysis in GIS environment has been performed using
selected (sensitive to flood vulnerability) physical and socioeconomic
indicators As the city includes both urban and rural areas, the spatial
analysis unit was taken as ward and village for urban and rural areas
respectively. The indicators were reclassified to a common evaluation
scale (1-5) for analysis. Since the indicators contribute differently to
flood vulnerability therefore based on their sensitivity, a percent (%)
influence value was assigned to each indicators. Based on the analysis
three flood vulnerability classes of Greater Srinagar were identified
i.e. Highly Vulnerable, Moderately Vulnerable and Least Vulnerable.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:The frequency of floods worldwide has increased manifold, on an annual basis floods put down over 3 million
people homeless and affect the individual and economic fortunes of another 60 million people (world commission
on Disasters, 2000). The frequency of natural disasters has been increasing over the years, resulting in loss of life,
damage to property and destruction of the environment. The occurrence is found frequently even in developed
countries like USA, UK, Australia, and New Zealand and so on at varied proportion. Some 5 million Chinese lost
their lives in floods between 1860 and 1960 (Ghosh, 2006). Vulnerability is dynamic; changes over space and
through time (Cutter and Finch 2008). It has emerged as a central concept for understanding what it is about the
condition of people that enables a hazard to become a disaster, however, almost every aspect of vulnerability
conceptualisation and measurement is the subject of intense debate (Tapsell et al. 2010). We are still dealing with a
Corresponding Author:- Hakim Farooq Ahmad.
Address:- Department of Geography and Regional Development University of Kashmir-190006.
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paradox: we aim to measure vulnerability, yet we cannot define it precisely (Birkmann 2006). Although
vulnerability is an intuitively simple notion, it is surprisingly complex to define and even more difficult to quantify
and apply in practice (UNEP 2002). In spite of the conceptual discussion and the difficulty to define and construct
appropriate indicators to map vulnerability, the identification and monitoring of places with a certain degree of
vulnerability remains still a challenge considering the multifaceted nature of the vulnerability (Kienberger 2007).
Social vulnerability is not unswervingly clear phenomenon and there are some problems in quantification. Many
researchers have paid much more attention on the theoretical and conceptual aspects of social vulnerability (Turner
et al., 2003; Adger, 2006; Barroca et. al. 2006), yet relatively few have presented methods to measure it empirically.
One of the most common approaches for characterizing social vulnerability is the use of a range of indicators (Cutter
et al., 2003; Birkmann 2006; Burton and Cutter, 2008, Eakin and Luers 2006). In essence, social vulnerability can be
interpreted as inherent inequality with respect to natural hazards. There are several methods for flood mapping based
primarily on hydrologic, meteorological and geomorphologic approaches. Particularly, in developing countries
where hydro meteorological data are commonly insufficient and inaccurate and restricted to generate flood models,
the geomorphologic method demonstrated its effectiveness and appropriateness (Wolman, 1971; Cancado et al.,
2008) because this method applies aerial photos interpretation and field investigation of flood evidences to study
geomorphologic characteristics in relationship with social indicators and historical flood events (Fekete et al., 2009;
Goodyear et. al. 2011).
The river Jhelum which is the main drainage basin is prone to recurrent floods which inundates the whole Kashmir
valley floor including Srinagar as well. Flooding has been a recurrent phenomenon in Srinagar which causes great
loss to life and property as well. The major causes of flood hazard in the area are the torrential rainfall and heavy
melting of snow, ice and glaciers in the upper catchment area. Besides there are some intensifying factors such as
the heavy encroachment over the low lying area and over the flood plan of river Jhelum which is the effect of
increased urbanization, that means a huge number of population is exposed to floods that is during summer season
the discharge increases and in effect the excess water overflows the natural level and causes great damages to life
and property of the area, the more increased urbanization has exposed more human population and assets to floods
which directly increases the flood-risk vulnerability (Koul 1978)
The physiographic make up of the major part of the study area had made it vulnerable to varying degrees of flood
hazards and water logging problems. The urban expansion has taken place in the marginal areas of the greater city
which has low laying physiography as it constitutes the part of the Jhelum valley floor.(Koul 1991, Bhat and Alam
2014)
The present study will be of significant importance as its focus has been the identification of the areas of greater
Srinagar vulnerable to different types of flood risks, which will be utilized as a vital input for the formulation of
planning strategies with regard to flood control and management policies. The study would also be helpful in the
formulation of the urban growth policies of Srinagar, particularly in demarcating the areas favourable for physical
expansion of the city.
Study Area:Srinagar, the largest among all the Himalayan urban centres is located in the heart of Kashmir valley. The Greater
Srinagar is located between the coordinates 33˚53'49"N - 34˚17'14"N and 74˚36'16"E- 75˚01'26"E. It is situated at an
altitude of 5200 feet above mean sea level and spreads over in the midst of an oval shaped valley of Kashmir (Fig.1,
study area shown) It is encircled by the natural wall of mountains (the sub mountain branches of the Pir Panjal
Range) whose height varies from 1800 to 4300 meters above mean sea level (Koul 1993) The Greater Srinagar
covers an area of 1068.70 km2 with a population of 1624 persons .The area is mostly spread across the Jhelum
valley floor characterized by gentle undulating topography, while the south-west and southern peripheries have
presence of elevated lands known as kerawas, which occupy large areas in the Tehsils of Budgam, Chadura,
Pampore and Pulwama. The area suitable for development in the north is limited to the north-west and the south
while the eastern extension is limited to the present municipal limits, as the physical extension of the settlements in
this area is hindered by Zabarwan hills (Raza et. al 1978)
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Fig 1:- Study Area
In terms of physical characteristics, Srinagar is situated along the perennial river Jhelum, which has helped greatly in
the formation of a modal place of the oval shaped valley and also added significance to function as an apex urban
centre of the region. Srinagar is the Primate City in the region because its population is disproportionately larger
than other towns of the valley. On socio-economic front; it acts as the nerve centre of the valley. Since historic
times, it has been the seat of government as well as the centre of religious and cultural activities for about 1400
years. It attracts a large number of populations outside the municipal limit on different religious occasions (Bhat,
M.S 2008). Functionally it is the growth potential centre from the fact that it constitutes a comparatively highest
percentage of population in secondary and tertiary sectors when analyzed in comparison with the other towns of the
valley.
Data Sets and Methodology:One of the important tasks under this research was to assess the flood vulnerability of the places and people of
Greater Srinagar. Though a number of studies have been conducted to assess the physical vulnerability (Sanyal and
Lu. 2006; Shanon et al., 1994; Visser et. al 2012; Weber et al. 2015; Morrow, 1999), but very few studies have been
conducted to link the physical vulnerability to the social vulnerability. Physical vulnerability could be referred to as
a set of physical conditions or phenomena, such as geology, topography, climate, land use and land cover etc. which
renders a place and the people living there susceptible to disaster. The degree of danger or threat and the levels of
exposure and resilience to threat are closely associated with location. Hence, spatial vulnerability is a function of
location, exposure to hazards, and the physical performance of a structure, whereas socio-economic vulnerability
refers to the socio-economic and political conditions in which people exposed to disaster are living. A flood hazard
map integrating hydrological data with socioeconomic variables could be used to account for intangible damage
(Boyle et al., 1998).
The most vital aspect shaping flood hazard is flood frequency. The Available discharge data from 1956-2014 and
the inundation extent of various past flood events was collected from the state Irrigation and Flood control
department, and the data was subsequently used to generate the maps showing the extent of inundation and the
frequency of floods.
For working out flood vulnerability and hazard zonation, the weighting method for the hazard index was
implemented in three steps. First, in order to portray the heterogeneity of dissimilar environmental and
socioeconomic factors Contributing to flood hazard, all the variables were standardized and named i.e. elevation,
housing density, population density, literacy, primary working population, female population, total households and
total working population. Second, a knowledge-based weighting method was applied to each of the variables,
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indicators that represent a high level of diffusion were given more weight; a variable depicting a uniform situation
across the study area is not likely to distinguish between hazardous and non-hazard zones.
As the study area includes both urban and rural areas, the spatial analysis unit was taken as ward and village for
urban and rural areas respectively. The indicators were reclassified to a common evaluation scale (1-5) for analysis.
Since the indicators contribute differently to flood vulnerability therefore based on their sensitivity, a percent
influence value was assigned to each indicator. The highest value (30%) was given to elevation because under
normal conditions (without structural measures), it determines the flood impact, followed by housing density,
population density and total house hold with percent influence value of (15%) each. Total working population
influences by (10%) and indicators like population literacy, female population and population working in primary
sector influences by (5%) each.
The methodology adopted for assessing the physical and social vulnerability of the location and people is
schematically shown in the Fig. 2, below. The step-wise approach followed for the assessing the flood vulnerability
is discussed here under
Socio-Economic
Analysis
Geophysical
Analysis
SOI toposheets
(1971)
Primary data
Secondary
data
Geo -
Census
Data
Field
Work
Digitiza
Ward/Villag
e Map
Data
Study
Area
Socio-Economic
Working
populatio
Drainage
Map
Contour
/ Spot
No. of
Households
Female
Pop.
Primary
Working
Literacy Pop. Housing
Rate Density Density
Flood plain
map analysis
Road
Network
19
DEM/ Slope
19
19
20
Spatiotemporal
Weight Assigned to each parameter sensitive to flood as per their appropriateness
Multi criteria evaluation, weight calculation and composite calculation using Rank sum
Preparation of composite index map of flood vulnerability High, Medium and Low)
Overlay of village/ward boundary layer attributed with census data on flood hazard map
Identification of vulnerable Areas under different zone of flood vulnerability/Hazard
Fig. 2
Flow Chart of the Methodology
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Results and Discussion:The ward and revenue village, the smallest rural/urban unit of human settlement, was selected as the most significant
unit of study for vulnerability and hazard mapping. Available historical maps (Flood inundation extents) showing
the annual flood affected areas for the study area were used to map the extent of floods having a specific frequency
which was calculating using various statistical methods (Figure 3 ).
Time Series Plot for Ram Munshibagh Station
Quadratic Trend Model
Yt = 25515.6 - 167.712*t + 2.78468*t**2
Actual
Discharge Cusecs
70000
Fits
Forecasts
60000
Actual
Fits
50000
Forecasts
40000
30000
20000
10000
67
MAPE:
0
1956
2005
MAD:
10216
MSD:
1.75E+08
2054
Year
Fig 3:- Time series plot of discharge at Ram Munshi Bagh Gauging station
The inundated areas in each year were converted into individual GIS layers; flood occurrence for each revenue
village/urban ward was calculated by intersecting each map with the village boundary layer .Thus flood hazard
Zonation mapping of the study area has been carried out by integrating past flood inundation maps of various flood
events viz-a-viz 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2006, the inundated extent of these flood events as shown in the figure 4a,
and the elevation criteria obtained from the use of bench marks and spot heights from the toposheets of the study
area (Figure 4b). Thus the hazard Zonation map for the study area was obtained after integrating all the map layers
in GIS using overlay analysis.
Fig. 4:- (a) Innundation extent of past floods
Fig. 4:- (b) Elevation Zonation Map
From all the possible combinations achieved in the overlay analysis, the study area were ultimately categorised into
four flood hazard zones; high hazard zone, moderate hazard zone, low hazard zone and no flood area zone. The
figure 5 below shows spatial distribution of flood hazard zones of greater Srinagar.
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Fig 5:- Flood Hazard Zonation
The map obtained thereof reveals that greater Srinagar has an area of 505.43 sq.kms, amounting 47.29 percent of the
total area of greater Srinagar in high flood hazard zone, an area of 164.61 sq.kms, amounting 15.40 percent of the
total area in moderate hazard zone and an area of 242.25 sq.kms amounting 22.66 percent of area in low hazard
zone. An area of 156.43 sq, kms amounting 14.64 percent of the total area of the study area is categorized in no
flood area, as this zone comprises of elevated land of the study area and has never encountered the flood event and
hence termed as no flood area. The high and moderate hazard zone lies below the 1600 meter altitude, which
constitutes the major areas of the city and the low lying parts of the study area, which remains continuously under
flood threat whenever there is continuous rain for two to three days, this area gets inundated as has been seen in the
past flood events and creates miseries for the people living in these areas. The low hazard zone and no flood area
lies above the 1600 meter altitude and constitutes the uplands of Harvan, Pampore and Budgam, these areas have
very good connectivity with the main city and so can be developed for commercial and residential purposes so as to
lower the pressure on the city, which in turn will help in reducing the flood hazard vulnerability.
Hence after generation of the flood hazard zonation map of the study area which will be usefully linked with the
socio-economic variables selected for the present study for the generation of the flood vulnerability map of the study
area. Thus in order to accomplish the flood vulnerability assessment, the socio-economic data analysis of the study
area was carried out using various statistical and geo-spatial techniques. The socio-economic data analysis was
carried out at village and ward level using the census data. The socio-economic data had to be converted into the
GIS format for geospatial analysis of the various socio-economic parameters. Socio-economic GIS is a new
emerging field that provides insight into the socio-economic aspects of environmental and physical problems and
could be useful aid for linking the environmental problem to societies (Buckle et al., 2000). .
The whole study area comprises of 537 villages with a total population of 16.25 lac persons distributed among
256093 numbers of households. Various socio-economic parameters like total population, population density,
female population, total literacy, total households, housing density ,total working population, primary working
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population and one of the main parameter that is flood hazard map shown and discussed above have been analyzed
using geo-spatial technique, showing in the following figures 6(a) to figures. 6 (h)
Fig. 6 (a)
Fig. 6 (b)
Fig. 6 (c)
Fig. 6 (d)
Fig. 6 (e)
Fig. 6 (f)
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Fig. 6 (g)
Fig. 6 (h)
Fig. 6:- (a) – 6 (h) Map Layers of Various Parameters used in the study.
The weighting scheme for the vulnerability index was implemented in three steps. First, in order to depict the
heterogeneity of different environmental and socio-economic factors contributing to flood hazard, all the eight
variables were standardised and named. Second a knowledge-based weighting scheme was applied to each of eight
variables: indicators that represent a high level of dispersion were given more weight; a variable depicting a uniform
situation across the study area is not likely to distinguish between vulnerable and non vulnerable zones. The variable
‘elevation’ was attached to high importance (Table 1) because the low lying areas of the study areas are frequently
inundated by flood water.
Table 1;- Parameters and Weights
Parameters/units
Elevation
(Meters)
Weightage of
Variables
(% age)
30%
Housing Density
(Houses/sq.km)
15%
Population Density
(Persons/sq.km)
15%
Literate Population
(%age)
5%
Primary Working Population
(%age)
5%
Sub-class of parameters
Rank
< 1585
1586-1590
1591-1595
1596-1600
> 1600
> 9426
7070-9425
4715-7069
2359-4714
< 2358
> 69803
52357-69802
34911-52356
17465-34910
< 17464
< 10.75
10.71-21.50
21.51-32.25
32.26-43.00
> 43.01
> 7.45
5.59-7.44
3.73-5.58
1.87-3.72
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
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Females Population
(%age)
5%
Households
(No. of Houses)
15%
Working
Population
(%age)
10%
< 1.86
> 37.37
28.03-37.36
18.69-28.02
9.35-18.68
< 9.34
> 4764
3574-4763
2383-3573
1193-2382
< 1192
< 7.1
7.2-14.2
14.3-21.3
21.4-28.4
28.5-35.5
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Villages were ranked for each of the indicators. Vulnerable ranks are commonly integrated into multiplicative model
to create a composite vulnerability index. A knowledge based ranking procedure was adapted to effectively use all
the vulnerability indicators in a composite framework. The main objective of the analysis was to obtain a general
identification of the critical areas which are frequently affected by floods and hence are more vulnerable and at the
same time identification of the less and moderately vulnerable areas of the study area, which will be helpful for the
future develop, thus after performing the multi-criteria overlay analysis approach for the said indicators in GIS
environment, three classes of vulnerability viz-a-viz Low, Moderate and High vulnerability classes were generated
as depicted in the fig. 7 and class wise statistics of every zone were computed which is depicted in the table 1.2.
Fig 7:- Classified Maps of Settlements Vulnerable to Flood
Source: Generated from Census of India 2001 and 2011
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Table 1.2:- Flood hazard Vulnerability
Sr. No
Vulnerability
No. of Villages
Class
likely to be
Affected
1
2
3
Low
Moderate
High
Total
424
99
14
537
Total
Population
Likely to be
Affected
(Persons)
620662
671212
332913
1624787
Per cent of
Total
Population
39
41
20
100
Number of
Female
Population
Likely to be
Affected
298001
309395
152072
759468
No. of
Households
Likely to be
Affected
90082
110060
55951
256093
Thus the perusal of the table reveals that 39 per cent population residing in 424 villages with 90082 households
covering an area of 64.97 per cent of study area are vulnerable to low levels of flood, while as 41 per cent
population belonging to 99 villages with 110060 households covering area of 34.66% out of the total area of the
greater Srinagar vulnerable to moderate floods. However about 20 per cent population of 14 villages with 55952
households covering an area of only 0.35% are highly vulnerable to floods. The names of the villages and wards
falling in the high and moderate hazard zones are shown in the fig. 7(a) and 7(b)
Fig. 7:- (a) High Vulnerable Villages
Fig. 7:- (b) Moderate vulnerable villages
Flood Hazard Zonation:-
Conclusion:GIS mapping provide improved ways of presenting vulnerability and hazard risk that can be applied at local
levels. The flood vulnerability analysis and mapping helps to planner, insurers and emergency services. It is a
valuable tool for assessing flood risk and preparedness to mitigate the impact of flood. The study fully
appraised the role of Geo informatics in decision making process using GIS based flood hazard zoning
maps.
The study shows that 39 per cent population residing in 424 villages with 90082 households covering area of
64.97% of study area vulnerable to low, 41 per cent population belonging to 99 villages with 110060 households
covering area of 34.66% out of the total area of the study area vulnerable to moderate and about 20 per cent
population of 14 villages with 55952 households covering an area of only 0.35% are highly vulnerable to flood
hazard.
This Study also shows that greater Srinagar has an area of 505.43 sq.kms, amounting 47.29 percent of the total area
of greater Srinagar in high flood hazard zone, an area of 164.61 sq.kms, amounting 15.40 percent of the total area in
moderate hazard zone and an area of 242.25 sq.kms amounting 22.66 percent of area in low hazard zone. An area of
156.43 sq,kms amounting 14.64 percent of the total area of the study area is categorized in no flood area, as this
zone comprises of elevated land of the study area and has never encountered the flood event and hence termed as no
flood area.
The study also helped in determining the overall vulnerability of the people and places in the study area which shall
aid in developing and designing developmental schemes that aim at enhancing the social status of the people living
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in these villages and wards and also taking up physical flood control measures to reduce the vulnerability of the
people living in the greater Srinagar. Particularly the hazard Zonation shall facilitate development of zonal and
targeted plans in the study area to develop robust strategy for mitigation and control of floods in the long run.
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